Medieval History Research Articles

Мандоки Қоңыр Иштванның өнегесі және ғылыми еңбектерінің тарихи маңыздылығы

As we know, Hungarian scientists showed great scientific and public interest in the ancient and medieval history of the Magyars, and a solid amount of historical information has been accumulated in the historical science of Hungary, several scientific schools and trends have been formed. In this regard, the article examines the heritage and scientific works of the outstanding Turkologist of the twentieth century, the founder of European Kypchak studies, the author of unique works on the history, culture and language of the Turkic peoples Mandoki Istvan. The authors of the article analyze the main works and directions of scientific interests, as well as the contribution to historical science of Istvan Mandoka.

VII Международный Золотоордынский Форум «Цивилизационное значение принятия ислама Волжской Булгарией и Золотой Ордой: интеграционные процессы в средневековой истории России»

On December 14–16, 2022, Kazan traditionally became the venue for the VII International Golden Horde Forum, “The Civilizational Significance of the Adoption of Islam by Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde: Integration Processes in the Medieval History of Russia.” It was organized as part of the Republic’s plan of main events dedicated to the 1100th anniversary of the adoption of Islam by Volga Bulgaria. The organizers of the forum were the M.A. Usmanov Center for Research of the Golden Horde and the Tatar Khanates of Sh. Marjani Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Tatarstan, and the International Public Organization, “Association of Researchers of the Golden Horde.” The forum was the most important conference on the study of the history of the Golden Horde and its successors, and it brought together many leading domestic and foreign researchers. About 70 scientists from Russia, Turkey, Israel, Serbia, Belarus, the Czech Republic, and Kazakhstan took part in the forum. This time, the attention of historians was drawn to the following sets of questions: sources and source study of the Golden Horde and the Tatar khanates, problems and prospects; the adoption and spread of Islam in Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde; Islam and the civilization of the Golden Horde; Muslims in Rus’ during the period of the Golden Horde, presence, perception, relations, and influence; post-Horde khanates as Islamic Wilayats, ethnocultural and social dimensions; Tatar khanates as Islamic yurts, ethnocultural and social dimensions; military culture of the Ulus of Jochi, weapons, wars, and battles. Within the framework of the VII International Golden Horde Forum, round tables were organized. Following the results of the conference, a general resolution of the forum was formed and approved.

İLYA PAVLOVİÇ PETRUŞEVSKİY, HORASAN’DA SERBEDARLAR HAREKETİ

One of the prominent representatives of Soviet Orientalism Prof. Dr. Ilya Pavlovich Petrushevsky (1898-1977) is known for his studies on the medieval history of Azerbaijan, Central Asia and Iran, especially the development process and characteristics of Eastern feudalism. He has more than a hundred scientific works published during his lifetime. One of the author's well-known works is the paper " The Sarbedar Movement in Khorasan", published in the XIV volume of the series "Scientific Works of the Institute of Oriental Studies of Academy of Sciences of USSR" in Moscow in 1956. The corresponding work was translated from Russian into Persian by Karim Keshavarz and published in Tehran in 1972 as a separate book. In view of the importance of the topic, we considered it necessary to translate the mentioned work of Petrushevsky from Russian into Turkish.The Sarbedar movement, which began in the village of Bashtin in the Bayhak district of the Khorasan region in 1336-1337, soon led to the creation of the Sarbedar state with its center in Sabzavar. This state, which existed between 1337 and 1386, left its mark on history due to the role it played in the political life of Iran, as well as the reforms and practices that it carried out in the social sphere. Petrushevsky, a Marxist historian, studying the Sarbedar movement, mainly tried to pay attention to the socio-economic factors that provoked this process, the class conflict and the struggle for power of various social groups among the Sarbedars, and programmatic differences between them. Keywords: History of Iran, Khorasan, Shiism, Sarbedars.

Introduction. The Cognitive Turn and Medieval History. An Exploration of its Potential.

Introduction. The Cognitive Turn and Medieval History. An Exploration of its Potential.

Lessons from English pre-industrial times for a post-industrial circular economy

This paper takes an interdisciplinary qualitative approach to repair, re-use and recycling. Collaboration between academics in the fields of economic sociology, sustainable production and consumption and medieval history permits a long-term perspective on the incentives and deterrents for sustainable practices in relation to resource flows. In England in the period 1250–1500 acquisition of raw materials and production processes were labour intensive, resources were scarce and production and consumption were not strictly separated. However, a dynamic manufacturing sector and rising consumer incomes meant that new goods were readily available.Three options were available for practising circularity of items: prolonging use to avoid immediate disposal, passing on the item (as a gift or through sale) or re-processing it through recycling. Textiles, metal working, butchery, tanning and leatherworking were the industries in which such practices were most common. Repair and re-use was promoted in the domestic environment, including by the church. In a commercial context, however, trade organisations and government implemented legal deterrents that protected consumers but also limited competition for the producers of new goods. Analysis of these practices enables us to draw three lessons for the current move towards a circular economy. Firstly, efforts need to be made to revive the practice of repair in the household. Secondly, education and greater transparency can prevent quality-control rules from limiting the scope of the circular economy by prioritising new goods. Finally, attention should be paid both the financial and emotional motivations that can encourage sustainable practices.

The beginnings of the history of English and Hungarian policing and criminal justice

Aim: The aim of the study is to explore, analyse and compare the beginnings of English and Hungarian policing, the system of public administration that comprised it, and the characteristics of criminal justice from the Middle Ages to the establishment of professional police organisations.Methodology: The publication relies on the relevant literature in English and Hungarian and on a wide range of sources. Among other things, it uses data from a work on the history of the police in a small town near Liverpool, based on original sources.Findings: Historical specificities determine the development of a country’s law enforcement institutions. This is the main explanation for the many similarities between English and Hungarian organisations and institutions in pursuance of examining the medieval history of law enforcement. However, due to the different pace of industrial and civil development, and the preservation of feudal relations in Hungary, there are significant differences in the formation of English and Hungarian professional police organisations. In the United Kingdom, the various decentralised police forces were created as a grassroots initiative based on the demand of the citizens, while in Hungary the centralised state police was created from above (otherwise using the London model). This certainly played (plays) a role in the different perception of the police in the two countries, too.Value: Although there are relatively many studies on the prehistory of Western European countries’ police forces, and for some time this has also been true for the history of Hungarian policing, there is relatively scarce comparative historical research. And the specific topic under discussion here has, to the authors’ knowledge, never been examined in such detail.

Doctoring the Black Death: Medieval Europe’s Medical Response to Plague, by John Aberth

John Aberth’s monograph, while timely, is also clearly the product of unhurried scholarship, and will be valuable both to specialists and to those teaching the medieval history of disease. Somewhat unusually, the book is densely anecdotal as well as impressively thorough. This approach showcases the considerable diversity of medical theories on plague circulating in fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Europe. Aberth’s primary source base consists of almost 250 plague treatises, from the first European outbreak c.1347 onwards. A total of nine tables, comparing the contents of the plague treatises under study, contribute to the book’s analysis. Aberth argues that this corpus of texts has much to tell us about both psychological realities, and social and medical responses to the plague. Certainly it gives the lie to truisms about a lack of medical innovation in the later Middle Ages. The treatises show doctors modifying their opinions, testing theories, and even arguing that experience has given them more knowledge of plague than the ancients. These firsthand accounts, translated from nine languages with the aid of other scholars, enable a reconsideration of medical responses that should be integrated in other histories of the disease outbreak.

Nakosnik puloker as a component of the Moksha national Costume: on the problem of genesis and ethno-cultural meanings

This article presents the experience of studying the unique nakosnik of Moksha puloker women, which existed from the VIII to the XVIII centuries in a traditional women's costume as an ethnic symbol of the people. The most important aspects of the characteristics of the hairpiece associated with determining the cause of the appearance of this artifact, revealing the general attitude to hair in traditional culture, in particular in the heroic epic of the Mordovian people "Mastorava", which reflects the events of the medieval history of the ethnos; the nature of the era that caused the appearance of new elements in the folk costume. Both general scientific methods and systematic, comparative-historical and structural-semiotic approaches were used in the study. The role of the crisis factor in the culture of the Mordovian tribes of the second half of the I millennium A.D. was revealed, manifested in the activation of human activity aimed at adaptation in conditions of rapid changes and intercultural contacts. It is established that the result of the creative work of women, forcibly limited by the space of the family and home (possibly due to the appearance of a small family), was the development of socio-economic and cultural processes related to the ritual sphere, which required the segregation of the married woman's social group and a new element of the headdress, which emphasized the status of the hostess of the house. The novelty of the research is determined by the conclusions about the values of culture embodied in the materialization of the goals of collective activity in the form of an artificially created form of decoration, as well as in the justification of the significant influence of the Turkic peoples on the development of culture in the period under consideration.

History of the Dukes of Normandy and the Kings of England by the Anonymous of Béthune

Ever since its publication by Francisque Michel for the Société de l’Histoire de France in 1840, the Old French prose history of the dukes of Normandy translated here has been recognized as an important source for the history of Normandy, England, Flanders, and Capetian France. Its unnamed author is customarily referred to as the ‘Anonymous of Béthune’ because of the prominence in the narrative of the lords of Béthune (dépt. Pas-de-Calais), who were ‘advocates’ (lay protectors) of Arras but also major landowners in England between the eleventh and mid-thirteenth centuries. The same writer is believed to have been the author of a vernacular prose history of the kings of France, usually called the Chronique des Rois de France, which was partly published by Léopold Delisle in 1904. The two Béthune texts reworked and continued two French texts from the beginning of the thirteenth century, known, respectively, as the Chronique de Normandie and the Geste de France, which in turn drew upon and embellished older Latin texts—respectively, in the traditions of Norman and pro-Capetian historical writing. Despite their wealth of original detail, historians have been hesitant to use the two Béthune histories as historical sources. In part, this is due to their genre: vernacular texts, whether in prose or verse, have often been treated with suspicion by medieval historians trained in the use of Latin chronicles, and the relationship between the many vernacular histories from this period is also problematic. Yet there can be no doubt that the lack of either a modern critical edition or an English translation of the Anonymous Norman history has also hindered its use, and so the present work, published in Routledge’s Crusade Texts in Translation series, is very welcome indeed. The translation, using the 1840 edition, was drafted by the distinguished translator Janet Shirley, who died in 2017, but it is Paul Webster who has prepared it for publication, with extensive historical notes and a scholarly introduction.

The 10th-Century Arab Geographers Al-Istakhri and Ibn Hawqal on Qabq

For the first time in Russian historiography, this paper provides information on the 10th-century Qabq history through translation, commentary and comparative analysis of excerpts from the Arabic geographical work Kitab al-masalik wa-l-mamalik (The Book of Routes and Kingdoms) by al-Istakhri and from the account of the same title written by Ibn Hawqal, which concern the history of the Caucasus peoples. The data on polities, the Caspian Sea as well as on other localities of the Eastern Caucasus given by both authors significantly complement those supplied by preceding writers. The paper established that information on Qabq in the works by al-Istakhri and by Ibn Hawqal provided, respectively, in chapters Armenia, Arran and Azerbaijan and Khazar Sea coincides in general and varies only in some parts of the text. It is noteworthy that Ibn Hawqals text is much more detailed than that of al-Istakhri. Moreover, I used a critical approach to N.A. Karaulovs translation of excerpts from the above-mentioned works of al-Istakhri and Ibn Hawqal and established that his translation not only contains some stylistic flaws and interpretative errors, but also omits certain fragments from both Arabic texts. The results of this research will greatly enrich researchers understanding of the early medieval historical geography of Qabq. It can also be used to further the source studies for the writing of a medieval history of the Caucasus.

Historians in the Museum

In the last two decades Poland has experienced a museum boom. The numbers of new, or significantly remade museums, has grown rapidly, along with the growing numbers of museum visitors. Before the pandemic, Polish museums recorded more than thirty-eight million visits a year, a number equal to the size of Poland’s population. Among the most popular, with more than five-hundred thousand visits annually, were newly opened history museums, offering a new, narrative type of exhibition and museum experience. Museums like Warsaw’s Polin Museum of the History of Polish Jews and the European Solidarity Center in Gdańsk have also attracted international attention of museologists and media, earning enthusiastic reviews and major European museum awards. In recent years, however, they became objects of harsh criticism and pressure by politicians of the ruling Prawo i Sprawiedliwość Party (PiS). In this conversation, four Polish historians with substantial museological experience—three museum directors (present or former) and a museologist—talk about museums as institutions to practice history; they discuss what academic historians can learn working at museums, and they dwell on the challenges resulting from the success of museums as vehicles of public history. Piotr Cywiński is by instruction a medieval historian, who for several years has been the director of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial Museum. Paweł Machcewicz and Dariusz Stola are historians of the twentieth century, currently professors at the Polish Academy of Sciences: Machcewicz was the founding director of the Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk, and Stola was the director of the Polin Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Anna Ziębińska-Witek is a historian and museologist, and she has written extensively on Polish and Eastern European museum exhibitions of twentieth-century history. They met online to react to questions posed by Timothy Snyder, who has written extensively on the history of Poland and Eastern Europe; Snyder has also served on the academic council of the Museum of the Second World War. Stola has edited and translated, from Polish to English, the record of their conversation.

BİR ORTA ÇAĞ KAYNAĞI OLARAK NOVGOROD KRONİĞİ: TARİHSEL DEĞERİ VE MUHTEVİYATI

Rus kronikleri ya da Rus yıllıkları Rusların Hıristiyanlığa geçişlerini müteakiben Bizans’ın yıllık yazma geleneğinden etkilenmeleri neticesinde ortaya çıkmıştır. XII. yüzyılda başlayan bu gelenek özellikle XIV. yüzyılda tüm Rusya’ya yayılmıştır. Rus yıllıkları, Türk-Slav/Rus münasebetleri konusunda bugün sahip olduğumuz bilgilerin ana kaynağıdır. Novgorod’da yazılan yıllık nüshaları Rus yıllıklarının en eski ve önemlilerindendir. Kilise ve manastırlarda yazılmış olsa da bu yıllıkların en eski nüshaları ne yazık ki zamanla kaybolmuş ve günümüze kadar ulaşamamıştır. XIV. yüzyılda Rus ülkesinin çeşitli yerlerindeki büyük manastırlarda çok sayıda yıllık yazılmış ve zamanla içinde Novgorod'da yazılan nüshaların da yer aldığı “yerli” yıllık geleneği oluşmuştur. 
 Novgorod Kroniği erken dönem Rusya tarihinin temel yazılı kaynaklarının en önemlisi ve en iyi bilinenidir. Novgorod'da kronik yazımı çok erken başladı, zira Novgorod Kroniği ilk Rus yıllığı olarak kabul edilen Povest Vremennıh Let (Geçmiş Yılların Hikayesi)’in Nestor Nüshasından (Nestor Kroniği) bir dizi öge içermektedir. Kroniği yazan ve koruyanların din adamları olması, bazı yazıcıların kendilerini salt rahip olarak adlandırmasının ötesinde eserin genelinde yoğun bir dini eğilim bulunmaktadır. Bu durumun doğal sonucu olarak Novgorod Kroniği kilise meselelerine bolca değinmektedir. Bu dini notlar dönemin politik konularına ve sosyal koşullarına ışık tutmaktadır. Kroniğin mevcut en eski kopyası, XIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına tarihlenen Synodal Nüshası (Sinod Parşömeni) olarak adlandırılır. İlk basımı 1841'de yapılmış olup, halen Devlet Tarih Müzesi'nde korunmaktadır.
 Orta Çağ tarihinin ana kaynaklarından biri olan Novgorod Yıllığı farklı kişilerin kaleminden çıkmış ve günümüze kadar ulaşmıştır. Novgorod Yıllığı, 1016-1471 yılları arasındaki hadiseleri konu almaktadır. Novgorod Kroniği, Nestor Kroniği’nin bıraktığı yerden Rus tarihini devam ettiren birkaç yerel kronikten biridir. Genel olarak tipik Rus yıllığı olmakla birlikte, tek düze bir siyasi devrimler kataloğu olma özelliği de taşımaktadır. Novgorod Kroniği, Rurikidler hanedanının knyazları (prensleri), şehrin valileri ve başpiskoposları hakkında bilgi vermektedir. Bu alan ve belirli konular için malzeme değeri yüksek olan yıllık, Kumanlar, Almanlar, Moğollar, Litvanyalılar ve Hanse Birliği ile ilgili detaylı bilgiler vermektedir. Söz konusu milletlerin Novgorod ve çevresine yapmış oldukları saldırılar, savaşlar yıllıkta bazen detaylı bazen ise önemsiz bir hadiseymiş gibi anlatılmaktadır. Kalka Savaşı, Tannenberg Savaşı, Kulikova Savaşı, Neva Muharebesi, Novgorod Yıllığı’nda anlatılan önemli savaşlardır. Novgorod Kroniği, on üçüncü yüzyılın başlarında, Konstantinopolis'in Latin haçlılara düşüşü hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi verirken, ülkeye çok daha yakın olan gelişme olarak bir diğer Latin Haçlıları Almanların gelip doğu Baltık'ta koloniler inşa etmesine daha az dikkat kesilmektedir. Yıllık eksik ve kronolojik olarak hatalı bilgiler vermekle beraber, Slav coğrafyası ve bu halklarla iletişim kuran milletlerin tarihlerinin ele alınması açısından doyurucu bilgiler içermektedir.

Heresy and Citizenship: Persecution of Heresy in Late Medieval German Cities. Eugene Smelyansky. Studies in Medieval History and Culture. Abingdon: Routledge, 2021. xii + 186 pp. $52.95.

Heresy and Citizenship: Persecution of Heresy in Late Medieval German Cities. Eugene Smelyansky. Studies in Medieval History and Culture. Abingdon: Routledge, 2021. xii + 186 pp. $52.95.

Tudor queenship: Rethinking how power affect Catherine of Aragon and Elizabeth I with foucauldian theories from a feminist perspective

In the annals of English history, the Tudor Dynasty is one of the most captivating eras. Within this dynastic tapestry, few women figures have left as indelible mark as Catherine of Aragon, the first wife of King Henry VIII, and the Virgin Queen---Elizabeth I. One that steps into the sphere of marriage and reproduction, facing the conflict of showing political talent and being the beloved wife of King Henry VIII. The other, a consistent formal dominant of England, remained a virgin throughout her life. Although they had slightly different monarchical roles, they faced similar challenges to the power structure in medieval Tudor. Thus, it is valuable to examine their roles by reconsidering the relations between gender, power, and monarchy. Also, examining how they survive and resist while maximizing their autonomy of power could provide a novel insight into the collaboration of the study of gender history and sociology. This essay attempts historical sociology to scrutinize the role of their queenship in the centre of the patriarchal and monarchical domain of the House of Tudors. There is a notable surge in applying Michel Foucault’s approach to theories of power in gender study by feminists. One of the aims of this research is to fill the vacancy of application of Foucault’s theories into medieval history as well. It aims to investigate the category of gender and its symbolism concerning queenship in the historical period. Most importantly, to redefine, reclaim, and re-evaluate the meanings and values of women figures throughout the traditional historiographical pattern of queenship, which the male chronological historians have largely created at the time. It is found that the two queenships sprouse comprehensive sociological meanings of a parallel considerdation of gender, power and body in such particular political spectrum of monarchial field.

Feudalism in the GDR : Medieval History at the Humboldt University (1946-1989)

L’introduction du matérialisme historique dans le travail universitaire et la recherche en Allemagne de l’Est a finalement conduit à la dissolution de cet entrelacement de l’enseignement et de la recherche. Sur le plan organisationnel, ce processus est marqué par la fondation de l’Académie des sciences (et de ses instituts) chargée de la recherche. À la différence de cela, l’Université se réduit à l’enseignement et à la formation professionnelle.

Международный симпозиум "интеграция археологических и этнографических исследований" в Тюмени

Information is provided on the XXIII International Scientific Symposium "Integration of Archaeological and Ethnographic Research" held on October 26-27, 2022 in Tyumen. A review of a number of reports (58 reports in total) included in the sections of the program - “Historiographic aspects of the interaction of archaeology and ethnography in the reconstruction of ancient and medieval history”, “Results of practical work in the areas of integration of historical disciplines”, “Ethnoarchaeological research. Theory, methodology, sources”. The symposium was organized by the institutions of Omsk, Pavlodar and Tyumen and was held on the basis of the Tyumen Scientific Center of the SB RAS. Scientists from Russia, Armenia, Germany, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and the Czech Republic took part in its work in full-time and part-time form.

Changes in human effective population size overlap the beginning and end of a critical time in European medieval history, also characterized by the Black Death epidemic

The intersection of historiography and archaeology has long pondered over the impact of known historical events on census size. In recent times, genetic methods have successfully traced changes over time in the genetic size of a given population. Moreover, the correlation between genetic and census sizes of a population is contingent on several demographic assumptions that are relatively simple for our species. Our research endeavours to examine the changes in effective population size (Ne) in all human populations in the 1000 Genomes Project over the past two millennia. We compared our findings with estimates from historical censuses where available. Our investigation confirms what was already observed in France and reveals a common pattern found in most European populations, which manifests as a drastic population decrease beginning around the year 1300 and growth after the year 1600. This profile aligns well with known wars, famines, and epidemics that characterized these trying times in Europe. The most notable among them being the second plague epidemic, caused by Y. pestis, which in Europe commenced in 1347/8 and is also known as the "Black Death". Our findings demonstrate that changes in genetic population size through time can serve as a dependable proxy for census size, which is independent of potential biases in the written historical record. Consequently, we provide a robust estimate of the impact caused by the population crisis that followed the year 1300 on the European genomic landscape in light of previous results. Our study offers a new paradigm for interpreting the past and underscores the potential of genetic methods in reconstructing historical events.

"Консерватизм" и "новаторство" на кафедре истории средних веков исторического факультета МГУ в 1970-х - 1990-х гг. (анализ изменения тем дипломных работ)

The article discusses the changes in topics of the graduate theses, defended at the Department of the Medieval History of the Faculty of History of Moscow State University in the 1970s-1990s. The influence of that Department at Soviet and Post-Soviet Medieval Studies was described from diametrically opposed positions in the context of the so-called "Memoirs War": it was considered either as a leading institution or as an inert “medieval establishment”, suppressing free scientific search of the “unofficial medievalists”. In our opinion, this problem cannot be fully comprehended without referring to the issue of interaction between different generations, an everyday work of the scientific advisors with their students. We investigate a database of diplomas defended at the Department in the period 1970-1990, tracking changes in terminology and analyzing, in what manner was effected the transition from the "conservative" era of the 1970s (which was characterized by an outward adherence to Marxist dogmas) to the thematic and methodological diversity of the 1990s. These changes are characterized not as a sharp fracture and a "revolutionary" establishment of the entirely new approaches, but as a gradual, decades long "shift" of the thematic spectrum: a decrease in the number of topics related to the marxist dogmatism and an increase in the number of works inspired by the other methodological approaches. At the same time there were preserved some elements of the “conservative” tradition, and were developing some “innovative” ideas (at first little by little, and then more and more intensively). An extremely important role in these transformations was played by external factors - socio-political changes, the innovative methodological searches of "unofficial medievalists". However, the mechanisms of "internal self-regulation", which, in our opinion, allowed the university environment to respond to external changes, were also very important.

New Approaches to the Topical Aspects of Current Mediaeval Studies

The article reviews two conferences that took place at the Institute of World History RAS in June 2023. The Second All-Russian Scientific Conference “Source Studies in Modern Medieval Studies”, held at the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences on June 21—22, 2023, confirmed the high status of source studies as a key historical discipline, in the further development of which the entire professional community is highly interested. More than 50 reports were made at the conference on various areas of source study of the medieval history of Eurasia, in which the results of the latest research on the main types of medieval sources were presented. In many reports, much attention was paid to new approaches to the consideration of source problems, in particular, with the use of geoinformation technologies and electronic databases. This article also addresses the question of current interpretation of the forms and results of intercultural contacts in the Mediterranean from the 14th to 16th century. It was the period when the region under study appeared in the centre of global changes resulting in majestic geopolitical, economic, ethno-social, and cultural transformations. These changes made direct impact on the dynamics, nature, and effects of intercultural communications in the Mediterranean. Presented as lectures at a scholarly conference discussing the given question, the results of the researches conducted by Russian specialists in Mediaeval Studies allowed them to enunciate general global challenges that influenced the development of the region under study from the fourteenth to sixteenth century, to trace the forms and results of cross-cultural communications in the Mediterranean zone against the background of particular cases, and to determine their consequences for the development of European world in the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Period.

Počiatky myšlianskeho prepošstva (1232 – 1262)

In the east of Slovakia, from the beginning of the 13th century, ecclesiastical institutions - monasteries, prepositories and parishes - began to increase in large numbers. One of them is the chancellery in Myšl, which was part of the Jáger diocese. It was not a monastery. Until now, its beginning is connected with the first written mention from 1289. Editions of documents and a lot of archival material create the possibility to explore medieval history more deeply. That's how it is in this case as well. Court files form a special group in medieval writings. When interpreting, I rely on Hungarian customary law and the decrees and church customs valid until then. The aim of the research is to clarify the circumstances of the formation of the Prepository. From this I then draw conclusions that relate to the time of creation itself, founders and patrons as well as the properties of the Prepository.