Modern Historiography Research Articles

The Cadaster Book of 1628—1630 as a Source of the Historical Geography of Toropetsky Uezd of the First Third of the 17th Century

This research is a continuation of the author’s study of the historical geography of the Upper Podvinye (in particular, Toropetskaya land) in the 16th — 17th centuries. The article analyzes the cadaster book of Toropetsky uezd of the 1620s, which provides information about the territorial system, land ownership and landuse in the region in the first third of the 17th century. The study of the source showed that by the 1620s the number of volosty increased from 8 to 13, while preserving most of the volosty known from the Toropet's cadaster book of 1540. It was found out that the archaic features of the territorial structure of Toropetsky uezd (perevary), which made up a significant land fund in the middle of the 16th century, gradually adapted to the typical Moscow state structure and by the 1620s turned into volosty. It is determined that the local system of Toropetsky uezd, genetically dating back to the 1540s, expanded due to the inclusion of landowner families that had not previously been in the region, while preserving as the basis those clans that had significant land holdings in the second quarter of the 16th century (among them are Golenishchevs, Tchoglokovs, Kushelevs, Kaftyrevs, Zeleny, Chikhachevs, etc.). It is revealed that the events of the beginning of the 17th century had a negative impact on the economic development of the Toropet’s land, expressed in the desolation of 90 % of all agricultural land, a small part of which is involved in economic processing by the end of the first third of the 17th century. The data obtained significantly complement the ideas of modern historiography about the development of the Toropet’s land in the first third of the 17th century.

Вопросы завоевания и ликвидации Гарабагского ханства в современной историографии

The article provides a historiographical analysis of the issues of the conquest and dissolution of the Garabagh Khanate in the works of modern researchers. The strategic position of the Garabagh Khanate and the presence of five melikdoms on its territory contributed to the substantiation in modern historiography of the significance of the Garabagh Khanate in Tsarist policy towards the South Caucausus, and the variety of ways to implement Russia’s aggressive plans for the Garabagh Khanate. In the studies, there is a common opinion about the forced signing of the Kurakchay Treaty by the Garabagh ruler. The consideration by the authors of the conditions of the Kurakchay treaty and the dissolution of the Garabagh Khanate became an image of the Russian government’s policy focus. A kind of culmination of the latter was the resettlement policy of tsarism. Ethno-demographic changes in Garabagh as a result of Tsarist resettlement policy, which suggests the strategic importance of this region to Russia, made it possible to observe shared elements in the opinions. There is a general consensus among most researchers regarding the goals of this Policy aimed at increasing the number of Armenians in Garabagh to create a stronghold of Christianity. The works by modern historians considered in the article, in turn, have revealed a new approach to this subject matter, free of opportunistic concepts, and brought to tight the essence of Russias policy in the Garabagh Khanate, that Russia used all methods available to conquer this region and the South Caucasus, which has remained Russia’s center of interest.

Всеобщее военное обучение в Казахской ССР в годы Великой Отечественной войны 1941-1945 гг.

The article attempts to eliminate historical gaps in the organization of universal military training in Kazakh SSR in the days of the Great Patriotic War. The Soviet historiography covered this problem insufficiently. The modern historiography draws on materials, which became available to researchers in the last decade. The source studies method has been used. As the Great Patriotic War began, the Red Army military reserve training became of mass proportions. The command staff was trained in military schools, junior officers were trained in reserve military units; there were schools of junior aviation specialists. Military departments of higher educational institutions trained officers, sergeants, and privates, while public organizations (Osoaviakhim, physical education societies, Red Cross) trained privates of their profile. There were certain requirements (entrance exams, schooling, health, etc.) for training in the above-mentioned fields. For training of the private corps in the Vsevobuch (general training program) only age mattered. The age requirement was from 16 for youth and up to 50 for reservists. Within the frameworks for implementation of the State Defense Committee resolution “On General Compulsory Military Training for Soviet Citizens” of September 1941, the organization of Vsevobuch in the Kazakh SSR during the Great Patriotic War is assessed. In the headquarters of the Central Asian, Ural, and South Ural military districts, responsible for the territory of the republic, there were established Vsevobuch departments for training of citizens under military commissariats of the Kazakh SSR. Vsevobuch was based on military training stations. In the initial period of the Great Patriotic War, it faced acute problems due to lack of combat experienced personnel to fill the posts of instructors and due to poor equipment. The study has permitted to assess the results of the Vsevobuch in the Kazash SSR. The studied materials prompt conclusions on coordinated work of the leadership of the Kazakh SSR, Kazvoenkomt, and military districts in the organization of the Vsevobuch. In total, about two million Kazakhs were trained for the Red Army, which was a significant contribution of the republic to Soviet victory in the Great Patriotic War.

Современная историография антифранцузского народного движения в Испании 1808–1814 гг.

Современная историография антифранцузского народного движения в Испании 1808–1814 гг.

Review of recent publications on the modern historiography of Leningrad painting school

Based on a review of publications of recent years by Russian and foreign authors, the paper reveals trends in Leningrad painting in the 1960s and the role of its representatives such as L.V. Kabachek, E.E. Moiseenko, I.A. Serebryany, N.E. Timkov, N.M. Pozdneev, A.A. Mylnikov, L.A. Rusov, S.I. Osipov and others in shaping the image of Leningrad art. Criticism of approaches to the definition of the concept of the Leningrad school of painting, the history of existence and the circle of its artists in the works of Russian researchers is given. The actual problems of preserving, studying and exhibiting the artistic heritage of the masters of the Leningrad school of the 1960s from museum and personal collections are considered.

About the Latest Russian Historiography of Soviet Ethno-National Politics: Plots, Problems, Ideas

The main attention is paid to the national historiography. The achievements of Russian historians are distinguished by an integrated approach, interdisciplinarity, professional analysis of unique sources, which makes it possible to reconstruct the process of implementing Soviet national policy in different ethnosocial environments, highlight similarities and differences on the example of individual national regions, provide a solid foundation for the creation of generalizing works and determining research prospects. In this regard, one of the controversial topics of modern historiography related to the interpretation of the concept of the “Soviet people” is also highlighted. The author notes that the early Soviet period is most intensively studied, when intensive nation-building took place and the image of the Soviet Federation took shape. The most important ideas of scientists are highlighted, which analyze the essence, nature and details of federal construction, the organization of the transit of the multicultural, initially complex society of the USSR from tradition to modernity, the development of interethnic relations, state policy in ethnosocial and ethno-cultural fields, the activities of national leaders, personnel policy in national republics, ethno-oriented practices in different periods of Soviet history. The author emphasizes the actual meaning of the Soviet historical experience of the functioning of a multi-component state and interethnic consolidation, including during the Great Patriotic War, in order to solve modern problems of strengthening the civil unity of Russian society. Due to the need for a critical analysis of the “decolonial” discourse of foreign historiography, the author considers the study of socio-economic relations and interaction of national- state and administrative-territorial units of the USSR to be very relevant, both among themselves and in the context of the organizing and coordinating role of all-Union institutions. Some ideas are proposed to expand the subject field and problematize a wide range of debatable issues.

Belarusian People’s Republic 1918: a failed statehood

This article analyses the events and trends that determined the fate of attempts to form the Belarusian state in the conditions of the finale of World War One. The author has based his research on the study of the German occupation policy and the process of implementing the Brest-Litovsk peace treaties. It demonstrates that the foundations for the negative factors that blocked the appearance of a united Belarus were laid long before the beginning of the Soviet-Polish war. The BPR leaders’ interaction with the occupational authorities was determined not only by different subjective factors, but also by the fundamental refusal to place Belarus on the political map of 1918. This moment is not properly reflected in modern historiography of the issue, especially the Belarusian one. The role of neighbouring states and various national forces in the reconfiguration of post-imperial spaces under the pressure of the German Empire, within the framework of the Brest system of international relations created in 1918, is examined. Within its framework the RSFSR was to receive the place of the most important counteragent, who sought to obtain the maximum influence on the basis of mutually beneficial deals with the military-political leadership of the Kaiserreich. Although the projects of German hegemony in Eastern Europe were thwarted by the defeat of the Central Powers, the period of the First German Occupation and the partition of Belarusian territories between Soviet Russia and its western neighbours became the geopolitical basis for the fate of the nations of Belarus throughout the interwar period.

역사 속의 비인간: 포스트휴머니즘 역사학의 현황과 쟁점

This article aims to introduce the so-called posthumanist history and review its controversies and outlook. It has emerged recently with the developments of environmental history, global history, big history etc., which have criticized the anthropocentric view in modern historical writing. One of example of it is the debate over the ‘Anthropocene’. However, the tendency of the posthumanist history can also be seen especially in animal and material history, even if the posthumanism is now still more pronounced in the former than the latter. In terms of methodology, it is desirable to apply Bruno Latour et al.’s ‘Actor-Nework Theory’ in this field and try to identify the various connections between humans, animals, and materials. A great problem in this case lies in the different temporalities between human and nonhuman elements. The prospect of the new historical writing, which challenges not only the modern historiography but also the history itself, depends on solving this problem.

중국 국가건설 100년의 역정과 역사학(Ⅰ) - 천하 패러다임의 해체와 근대 역사학 -

Chinese Modern historiography began with the formation and establishment of the national state paradigm at the end of the 19th century. The New Historiography advocated by Liang Qi Chao and the Quintessence group(Liu Shi Pei; Zhang Bing Lin) was the beginning of modern Chinese historiography. Chinese traditional historiography aims to defend morality and ethics. However, the purpose of the New Historiography was to make historiography contribute to the national construction and create ideas for the establishment of national identity. Liang Qi Chao and the New Historiography of the National School emphasized China’s national identity, which would be the premise of national history. The New Historiography took creating national history as its mission, and it was natural to create and emphasize the essence of national identity. The national state model was established in the second stage of national construction. The decisive moment was the May 4th Movement. From then on, the value of the West was widely recognized, and the thinking and the practice were based on concepts and terms produced in the West. System, methodology and view of the modern science have become the model that needs to be pursued, and historical research is no exception. Gu Jie Gang or Fu Si Nian highly promoted history as a science. In this context, Liu Yi Zheng, considered as champion of cultural conservatism, emphasized scientific and empirical nature of the historical research.

«Вольные кабардинцы» в контексте русско-турецких и османо-черкесских отношений пер-вой половины XIX столетия на основе российских и османских источников

The article discusses the role and significance of Khadzhret Kabarda in the history of the national liberation movement of the Circassian people during the Caucasian War. The Khajrets, having an effective military organization, showing high military activity in this sub-region of the North-Western Caucasus for several decades, had an influence disproportionate to their numbers among the peoples beyond the Kuban. The Russian Empire took all measures to neutralize this factor, and the Ottoman Empire used it in its geopolitical interests. The leaders of the Kabardian Khajrets, well aware of the bureaucratic structure of the Ottoman Empire, were in constant contact with the Ottoman Porte. Based on Russian and Ottoman sources, new aspects of Ottoman-Circassian rela-tions are revealed, the chronological framework for the beginning of the resettlement of Circassi-ans to Turkey is specified. Pre-revolutionary Russian and modern historiography attribute the be-ginning of the resettlement process to 1858. Documents from the Ottoman archives, first pub-lished in the article, indicate that this process took place as early as 1835. They also make it pos-sible to identify among the migrants a new category of persons – refugees, which should be dis-tinguished from other categories that appeared later – emigrants and displaced persons.

Solution of the Personnel Issue in the City Police of the Russian Empire at the End of the 18th – the First Qarter of the 19th Centuries: Normative and Legal Regulation

The article analyzes the evolution of the legislation of the Russian Empire
 in the field of personnel policy in the city police of the declared period. When
 considering the degree of the problem under study, special attention is paid to
 modern historiography. The source base of the study is represented mainly by the
 legal acts of the Russian Empire at the end of the 18th – the quarter third of the
 19th centuries.
 The analysis of legal documents allowed the author to conclude that the
 dynamics of personnel policy in the field of work of city police in the late 18th –
 first quarter of the 19th centuries were aimed at strengthening public order and
 security. At the same time, the maintenance of the city police was shifted to the local authorities. A special role in the appointment of officer ranks in the city
 police was played by the Committee of August 18, 1814.
 It is noted that the following circumstances had an inhibitory effect on the
 implementation of an effective personnel policy in the field of public order.
 Firstly, the class structure of society limited the opportunities for recruiting and
 promotion of people from the unprivileged classes, which was also reflected in
 the different approaches to working with officers and lower ranks. Secondly, the
 solution to the problems of the city police was seen in increasing its staffing, and
 not in strengthening its material base, raising salaries, improving training and
 retraining of personnel.

Western European Intellectual Practices of a New Type in Russian Everyday Life at Early 18th Century (case of Feofan Prokopovich)

The focus of this study is the views of Feofan Prokopovich, a unique Orthodox thinker whose world outlook was shaped by an obvious influence of the ideas of the Protestant and Catholic Enlightenment. Talking about the Enlightenment, modern historiography focuses on the versatility of the phenomenon, preferring to talk about the Enlightenment, including the religious or confessional Enlightenment, aimed at rethinking the role of religion and the church. The Religious Enlightenment was a pan-European phenomenon that embraced Protestantism, Catholicism, Judaism, and Orthodoxy, and grew out of the desire to create an intelligent religion free of superstition and serving society. The intellectual movement of the religious Enlightenment sought to reconcile the natural philosophy of the 17th-18th centuries with a religious worldview, while trying to overcome the extremes of religious fanaticism, on the one hand, and nihilism and godlessness, on the other. The process of forming a new intellectual environment is marked by the coexistence and mutual influence of the most diverse, sometimes poorly compatible traditions, their transformation and modification. Comprehensively arguing the need for unlimited autocracy in Russia, Feofan Prokopovich, nevertheless, actively used the discourse of the Enlightenment in his writings, discussing the problem of the origin of the state, the mode of government, the boundaries of the power of the monarch, the rights and duties of subjects. On the example of Feofan Prokopovich, we can talk about the emergence and rooting of intellectual practices of a new type in Russian everyday life. The integration of Western European ideas and practices into Russian culture was ambiguous, multifaceted and depended on their adaptation to the socio-political space of Russia. Being well acquainted with the works of European authors of the 17th early 18th centuries, he rather took on the formal side of their discussions on socio-political topics, adapted a conceptual glossary that was new for the Russian educated public, which opened up opportunities for talking about politics in a new way.

ПРОМЫШЛЕННОЕ ОСВОЕНИЕ АРКТИКИ: ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ ОПЫТ РЕГИОНА (НА МАТЕРИАЛАХ ЯКУТИИ)

The process of industrial exploration of the Arctic territories of Yakutia in the 1920s is analyzed, when one of the priorities in the Yakut ASSR was the development of approaches and directions for the development of industry, including its northern outskirts. The conditions under which the issues of restoring the previously existing industrial exploration and mining of deposits were resolved, and at the same time long-term plans were developed to create a mining industry in the republic. It is established that the government of Yakutia in the 1920s. sent significant financial and material resources to the organization of scientific research, the formation of an industrial management structure, the definition of basic approaches to solving issues of industrial development of the northern territories of the republic. It is concluded that during the period under review, conditions were prepared for the industrial development of the Arctic regions of the republic. The problem of industrial development of the eastern territories of Russia is quite fully covered in Russian historiography, the main principles and directions for its solution at different stages of history are determined, the issues of modeling economic development are considered, and the historical experience of developing new, often extreme for life, regions of Russia is summarized. Despite the presence in modern historiography of sufficiently deep studies of the problem, many aspects of the history of the industrial development of the Arctic, primarily at the regional level, remain poorly understood today. In this regard, this article attempts to highlight the most important events that characterize the historical experience of the industrial development of the Arctic, undertaken in the 1920s. leadership of the Yakut ASSR. The source base of the study was the documents of the RGAE and the National Archives of the RS (Y).

Русская тема в восприятии Х. Уолпола

The problem of intercultural dialogue and the formation of the image of the “other” in a certain cultural tradition is being actively developed in modern historiography at different levels. When writing this article, the level of personal perception by the representative of the English Enlightenment of the carriers of the Russian cultural tradition was chosen. Horace Walpole gained fame in various areas of cultural life. The article analyzes Walpole’s perception of the Russian theme, examines how in this case the personal corresponds to the national tradition.

УЧАСТИЕ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ БАШКИРСКОЙ АССР В ОБСУЖДЕНИИ ПРОЕКТА ПРИМЕРНОГО УСТАВА КОЛХОЗА 1969 Г.

The article deals with the problem of discussion by the population of Bashkiria of the draft Model Charter of the collective farm, which took place in April - October 1969, and the introduction of various proposals and comments to it. A brief analysis of the literature indicates that this problem remains poorly understood. At the same time, modern historiography, including local historiography, actively studies various forms of relations between the government and the population. According to the researchers, the "discussion" of various draft laws and decrees, the "introduction" of their own proposals and comments to them were among the forms of "dialogue" of citizens with the authorities at that time. The work uses messages published in the republican newspaper "Soviet Bashkiria"; unpublished letters from readers received by the editorial office of the central publication "Rural Life"; citizens' proposals recorded in the party documents of the Bashkir regional Committee of the CPSU. The use of several types of sources allows you to achieve a certain degree of objectivity, however, they do not represent the full picture. The specific proposals made by citizens allow us to find out the level of socio-political activity, the development of public interests and preferences of the population of the republic during this period. In the discussion of the draft law, the population of Bashkiria was less active compared to neighboring regions. It is concluded that the proposals made were sometimes quite contradictory. On the one hand, some of them concerned the further improvement of social protection, social status, remuneration of collective farmers and pensioners, on the other, they demanded stricter Soviet legislation in the field of personal subsidiary farming, labor discipline. Thus, there were proposals on the need to include all collective farmers in trade union organizations, increase pensions, etc. Citizens were concerned about the lack of collective farm democracy, some advocated greater restriction of personal subsidiary farms. However, in general, the proposals made by the commission were not taken into account. The significance of the amendments to the draft law is that they indicate an increasingly increasing political activity of the population, including rural ones, and their interest in the political and socio-economic events of the era.

Deleuze reads Messiaen

Gilles Deleuze’s and Félix Guattari’s celebrated work A Thousand Plateaus contains one of the most noteworthy philosophical employments of music from the twentieth century. Previous research has reconstructed how Deleuze imported musical concepts from Pierre Boulez into his thought, but analogous influences from Olivier Messiaen have been affirmed rather than investigated in detail. This article reconstructs the philosopher’s reception of Messiaen’s ideas on rhythm, a natural basis for music, birdsong and a colouristic dimension to sound. Working on the premise that a Boulezian modernism shaped Deleuze’s general appreciation of music, the study takes off from the composer’s portrayal of how themes in Wagner overturn prevalent structures and establish new modes of expression. Messiaen’s role in A Thousand Plateaus and other Deleuzian writings confirms the centrality of this outlook, connected to rhizomatic ideals of continuous transition in all musical parameters. At the same time, Deleuze’s reading of texts by and about the composer highlights ecological dimensions beyond Boulez’s historiography of modernism. Despite scant attention to Messiaen’s actual compositions, the philosopher’s theoretical framework offers original perspectives on a virtual creativity at the heart of musical renderings of birdsong. The composer left a noteworthy imprint on Deleuze’s affirmation of a certain artistic autonomy as a precondition for the power of music to render time and spaces audible.

The Soviet Home Front during the Great Patriotic War: Modern Historiography about the Nature and Evolution of the Mobilization System

This review examines the latest historiography of the Soviet home front during the Great Patriotic War. The focus is on investigations into various aspects of the problem of the limit state of the Soviet mobilization system. Aimed at the super-intensive use of the country’s resources in the interests of the front, the maximum mobilization gave rise to numerous contradictions that required prompt resolution. For this reason, its integral feature was a complex of adjustments of a private and fundamental nature, to which the system was subjected consciously (from above) or spontaneously (from below). It was in this altered state, which enhanced its effectiveness, that it ensured victory in the war and had a significant impact on the subsequent evolution of the Soviet Union.

Peter I and Modern Historiography: Reflections on the 350th Anniversary of the Great Reformer

Some features of the historiography covering the rule of Peter I are considered. The criticism of Petrine transformations that influenced the activities of merchants and the development of foreign trade and estimated judgments about the founding of St. Petersburg and its capital status is analyzed. A statement is put forward about Peter’s reforms as the starting point of Russia’s New Age.

HISTORICITY OF THE REBELLION OF 1916

In this article, there are opinions about the modern historiography and analysis of the protest uprisings that took place in Turkestan in 1916 as a result of the decree of the Russian Emperor Nicholas II.

Emotional intelligence of children from transnational families (modern historiography of the problem)

The article provides a review of the specialized lite rature and addresses practices regarding the development of emotional intelligence in the school environment. In the current period, more and more families are involved in demanding, time-consuming activities or end up in a situation of separation, as a result of the phenomenon of labor migration abroad, the attention and parental supervision of children being affected. Transnational families are exposed to certain risks regarding the stability and balance of the emotional framework, the most vulnerable being the children. The socio-economic context reconfigures the families’ priorities, at the expense of emotional well-being, which leads to school adaptive difficulties and in the process of children’s mental development at a young school age. On a national and international level, these problems are generalized, a fact that involves the school in a process of emotional and social balancing of the child. The article highlights the impact that parental emigration has on school-aged children and the role of educational strategies in the development of emotional intelligence. The relationships established in the school environment between equals (students – students) but also the relationships established vertically (teachers – students) validate the emotional development of school-age children if they are optimized through adaptive strategies. The article provides a review of the specialized literature and addresses practices regarding the development of emotional intelligence in the school environment.