History Of Language Research Articles

SOCIO-CULTURAL COMPETENCE DEVELOPMENT BASED ON THE USE OF VIRTUAL REALITY TOOLS FOR STUDENTS IN THE FIELD OF TRAINING ‘PEDAGOGICAL EDUCATION (WITH TWO TRAINING PROFILES)’

Purpose. The article is devoted to the ways to develop the university students’ socio-cultural competences. The article deals with the students in the direction of training 44.03.05 Pedagogical education (with two training profiles), profiles “The first foreign language and the Second foreign language”. The purpose of the article is to describe the peculiarities of using virtual reality tools for the socio-cultural competence development of the Pedagogical University 3rd year students. The objectives of the study include the selection of virtual reality tools for the formation of socio-cultural competence, the description of the features of their application and the results of experimental work in English language classes.
 Methodology. The basis of the research is the methods of analysis, synthesis and generalization, experiential training.
 Results. The novelty of the article lies in the fact that the possibilities of individual virtual reality tools for the development of socio-cultural competence of students are considered for the first time. The practical result of the study is the creation of methodological recommendations for a foreign language teacher of a higher school on the use of virtual reality tools in the practice of teaching English at a university.
 Practical implications. The results of the study can be of use for the university English language teachers when getting ready for the classes on “Area and Cultural Studies”, “History of the English language”, “Practical course in the English language”.

Les récits littéraires d’apprentissage : un corpus pour la didactique du FLE

If language biography „is based on the individual’s ability to recount the constituent elements of his or her experience in the linguistic and cultural domains” (Molinié, 2006: 1), we argue that this ability to recount is exemplary among allophone authors who have become writers in French and that their language (auto)biographies constitute a corpus that should be promoted for the teaching of literature in FLE. Each author is in fact an autobiographer who, text after text, continues to „reappropriate his or her own language history as it has been constituted over time” (Perregaux, 2002: 83). The works, written by learners who have already become authors, all recount the hazards of learning French, whether in an institutional or informal context, and the difficulty of the in-between languages and cultures (Alcoba, Alexakis, Cheng, Djavann, Huston, Kang, Svit, Wei-Wei...). These works are all marked by doubling and interlocution, and even when French has been known for a long time, by the omnipresence of reflection on language. For the learner who has become a writer, language is no longer just a tool but becomes a theme. The problem of writing in French thus continues to underlie the works explicitly: whether it is a question of the authors asserting their linguistic expertise in creation or showing the way to otherness.

The Gramophone Industry and Chinese Records in Pre-war Singapore: Global Network and Local Consumption

Abstract This paper presents the history of the gramophone industry and Chinese records in pre-war Singapore, through exploring the position of Singapore in the global commercial networks of transnational gramophone enterprises, and the local consumption of Chinese music records. At the turn of the twentieth century, the emergence of gramophone companies in the United States and European countries enabled Chinese opera and music in different regional languages to be manufactured into records, and consumed as commodities by Chinese communities all around the globe. Shaped by multiple routes of trade and cultural connections, the Chinese records sold in Singapore were of diverse historical origins and regional languages that catered to the different Chinese dialect groups. By the 1920s and 1930s, the popularization of gramophones and Chinese records had engendered an unprecedented sonic experience in Singapore.

Public Theology and the linguistic turn

In response to Dirkie Smit’s inaugural lecture at the University of Stellenbosch, In Diens van die Tale Kanaäns: Oor sistematiese teologie vandag, the question is raised: what is the relationship between language and theology? Traditionally theology subsumed rhetorical language under confessional language, but this shifted in the twentieth century as theologians started to pay more attention to the ways in which even confessional language shapes human experiences and actions and reflects and constitutes power relations. This linguistic turn has implications for public theology, i.e., theology done for the sake of the public good. First, it relates to the question of the role of culture and the reality of pluralism in theology, pointing to the need for careful balance between the emphasis on the church’s own historical language, and the need for critical and pluralistic perspectives to engage that language. At the same time, while the linguistic turn rightly points to the relationship between language and violence, care should be taken not to confuse the two and, in the process, ignore concrete concerns.

English in Africa: A Diachronic Linguistic Perspective

A motif for this paper is drawn from Baugh and Cable’s (1951) A history of the English language, which renders a classical and academic historical account of the origin of the English language. The book traces the origin of the language and connects it with the present users in a way to tell them the chronologies of life, ways, and speech of their progenitors. This gives the various reading generations the idea and sense of where the language has come from, its various metamorphosis, structures, cultures and its place in the embracing universe. Such historicity, one dares to say, is as handy for a second user of English as it is to the people to which English is native. Such simulation is far and in between in the literature; the students and researchers of English often wander for extractions of this in history books. This paper, as a way of bridging this gap, thus, becomes very useful as well as significant to the people whose interest lies in the history of English language in Africa. The motifs of multilingualism, bilingualism, and diglossia call attention to the African region and the behaviours of English language, in the precipitation of multiple language-use outside the indigenous ones. The reasons for the origin of these multiple language events, and the vehicles of their transportation and propagation, often elude many people. A sociolinguistic motif, which witnesses several varieties of the spoken and written English language across the African continent, finds an expression in the substratum of a convergence English for the thoroughly multilingual communities that make up the different nations in Africa. A diachronic linguistic account of the origin of all this is imperative, to say the least; and this is the concentration of this chapter.

Khmer onset voicing at the end of the 13th century

Abstract Khmer displays extensive diachronic phonological restructuring (Huffman, 1976), especially in the realization of initial stops. These changes include (i) devoicing and merger of voiced and voiceless stops, and (ii) the emergence of implosives from pre-vocalic voiceless stops. However, the details and the chronology of these changes remain unclear in many respects. This paper proposes a chronology of the two changes based on philological evidence: Chinese transcriptions of Khmer words in the Zhēnlà Fēngtǔ Jì (ZFTJ), a travel account from the late 13th century. Previous research on ZFTJ by Pelliot (1951) suggested that implosives had already emerged at the time of transcription, while the merger of voiced and voiceless stops had at least started. This is at odds with the general view of Khmer language history. I motivate a revised analysis of the Khmer transcriptions in the ZFTJ and show that the devoicing and merger of voiced and voiceless stops in fact had not yet occurred at the end of the 13th century. There is, however, not enough evidence from ZFTJ to confirm whether implosives had already emerged.

THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE UKRAINIAN URBAN NAMES OF THE CITY OF LVIV AT THE BEGINNING OF XXI CENTURY

Our research is devoted to the study of modern Ukrainian onomastics, in particular, of urban onomastics. It was determined that the factors affecting the street names of the city of Lviv include not only linguistic, but also non-linguistic factors, namely: ethno-cultural, cultural-historical and political. In the urbanonymicon of the city of Lviv, the names of streets that were renamed in a certain period of time and the names of streets that have remained unchanged since the beginning of their naming coexist. During the analysis of urban names of the city of Lviv, we found out which norms of the “Ukrainian orthography” correspond to the street names of the city of Lviv, as well as which violations of the norms of the “Ukrainian orthography” contradict the traditions of the Ukrainian language. The Ukrainian onomasticon of the post-Soviet period reflects important social and cultural changes caused by changes in the consciousness of Ukrainians, as well as the process of changing the ideological priorities of modern Ukrainians, which became the cause of transformational changes in the consciousness of society, which are speakers of the language. Modern Ukrainian scientists show great interest in Ukrainian onomastics, in particular onyms and urbanonyms. The development of many Ukrainian onomatopoeia is devoted to the study of the Ukrainian urban onym space of the post-Soviet era. However, today there are not enough studies that would be devoted to the analysis of the linguistic didactic aspect of the Ukrainian urbanonym vocabulary of the post-totalitarian era of the city of Lviv. It was determined that the factors affecting the street names of the city of Lviv include not only linguistic, but also non-linguistic factors, namely: ethno-cultural, cultural-historical and political. In the urbanonymicon of the city of Lviv, the names of streets that were renamed in a certain period of time and the names of streets that have remained unchanged since the beginning of their naming coexist. Street names are a unique source of information about Lviv. They reveal the history, culture, customs and traditions of the city’s residents. During the analysis of urban names of the city of Lviv, we found out which norms of the “Ukrainian spelling” correspond to the names of the streets of the city of Lviv, as well as which violations of the norms of the “Ukrainian spelling” that contradict the traditions of the Ukrainian language occur in the official names of the streets of the city of Lviv. Key words: urban onym, word culture, onomastics, language history, legislation

Crosslinguistic Semantic Textual Similarity of Buddhist Chinese and Classical Tibetan

In this paper we present the first-ever procedure for identifying highly similar sequences of text in Chinese and Tibetan translations of Buddhist <em>sūtra</em> literature. We initially propose this procedure as an aid to scholars engaged in the philological study of Buddhist documents. We create a cross-lingual embedding space by taking the cosine similarity of average sequence vectors in order to produce unsupervised similar cross-linguistic parallel alignments at word, sentence, and even paragraph level. Initial results show that our method lays a solid foundation for the future development of a fully-fledged Information Retrieval tool for these (and potentially other) low-resource historical languages.

Translation of Yuri Rozhdestvensky’s 1967 article ‘Language theory and the problem of language development’

The article describes changes in language, which regularly happen after the introduction of new communication technologies, identifying the pattern: repeated changes in ways of creation, replication and conceptualization of language. The article points out that the electronic stage, just like oral, written and printed stages, requires human effort to adjust language to its new environment. The author argues for human agency: language theory consciously formulated to lead the necessary changes. The author proposes a new discipline, language semiotics, which would study the processes of creation and replication in language in order to suggest successful solutions during the turning points, aka crisis situations in language history.

LEXICON OF TURKIC ORIGIN IN “JAMSHID AND KHURSHID” MASNAVI’S LANGUAGE

From the point of view of studying the centuries-old history of the Turkish language, these language monuments created by Turkish poets and writers in the Middle Ages are important sources. The study of these monuments written in the Turkish language, and the study of their phonetic, lexical, and grammatical features also create conditions for determining the literary norms of the Turkic languages. From this point of view, the analysis of the vocabulary of “Jamshid and Khurshid”, a Turkish language written monument of the 14th-15th centuries, is both important and interesting from the point of view of studying the existence of Turkic words.In this article, the lexicon of Turkic origin has been studied in the language of Ahmadi’s masnavi “Jamshid and Khurshid”, the words of Turkic origin involved in the research have been compared with their usage forms in modern Turkic languages. As a result of the research, it has been found out that there are enough words of Turkic origin among the nouns, verbs, and numeral words used in the language of the monument. However, in the lexicon of “Jamshid and Khurshid” verbs occupy a greater place among the words of Turkic origin. In the lexicon of the 14th-15th century written monument “Jamshid and Khurshid”, carrying the linguistic features of Anatolian Oghuz Turkic, some of the words of Turkic origin have been preserved with minor phonetic changes, and some have been preserved their functionality as they are in modern Turkic languages.

Post-Conquest Forged Charters Containing English: A List

The paper presents a list of sixty-nine forged charters containing English pro- duced following the Norman Conquest of 1066. The list can be considered a supplement to The Production and Use of English Manuscripts 1066–1220 (Da Rold et al. 2010) – a project conducted jointly at the University of Leeds and University of Leicester collecting all known texts containing English, in order to provide an insight and allow research into “transitional”, post-Conquest English. The paper outlines the significance of charters in the Medieval world, and discusses some key issues and misconceptions related to study- ing this period in the history of the English language.

Evolutionary processes of common Turkic lexemes

Language is a historical category, so it is constantly evolving and undergoing changes. A word and its meaning as the main part of the language expand, narrow, the meaning undergoes changes or completely goes out of use of the language along with the development of society. This is a linguistic pattern, so change in the meaning of a word is one of the most actual problems of linguistics, which requires a constant study. Studying the meaning of a word, we get information from the language, the history, culture, life of people who speak this language. The article analyzes and comprehensively studies changes in the meanings of wordscommon to the Turkic languages. Linguistic analysis of word meanings is performed by etymological, historical and comparative methods. Giving specific language data from the Turkic languages, it was told about the similarities in the meanings of common words and features which appeared over time. In addition, information about the culture, history, knowledge and existence of people of Turkic origin is used to reveal the meanings of words. The research analyzes the opinions of domestic and foreign scientists on this issue. The authors share their conclusions, which do not always coincide with existing judgments about the meaning of individual words. Currently words which have unclear meaning, disconnected from the basic meaning, and even lost their meaning are analyzed using data from oral folk art, works related to medieval language monuments. The information presented in the article can be widely used in research related to the history of the Kazakh literary language, etymology of words.

Italiano Neo-Standard in the Light of E. Coseriu’s Theory of Language Variations

The study discusses the impact of E. Coseriu (1921-2002), a prominent 20th century linguist, an expert in language theory and philosophy, on the development of language restandardization theory in modern Italy. E. Coseriu proposed a model of living language that accounts for its basic property - variability, which allows to solve the so-called paradox of language change widely discussed in post-saussurean linguistics and to produce a complex description of language system, norm, and speech in their mutual correlation. The analysis presented in the paper shows how the system of language variation parameters (diachrony, diatopy, diastraty, and diaphasy) constituted the theoretical basis for describing the process of restandardization typical of Modern Italian since the last decades of the 20th century. Modern Italian, also known as Italiano neo-standard, fulfils all the communicative functions, is used both in speech and in writing in all speech genres and registers, and is L1 for more than a half of Italy’s population. This language situation, however, is relatively new: up to mid-20th century the majority of Italians were bilingual, and the dialects of Italy functioned as their L1 and as means of informal communication. The widening of use of Standard Italian proceeded alongside with its stylistic diversification and the adaptation of its pragmatic and stylistic potential for informal, colloquial use, which called in question the status of certain structures, previously regarded as substandard ones. The analysis of E. Coseriu’s language variation theory as applied to the Italian language allows to classify modern Italian sociolinguistics and historical language studies as developing the functional trend typical of European linguistics.

Politics, Language, and Cultural Identity: DetroitRicans and Puertoricanness in Detroit

Due to a surge in racism and anti-immigrant sentiment that intensified during Trump’s campaign and presidency, some Americans have reacted to people speaking Spanish in public with hostility as well as verbal and even physical aggression over the last few years in the United States. A particular group of victims of language and identity discrimination has been Puerto Ricans, who are, ironically, American citizens. Drawing on historical perspectives, language and identity attitudes, the politicization of language, and linguistic racism approaches, the present study administered a language and identity questionnaire to 103 Puerto Ricans in Detroit, Michigan (DetroitRicans). Despite the rise of linguistic racism in the United States, 90.3% of respondents said that being able to speak Spanish was necessary to validate their Puertoricanness. In addition, 89% of this study’s participants agreed that not teaching Spanish to children was denying them their Puerto Rican culture and identity. DetroitRicans also identified Spanish as their mother tongue, their roots, and their homeland, whereas they identified English as the language of work, school, and economic advancement. The findings agree with the language and identity perceptions of Puerto Ricans living on the Island and in Central Florida; they diverge from the traditional perspectives of Boricuas in New York, North Philadelphia, and Chicago, who do not generally consider Spanish a vital part of their Puerto Rican identity.

ROMANTIC NATIONALIST PARADIGM OVERCOME: THE STUDY OF THE EARLY MODERN CZECH LANGUAGE AND BOHEMIAN LITERATURE

The paper presents the latest trends in studying the eighteenth-century written culture of the Czech lands and covers research on the history of the Czech language and Bohemian literature, its modern challenges, and prospects. The history of written culture in the eighteenth-century Czech lands is divided into two main periods. The first period dated to the beginning of the century and lasted until the early 1770s; during this time, the leading cultural institutions, especially schools and publishing houses, were owned or sponsored by Catholic orders, most notably the Jesuits. The second period commences in the mid-1770s, when, after the reforms of Maria Theresa and Joseph II, the Habsburg state established its cultural hegemony. Many nineteenth- and twentieth-century philologists stigmatised the earlier period as an era of „downfall” unworthy of interest but praised the last quarter of the eighteenth century as the formative years of the Czech National Revival. However, the latest research in this area proves this point of view to be distorted and, in some ways, mistaken. The paper gives a brief overview of the older approach to studying the eighteenth-century Bohemian written culture and points out its disadvantages. The central part of the paper introduces concepts developed by contemporary scholars that might also be applied to linguistic and literary studies in other Central European countries.

Disentangling Language Disorder and Bilingualism in Children with Developmental Language Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Evidence from Writing

Twenty-eight Albanian-Greek bilingual children with Developmental Language Disorder and 28 children with Autism Spectrum Disorder but no language impairment, along with 28 typically-developing, age-, Performance IQ- and socioeconomic status-matched bilingual children were asked to produce two expository texts which were coded for spelling (phonological, grammatical, orthographic) errors, stress and punctuation use. The children’s expressive vocabulary, current language use and home language history were also measured. The results show that the bilingual children with Developmental Language Disorder were particularly vulnerable to spelling errors, while their bilingual peers with Autism Spectrum Disorder were rather challenged by stress and punctuation. The evidence speaks in favor of distinct patterns of writing impairment across the bilingual children with Developmental Language Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Latest history of the Polish language (1918–2018)

The latest history of the Polish language (1918–2018) consists of four phases (1918–1939, 1939–1945, 1945–1990, after 1990). In the area of extra-linguistic phenomena and sociolinguistic trends, the Polish language has evolved from the status of an elite language to a democratised code and from the double division of communication varieties (common language : dialects) to the triple division (common language : folk dialects : mixed codes). In the area of intra-linguistic phenomena, the trends of economisation and completion of linguistic devices dominated throughout the history, while preserving the uniform dynamics of other trends (unification, repartition, nobilitation). These processes and specific language changes have affected all structural layers of the Polish language system in a proportional manner, which proves the effectiveness of optimisation processes. Keywords: language history – latest history of the Polish language – Polish language evolution – language system – extra-linguistic factors – intra-linguistic factors – sociolinguistic trends – language system development trends.

Verbs and tenses in the Mamluk-Kipchak and Kazakh language

This article provides a comparison of typical properties of the principal features of the mainand auxiliary verbs and a study of the tense categories and moods of the historical Mamluk-Kipchaklanguage in comparison with the modern Kazakh language considering such well-known writtensources in the Mamluk-Kipchak language of XIIІ-XV centuries as “Kitab al-Idrak Li-Lisan Al-Atrak”, “Kitab majmua tirjuman turki ua ajami ua muguli ua farsi”, “Kitab ad-durra al-mudiyya fial-luga”, At-turkiya ala at-tamam ua al-kamal” and “Al-Qawanin al-kulliya lidabt al-lugat at-turkiya”. In this regard, descriptions of the mentioned written sources were given first, and a briefoverview of special and general studies on the study of the historical Mamluk-Kipchak language isalso provided.The comparative study showed that the main verbs and auxiliary verbs in the Mamluk-Kipchak language and the modern Kazakh language have structural and semantic similarities, aswell grammatical similarity in terms of tense and mood. The definition of the process of lexical andgrammatical continuity between the historical Mamluk-Kipchak language and the modern Kazakhlanguage, which is the basis of the article, has particular importance from the point of view ofstudying the historical development of the Kazakh language.Key words: Mamluk-Kipchak language, manuscript, Kazakh language, verb, tense category &nbsp;

Predictors of language proficiency and cultural identification in heritage bilinguals.

According to the 2020 U.S. Census Bureau, more than 66 million residents over the age of 5 in the United States speak a language other than English at home. Some bilinguals become dominant in the majority language that is spoken in the community as opposed to their native "heritage" language acquired at home. The objective of the current study was to uncover the predictors of language proficiency and cultural identification in different groups of heritage speakers. In our sample, heritage speakers acquired their heritage language first and English second and rated their proficiency in their heritage language lower than in English. We found that English proficiency was most reliably predicted by the duration of heritage language immersion, while heritage language proficiency was most reliably predicted by contexts of acquisition and exposure to both languages. Higher heritage language proficiency was associated with greater heritage language experience through friends and reading, less English experience through family, and later age of English acquisition. The trade-off between heritage language and English language experience was more pronounced for non-Spanish than Spanish heritage speakers. Finally, despite higher proficiency in English, cultural identification was higher with the heritage language, and was predicted by heritage language receptive proficiency and heritage language experience through family and reading. We conclude that self-reported proficiency and cultural identification differ depending on heritage speakers' native languages, as well as how the heritage language and majority language are acquired and used. Our findings highlight the importance of taking individual language history into consideration when combining different groups of heritage speakers.

Francis Whyte Ellis-The First Voice of Tamil Language Liberation

When it comes to the history of the Tamil language, it can be classified as being before Ellis and after Ellis. Before Ellis's Dravidian evidence came, the idea that Tamil originated from Sanskrit was deeply embedded in everyone's mind. For a long time, linguists in India have also been saying that the Tamil language originated from Sanskrit and that the Tamil language could not function independently without the help of Sanskrit. It was Ellis who liberated Tamil, which was thus regarded as a descendant of Sanskrit, from the chain of slavery, which was bound by the chain of slavery of Sanskrit. Based on linguistic theories, Ellis was the first to scientifically examine the long-held misconception that Tamil could not function independently without help, and to declare to the world that it was completely false and that South Indian languages, including Tamil, were unique. Ellis's Dravidian testimony is the starting point of the uniqueness of the Tamil language and its excellence.