History Of Pharmacy Research Articles

Pharmacy education and practice in Syria: Past, present, and future

AbstractSyria, a country with a strong rooted pharmacy history is still following a traditional pharmacy curriculum in its public and private institutions. The rising number of pharmacy graduates is putting pressure on an already weakened pharmacy job market with the majority of graduates still pursuing careers in retail pharmacy. This report sheds light on the development of pharmacy education and practice in this country. It provides a review of the curriculum content, the level of experiential training, and the current available practice venues. Existing graduate diploma available in public universities can be restructured to provide a Pharm D program. Existing residencies need to be revisited to include more clinical competencies that cover different pharmacy specialties. Pharmacists need to prove they are competent for the local authorities and other health care professionals to recognize the need for their clinical services and create new career venues and role recognitions. A clear legal framework to redefine the role of pharmacists as health care providers and their scope of practice need to be advocated by pharmacists associations and adopted by the Syrian authorities.

XIV Przegląd Prac Magisterskich z Zakresu Historii Farmacji

XIV Przegląd Prac Magisterskich z Zakresu Historii Farmacji

Pharmaceutical chemist Tang Tenghan

Tang Tenghan (1900-1988), who was a famous pharmaceutical chemist in China, was born in Java, Indonesia. He received his PhD from Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Philosophy in Berlin University. After returning to China, Tang Tenghan was employed by Shandong University, National Pei Yang University, West China Union University and Tongji University, etc. He engaged in education and scientific research in Pharmacy, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. He was one of early scholars using pharmacognosy, chemistry and pharmacology on Chinese materia medica. At the same time, he held the concurrent position in pharmaceutical factory and took charge the production of drugs. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, he organized and led the anti-chemical agent research in Academy of Military Medical Sciences. In addition, Tang Tenghan contributed to the preparation of pharmacopoeia, the compilation of textbooks and the cultivation of talents. This paper made a detailed investigation of Tang Tenghan's lifework, analyzed the contribution and significance of his work in the history of Chemistry and Pharmacy, reflected the spirit of a generation of scientists.

Glenn Sonnedecker: A Brief Biography & Bibliography of His Publications

Glenn Sonnedecker, pharmacist and editor, received his PhD in the History of Pharmacy and History of Science from the University of Wisconsin (UW) in 1952. After completing his degree, he succeeded George Urdang, who, from 1947 to 1952 at UW, had been the first Professor of the History of Pharmacy

The Development of Museums of Pharmacy in Post-Soviet Countries

Pharmacy museums play a significant role in the study of the history of medicine and pharmacy. They have spread all over the world, ranging from large enterprises to small and local—often private institutions—that have limited budgets and rely on volunteers for curators and guides. My research focuses on narratives at the museums of pharmacy in former Soviet countries. The region in question is a unique blend of Eastern and Western medical traditions. The area’s rich medico-pharmaceutical heritage includes pharmaceutical practices based on the works of Avicenna, a native of modern-day Uzbekistan, whom Uzbeks consider to be the father of their medicine and pharmacy. Other healing traditions encompass Central Asian folk and shamanic practices, herb pharmaceuticals, and Soviet medicine and pharmacy. This paper analyzes the content and the reliability of post-Soviet pharmacy museums.

Sedamdeset godina Sekcije za istoriju medicine Srpskog lekarskog društva

This paper covers the forming of the Serbian Medical Society sections in the period until 1950, as well as the amendments made to the Rules of the Serbian Medical Society in 1919 and 1928. Prior to World War I, the Section for Tuberculosis was formed (1907). In the interwar period, seven specialist sections and one class section (Section of District Doctors for Belgrade, Zemun and Pančevo, 1931) were formed. After World War II, led by the all-pervasive enthusiasm in society of that time and the need for renewing and rebuilding all life segments in socialist Yugoslavia, new sections and regional branches of the Serbian Medical Society were established. The Section for the History of Medicine and Pharmacy was founded as the 16th section of the Serbian Medical Society, in 1950, and, in 1980, its name was changed to - Section for the History of Medicine. The first meeting of the Section was held on March 29, 1950. Professor Vladimir Stanojević, PhD, Medical Corps General, was elected the first President of the Section. The first lecture, delivered by Professor Aleksandar Đ. Kostić (Jedan stogodišnji srpski leksikon), is also described briefly in this paper. During its 70 years of work, the Section has experienced periods of rise and fall in its activity; while there has been formal continuity in its work, activity has been irregular (the regularity of the meetings, the number of communications, etc.), which is why its history can be divided into four periods. The Section achieved its best results in the first (1950-1978) and in its fourth (2009-2020) period. The second period (1978-1993) was characterized by a decrease in activity, while the third (1993-2009) was a period of complete inactivity. The Section had a fruitful publishing activity during the first and the fourth period. It was voted the best section of the Serbian Medical society twice - in 2016 and 2017.

The Development of Museums of Pharmacy in Post-Soviet Countries

Pharmacy museums play a significant role in the study of the history of medicine and pharmacy. They have spread all over the world, ranging from large enterprises to small and local—often private institutions—that have limited budgets and rely on volunteers for curators and guides. My research focuses on narratives at the museums of pharmacy in former Soviet countries. The region in question is a unique blend of Eastern and Western medical traditions. The area’s rich medico-pharmaceutical heritage includes pharmaceutical practices based on the works of Avicenna, a native of modern-day Uzbekistan, whom Uzbeks consider to be the father of their medicine and pharmacy. Other healing traditions encompass Central Asian folk and shamanic practices, herb pharmaceuticals, and Soviet medicine and pharmacy. This paper analyzes the content and the reliability of post-Soviet pharmacy museums.

Healing with Poisons: Potent Medicines in Medieval China by Yan Liu

Reviewed by: Healing with Poisons: Potent Medicines in Medieval China by Yan Liu Huaiyu Chen (bio) Yan Liu. Healing with Poisons: Potent Medicines in Medieval China. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2021. xvi, 261 pp. Paperback $30.00, isbn 978-0295748993. Based on his revised dissertation, Liu Yan's new book Healing with Poisons: Potent Medicines in Medieval China is a welcoming addition to the English-language scholarship on the history of medicines in China, focusing on the medieval transformation of poisons as medicines. In the past two decades, the history of pharmacology, pharmacy, and medicines in China has experienced a booming development across the globe. Many books focus on early modern, modern, and contemporary periods. For example, just in the past couple of years, we have seen the publications of Know Your Remedies: Pharmacy and Culture in Early Modern China (Princeton, 2020) and Mao's Bestiary: Medicinal Animals and Modern China (Duke, 2021). However, many books on premodern periods have been published in Chinese, Japanese, and French, as Liu Yan also noted in the introduction of his new book. On the one hand, these books resulted from the flourishing of cultural history that focused on the body, health, medicine, and life. On the other hand, there was also inspiration from newly available materials, such as manuscripts found in Dunhuang and other sites in Central Asia and entombed stone inscriptions. Indeed, Chinese and Japanese scholars have continued the tradition of studying materia medica (bencao) to compile, edit, and study these manuscripts. In recent years, some East Asian scholars also attempted to incorporate new concepts to interpret these new materials in light of the history of medicine and material culture. One of the strengths of Liu's book is to digest numerous secondary sources in East Asian languages. Besides incorporating secondary sources, Healing with Poisons focused on two genres of texts as primary sources, meteria medica (bencao) and formula books (fangshu). I would further point out that from the perspective of material culture, since there were three major material sources for Chinese medicines in medieval China: animals, plants, and minerals, many texts on the roles of plants, animals, and minerals in Chinese medical history might not be categorized into the two genres noted in Healing with Poisons, so their values for this theme might have been underestimated. For example, the text on zoomancy or animal divination collected in Treatise on the Auspicious Signs of Heaven and Earth (Tiandi ruixiang zhi 天地瑞祥志) often mentioned the animals serving as medicine for healing illness. Healing with Poisons has three parts and seven chapters. The first two parts trace the origins and evolving transformation of the "du" as "potent" or "potency" from poison to medicine in the textual sources from the Han to the [End Page 124] Tang dynasties. And the second part focuses on the relationship of state power to pharmaceutical knowledge and its medical and political implications. The third part turned to the role of poison in life enhancement. The Conclusion summarizes the discussions and makes several arguments. First, Liu argues that the traditional Chinese pharmacy encompassed various substances possessing great transformative capacity. Second, he argues that the materiality of Chinese drugs was fluid, and the medical knowledge was transformative across political and social spaces. Third, he also argues that medicines could alter the body for both positive and negative functions. Fourth, Liu suggests that the center of medical activities was shifted to the northwestern region in the seventh century due to the establishment of state power. The state and the elite class played active roles in producing, regulating, and institutionalizing medical knowledge. In particular, part 1 has two chapters. Chapter 1 traces the changing meanings of "du" in early Chinese sources, from the earliest materia medica, The Divine Farmer's Classics, to Tao Hongjin's Collected Annotations. He argued that "du" was more sophisticated than simply the negative connotation of "poison" in early Chinese texts, which denoted the strong sense of potency for a medicine's therapeutic power, and the role of "du" in healing was established in the sixth century. He also suggested that political visions and cosmological views contributed to the blurry boundary between poison and medicine due to the Yin...

Editor’s Introduction:

Historians will be analyzing 2020 for many years to come. COVID-19. Black Lives Matter. The Trump administration. Impeachment. And so much more. Here in Madison, the American Institute of the History of Pharmacy’s Board of Directors recently affirmed support for the “Stand Against Racial

Remembering Glenn

Glenn Sonnedecker (1917–2021) served both the American Institute of the History of Pharmacy (AIHP) and the University of Wisconsin–Madison School of Pharmacy with great distinction. The articles in the following section testify to his influence. He arrived in Madison in 1948 to study under the

Modern History of Pharmacy in Niigata Prefecture during the Meiji Period

Modern History of Pharmacy in Niigata Prefecture during the Meiji Period

Future of the History of Pharmacy and Pharmacy in History:

It is rare to be given the opportunity to reconsider one’s own writing once published. Thanks to the generosity of Pharmacy in History editors Lucas Richert and Gregory Bond, I have been afforded that privilege. Twelve years ago, I delivered a keynote address at the Modern Medicines: New

Future of the History of Pharmacy and <em>Pharmacy in History</em>: A Response

It is rare to be given the opportunity to reconsider one’s own writing once published. Thanks to the generosity of Pharmacy in History editors Lucas Richert and Gregory Bond, I have been afforded that privilege. Twelve years ago, I delivered a keynote address at the Modern Medicines: New

Medical history at Apothecaries' Hall

On Oct 21, 1959, the establishment of the Faculty of the History and Philosophy of Medicine and Pharmacy was announced by the UK's Worshipful Society of Apothecaries. Its founding aim was “to foster and extend more general interest in medical history and to attract the co-operation of general historians, so that work in this field may be co-ordinated with wider historical studies”. On the Faculty's diamond anniversary, it's timely to reflect on the pursuit of this aim, especially from a personal perspective since from April, 2019, I've served as a “general historian” Faculty President, the 19th person to hold the post.

Julio Escámez Contreras and his masterful mural History of the Medicine and Pharmacy in Chile

Julio Escámez Contreras was a highly creative, skilled and versatile Chilean painter who painted in Chile from 1940 to 1974 when he went into exile to Costa Rica and died there in 2015. In 1953-54, Escámez painted a large mural in a private pharmacy in the city of Concepcion, Chile, The History of Medicine and Pharmacy in Chile. This mural describes the origins and development of medicine and pharmacy in Chile, placing that origin in the medicinal activities of the mapuche indigenous population. The mural consists of three sections, each painted on the upper segment of three adjacent walls in the pharmacy, with each section focused on one period in the evolution of medicine and pharmacy in Chile. The first section is devoted to indigenous medical practices including its pharmacopeia and religious practices, the second describes medical approaches during colonial times, still with strong indigenous components but also with indigenous and Catholic hybrid religious elements, while the third depicts modern medicine, including chemistry, anatomical, physical and pharmacological activities complemented with public health components such as nursing, vaccination and health education. Read from left to right, the mural provides a highly lively, accurate and valid depiction of the evolution of medicine and pharmacy in Chile. Escámez' artistry and skill in the use of perspective, color, landscape, architecture and Chilean subjects, including real life individuals, produces a typical Chilean mural. However, his originality and consummate use of a non-verbal visual language delivers a more universal message, one that helps to explain the repeated efforts, of the government responsible for his exile, to destroy some of the works produced by him.

Towards a Greater Professional Standing: Evolution of Pharmacy Practice and Education, 1920-2020.

The history of community pharmacy in America since the 1920s is one of slow progress towards greater professional standing through changes in pharmacy education and practice. The history of American community pharmacy in the modern era can be divided into four periods: 1920–1949 (Soda Fountain Era), 1950–1979 (Lick, Stick, Pour and More Era), 1980–2009 (Pharmaceutical Care Era), and 2010–present (Post-Pharmaceutical Care Era). As traditional compounding has waned, leaders within community pharmacy have sought to shift focus from product to patient. Increasing degree requirements and postgraduate training have enhanced pharmacists’ ability to provide patient care services not directly associated with medication dispensing. However, the realities of practice have often fallen short of ideal visions of patient-focused community pharmacy practice. Positive trends in the recognition of the impact of community pharmacists on healthcare value and the need for more optimal medication management suggest that opportunities for community pharmacists to provide patient care may expand through the 21st century.

In honor of those who served: The history of APhA and Federal pharmacy

In honor of those who served: The history of APhA and Federal pharmacy

Teaching History of Pharmacy in U.S. Pharmacy Schools

Objective. To determine how the standards for teaching pharmacy history were met by U.S. pharmacy schools, whether schools wanted to expand their commitment to pharmacy history, what pedagogical assistance, if any, was desired, and whether elective courses were offered. Methods. There were 133 school deans who were asked to identify the responsible faculty for teaching pharmacy history. A 10-question online survey instrument was designed and emailed to these faculty or the dean if no faculty were identified. Follow-up emails were sent at 2-week intervals. If they were non-responsive after three attempts, then telephone solicitation was attempted. Results. There were 100 schools (75%) that responded. Fifty-three percent were public and 47% were private; with 50% having class sizes of 100 or less, 41% with 101-250, and 9% having over 250. Eighty-six percent of respondents meet the ACPE requirement within a required course. Seventy-two percent devote only one to five hours of instruction to meet the requirement. Sixty-eight percent use no supporting literature, and among those who do, there was no common textbook. Interestingly, 21% wanted more teaching time, and 91% desired pedagogical assistance, varying from a packaged course (26%) to a syllabus with assignments and assessment banks (23%). Conclusion. Since no time or material guidelines were established to fulfill the ACPE pharmacy history educational requirements, these results provide a starting point to judge what is adequate and/or preferred. With the development of teaching guidelines and adoptable teaching materials, the pedagogical solution to this ACPE standard may become more complete and consistent.

Greg Higby and the History of Pharmacy

It has been my great pleasure to have known Greg Higby for nearly forty years as a friend, colleague, and counselor. Greg started in the History of Pharmacy graduate program at the University of Wisconsin School of Pharmacy the year before I arrived in Madison in January 1980. There was another

The Boy from Bad Axe

I first met Greg Higby when he arrived in Madison as a graduate student in the history of pharmacy in 1978. Greg had recently received his pharmacy degree from the University of Michigan and had then spent some months as a staff pharmacist in his father’s drugstore in Bad Axe, Michigan (yes, there