Historiographical Analysis Research Articles

The Truman’s Doctrine of 1947 as evaluated by modern Russian scientists

The article examines the state of coverage and completeness of the study of the problem of the proclaimed foreign policy doctrine of Harry Truman in 1947 in Russian historiography. The aim of the study is to analyze the interpretations of the doctrine covered by Russian historical science. The author thoroughly considers the evolution of opinions and positions of Russian scientists, traces the specifics of their interpretation of views on the renewed postwar US foreign policy. The research methods are the principles of scientific objectivity and historicism. The methodological basis of the article is formed by general scientific and special principles and techniques of scientific knowledge. To formulate the conclusions of the study, the method of generalization and modeling is applied. Main results and conclusions. It is revealed that in Russian historiography there is a radical change of views on the Truman doctrine, its purpose and purpose. Russian historical thought does not cover it as an aggressive policy, but on the contrary explains its emergence as a geopolitical necessity. It is determined that the Americanists of Russia focused on the theoretical origins of the doctrine. It is assessed as a priority of the renewed foreign policy and is called the one that marked the beginning of a new stage in international history. Discussions about the Truman Doctrine on the question of the Cold War are particularly controversial. Historiographical analysis convincingly proves that the vast majority of Russian researchers do not see the doctrine as the cause and beginning of the Cold War. The Truman Doctrine of 1947, in their view, became only a certain stage, the basis, the declaration of its origin. In a comparative aspect, Russian historians analyze the ideological contradictions of the two superpowers. It is highlighted that foreign policy doctrine played a pivotal role in US postwar history. Modern Russian science has changed the vision of the content of the proclaimed doctrine. Russian researchers in American studies emphasize that the history of US foreign policy has long been one of the most falsified topics in their historiography. Now there are significant changes in the views of Russian researchers on international relations in the postwar period. Historiographical discussions of Russian Americanists in studying the problem of the United States’ transition to a renewed foreign policy course highlight the national security imperative. The approach to the study of US international policy has changed. The result of these changes can be found in archives and publications of modern unbiased scientific papers. The vast majority of Russian scholars believe that the renewed foreign policy of the United States marked the beginning of a new stage in international relations, became one of the first practical steps of the United States in the Cold War. And the goals and objectives set in 1947 continue to be the foundation of American economic aid programs today. According to Russian historical science, the renewed foreign policy of the United States continues to this day, the proclaimed rhetoric of the 33rd President Harry Truman is implemented by the American establishment today. Practical importance of research: main results and conclusions can be used for further research of the Truman Doctrine as part of the Cold War history. Originality is due to extensive discussions in scientific and social circles on the formation of the conceptual foundations of US foreign policy in the second half of the twentieth century. Scientific novelty: for the first time in Ukrainian historiography, the views of Russian historians on the proclaimed Truman doctrine are analyzed. Article type: analytical.

Дослідження пам’яток кам’яної сакральної архітектури ніез «Переяслав» (1991–2020): історіографія проблеми

An attempt at historiographical analysis dedicated to the monuments of stone sacred architecture of the National Historical and Ethnographic Reserve «Pereiaslav» was made in this research. These monuments are listed on the State Register of Immovable Monuments of Ukraine by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine № 929 of October 10, 2012 under security numbers: 100030/1-N, 100030/2-N, 100031/1- N, 100031/2-N. These include: Ascension Cathedral (1700), St. Michael’s Church (1750) and the bell tower with the refectory of St. Michael’s Church (1747). The bell tower of Ascension Cathedral (1770–1776), which is on the balance of Pereiaslav UTC and is an integral part of the complex of monuments of Ascension Monastery 1700–1776, was taken into account too. The results of the study of the above sacred monuments should be considered as part of the author’s research. The subject of this research is the study of scientific literature on cultural heritage sites of the National Historical and Ethnographic Reserve «Pereiaslav». Publications on this issue should be considered within two periods: the soviet (1954−1991) and modern (1991−2019). An overview of scientific works published during the modern period, characterized by an increase of scientific interest in sacred stone monuments of architecture of the National Historical and Ethnographic Reserve «Pereiaslav» was offered in this study. In order to convenience of perception, we divided these studies into two groups according to their thematic content. The first one includes publications directly devoted to the study of these objects. Among the researchers in this group are: D. A. Teteria, M. T. Tovkailo, O. V. Yurchenko, L. M. Nabok, O. V. Kolybenko, V. V. Vecherskyi, V. P. Melnyk, I. V. Bilchenko and other. Another group consists of generalized and fragmentary researches, related to the study of the history of Pereiaslav and Ukraine in general. These include studies of various thematic areas, where monastic complexes of Pereiaslav are mentioned in a certain aspect. Among the researchers in this group are: O. V. Lesyk, V. V. Nikitina, M. I. Sikorskyi, H. M. Buzian, M. V. Rodobudko, O. V. Tkachenko, N. M. Soloviova, V. M. Lialko, H. P. Tkachenko, N. H. Tkachenko, L. V. Lykhovyd, I. I. Kucherenko, S. O. Korkach, A. Kuzmenko, N. V. Kostenko, Yu. V. Avramenko, O. I. Tonkonoh, V. M. Shakula, O. M. Zham, O. A. Horbovyi, L. V. Naumenko, S. M. Zuber, S. M. Zakharchenko ta Yu. S. Fihurnyi, Yu. A. Mytsyk ta I. Yu. Tarasenko, V. Yu. Vysharovskyi, S. S. Dembitskyi, N. V. Kostiuk, I. H. Dunaina, S. A. Teteria, N. A. Boiko, M. V. Shkira, N. M. Shkira, A. O. Ivanenko, O. A. Tarapon, T. Yu. Nahaiko, S. V. Taranets, V. A. Lokha, V. P. Kotsur, O. I. Hurzhii, O. L. Lastovska and other. Our work on collecting and systematizing scientific literature on stone sacred monuments of architecture will be used in the future during the creation of a bibliographic index of works on objects under the operational management of the NHER «Pereiaslav».

Constructing art history: Contemporary curatorial strategies in studying symbolism of the Baltic states

The article is devoted to the analysis of curatorial strategies used in the international exhibition «Wild Souls. Symbolism in the Baltic States», successfully implemented under the supervision of Rodolphe Rapetti in 2018–2021 in Paris, Tallinn, Vilnus and Riga. Revealing the originality of the curatorial narrative contributes to the identification of current research directions in the study of the Baltic countries visual culture of the 19th–20th centuries. The implemented project has the potential for further revision of generally accepted ideas about the genesis and development of the symbolist art in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. This also contributes to the formation and widespread dissemination of methodological approaches that have not been previously used in the art studies of these countries. To understand the novelty of the chosen strategies, historiographical analysis of art in the Baltic countries from the 1940s to the 1980s is carried out. The third conference of art historians of the Baltic republics in 1990 was called a turning point in the history of cultural studies. It is at this scientific event that Boris Bershtein calls for a metaposition and the usage of metalanguage in the construction of an «internal» description of national culture. According to the author of this article, an exhibition «Wild Souls» is intended to become such a metaposition, capable of summarizing the already accumulated knowledge and offering a new look at the development of visual culture. Using universal approaches to the study of symbolism, Rodolphe Rapetti, together with colleagues from Baltic museums, demonstrates the trans-regional community of artistic phenomena that took place in these countries, and also convincingly proves the involvement of the Baltic artists in the general European artistic process at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.

Moralists as Historians: Papal Authority, Humanae Vitae, and Defining Catholic Moral Theology in the United States

The twentieth century was a time of enormous change in Catholic moral theology. The move from seminary to university helped end the use of the manuals that priests used to judge moral matters and inform their response to confessions. Though steeped in the manualist tradition, John C. Ford and Gerald Kelly, seminary professors in the 1950s and 1960s, recognized deficiencies with Catholic moral theology but feared that those seeking to correct the problems would ultimately remove moral theology's defining characteristics, especially the role of papal authority. A historiographical analysis of the works by contemporary moral theologians John Mahoney, Charles E. Curran, and James F. Keenan demonstrates that Ford and Kelly's concerns were well-founded. The historical assessments these three scholars provide are remarkable for their first-hand accounts and knowledge of moral issues. Inversely, their weakness is the subjectivity of their analyses. In considering papal authority in relation to the birth control encyclical Humanae Vitae, this article demonstrates how the three authors' historical perspectives necessitated altering the definition of Catholic moral theology. While Ford and Kelly believed that Catholic moral theology without papal authority could only be considered Christian ethics, later moral theologians preferred a discipline without an explicitly Catholic basis.

ОТ «ЗОЛОТОЙ ДОЛИНЫ» К «КРЕМНИЕВОЙ ТАЙГЕ»: ВЕКТОРЫ КУЛЬТУРНОЙ ПАМЯТИ

A new transdisciplinary direction “memory studies” is actively developing in the world science. The study of the memory phenomenon is conducted in a socio-cultural context. The historiographical analysis shows the need to expand specific research in accordance with the “memorial turn”. The authors reconstruct cultural practices and determine the vectors of cultural memory in Novosibirsk Akademgorodok in the second half of the 20th — first quarter of the 21st century, they considers the role of cultural memory for the synergy and harmony of technological and socio-cultural spheres of society, which determines the novelty of the work. Вy the beginning of the 21st century cultural practices of Early Akademgorodok have formed dynamic socio-cultural complexes: toponymic, memorial-monumental, heritage, intellectual-leisure, attractive, eventful. They are dynamic vectors of cultural memory of the landmark “Novosibirsk Akademgorodok”. The prospects of the research are connected with the social necessity of socio-cultural support for the promotion of the “Akademgorodok 2.0” mega-project with due regard for historical experience and synthesis of images of the nostalgic past and the predicted future — from the “golden valley” to the “silicon taiga”.

ПОЛАБІСТИКА ЯК НАПРЯМ СЛАВІСТИЧНИХ ДОСЛІДЖЕНЬ АНТОНІЯ ПЕТРУШЕВИЧА (1821–1913)

Among Ukrainian slavists of the second half of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th century A. Petrushevych occupies a prominent place. The scholar had made a substantial, although ambiguous in its scientific value, contribution to the development of the discipline. His Slavonic studies cover a variety of subjects and problems, in particular they include papers, which to the larger or lesser extent are concerned with the past of the Polabian Slavs. In them A. Petrushevych explored the earliest period of their history, pagan beliefs, material culture, etc. Until now there is no separate study, which would investigate these works. So, the article’s purpose is a historiographic analysis of the research work of A. Petrushevych in the field of Polabian studies, of the topics, problems, and methods of his papers and notes. In the works on the ancient and medieval history of the Polabian Slavs, scholar’s interest is evident in religious, philological, historical, archaeological, and ethnographic problems. The researcher has read a wide range of the newest scientific – historical, archaeological, philological literature. Antonii Petrushevych had analyzed specific evidence and plots of the history of the Polabian Slavs, foremost their pagan cults, compared them with beliefs of the eastern Slavs, the Scandinavians, and other people of the ancient world. However, Polabian studies do not occupy an important place in his research work and only rarely appear on the pages of his Slavonic papers. In the works devoted to pagan beliefs of the Polabian Slavs, an interest in comparative studies is obvious. Such an approach is not careful and reasonable, because the phenomenas that are compared are very distant in time and distinct from one another. The research on the history of the Polabian Slavs is not systematic and shows rather a sporadic interest in the topic. At the same time, such interest was not accidental, inasmuch as it could be traced on various stages of the scholar’s scientific life. Antonii Petrushevych had not written any special work on the history of the Polabian Slavs, but, despite this, his Polabian studies constitute an integral part of his Slavonic research legacy.

Análise histórico-linguística das pesquisas brasileiras sobre a reescrita no contexto do ensino superior entre 1998 e 2018

This paper aims to analyze the linguistic aspects surrounding the rewriting process, from 1998 to 2018, of upper-level students through scientific articles that address the rewriting activity of students immersed in this context, in order to fill enunciative gaps related to rewriting. Therefore, this work was based on the enunciative theory of Émile Benveniste (1989) and his perspective that language gives the individual the status of subject. It was also based on the studies of Swi- ggers (2013) in order to have a reliable historiographical analysis of the data present in this work and, finally, on the PCN’s (1998) in which the teaching of textual production was normatized, serving as a basis for the temporal choice present here. The analyses carried out descriptively pointed out significant changes throughout the period studied, espe- cially between the years 2011 and 2013. As a result, the normatization required by the NCP’s brought advances in the rewriting process, from the moment it includes the view of the ‘other’ in the process and su- ppresses the gaps present in the rewriting.

Gonzalo Guerrero and the Psychology of Identity

Historiographic analysis is underused in academic psychology. In this expository essay, I intend to show that historical events or persons can be described with reference to theory and research provided by empirical psychology. Besides providing evidence-based grounds for a more penetrating historical account, the conclusions drawn from a historiographic analysis may feedback into psychological theory by generating new testable hypotheses. Whereas standard empirical research is focused on statistical associations among quantitative variables obtained in random samples, historiographic analysis is most informative with the use of extreme cases, that is, by asking and showing the limits of what is possible. This essay focuses on the story of Gonzalo Guerrero to explore psychological processes involved in identity transformation.

PRAGUE GROSCHEN IN THE RESEARCH OF CZECH NUMISMATICS

The aim of the article is a comprehensive analysis of the formation, development and current state of research in Czech numismatics of the XIX - early XXI centuries in the context of coinage, penetration and use of Prague groschen as a means of payment in Central and Eastern Europe in the late Middle Ages and early modern times. The research methodology is outlined by the principles of scientificity, historicism, objectivity, and the main methods used in the study were historiographic analysis and historiographic synthesis, as well as general scientific methods of generalization and systematization. The scientific novelty is determined by the attempt to comprehensively analyze and generalize the historiographical achievements of Czech numismatics in the context of the problem of the participation of Prague money in the circulation of Central and Eastern Europe in the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. The process of formation, development and current state of Czech and Slovak numismatics in the study of chronology and geography of Grossi pragenses penetration into the coin markets of Central and Eastern Europe in the XIV-XV centuries are considered. The authors have singled out periodization of the historiographical process of numismatic research of the outlined problem is formulated and substantiated, the range of issues that need further study and scientific interpretation. Conclusions. The analysis of the historiographical work outlined in the topic of the article allows distinguishing three consecutive periods of numismatic research on the issue of minting and circulation of Prague groschen. The first period of Czech and Slovak historiography of the problem covers the 80's of the XIX - 30's of the XX century. Beginning with sporadic attempts to describe and register the known types of Prague groschen minted by Czech kings from Wenceslas II (1278-1305) to Ferdinand I (1526-1562). At the beginning of the twentieth century, these studies grew into purposeful scientific cataloguing, study, and systematization of metrological indicators of coins, details of their images, legends, and countermarks. Special studies of the preconditions for the preparation and conduct of the monetary reform of Wenceslas II, the rate of coins minted by him, and the peculiarities of the issuance policy of this monarch were begun. At the same time, a description of the stamp versions of Vladislav II's money (1471-1516) was initiated. However, the technical imperfection of the equipment for visual inspection and photo-fixation of numismatic material at that time often caused incomplete or inaccurate data. The second period of numismatic research on our topic covered the 1950s - early 1990s. At this time there is not only an expansion of the study of the history of minting and circulation of Prague groschen but also qualitative changes in the methodology of numismatic research. The stamp varieties and chronology of the issue of Prague groschen, including those minted during the reigns of John of Luxembourg, Wenceslas IV and Charles IV, Wladyslaw II, and Louis I, have been studied. Scholars described and analyzed countermarks (overprinting) on coins, drew attention to the historical and art analysis of the iconography of Prague groschen; the quality of coinage. The third, modern period of development of Czech and Slovak numismatic studies on the history of minting and circulation of Prague groschen began in the first half of the 1990s. This historiographical period differs from the previous ones primarily by the intensive replenishment of the database of numismatic sources on the topic. On the other hand, the study of coinage and circulation of Prague groschen from purely historical or numismatic grow into interdisciplinary, increasingly numismatists, to search or confirm data, use not only relevant methods of numismatics (methods of stamping and comparative analysis, topography of treasures and individual coins). allocation of periods of money circulation, methods of analysis of the composition of coin treasures), complex methods of special historical disciplines, but also modern non-destructive methods of natural sciences (Physico-chemical analysis of coin metal, spectral research, etc.). Technical perfection of modern devices used by scientists for visual inspection and macro photography of coins facilitates complete research. The current stage of research of Czech numismatists in the field of our problem is characterized by a combination of research efforts in the study of some theoretical and applied issues of minting and circulation of Prague groschen. In particular, data on recently discovered treasures of Prague groschen are published, the history of their minting in the archaic period (1300-1385) is studied, and little-known and previously unknown variants of stamps of these coins are studied. The new source base describes the technological and typological features of numerous coinage varieties of Prague groschen of Wenceslas IV (1378-1419) and Ferdinand I (1526-1562), coins are arranged in detail by type and catalogued. A separate area of numismatic research became the issue of counterfeiting Prague groschen.

Радянська історична наука 1950–1960-х рр. у баченні зарубіжних дослідників

The purpose of the study is to conduct a historiographical analysis of the scientifi c achievements of foreign scholars (on the example of representatives of English-speaking countries) on the development of Soviet historical science during this chronological period with emphasis on the characteristics of the overall picture of its development and features of this process. The research methodology is based on the scientifi c principles of historicism, objectivity, and systematicity. Special historical methods were used: problem-chronological, historiographical analysis and synthesis, etc. Th e scientifi c novelty. In recent years, imagological studies have been developing quite rapidly in Ukraine, the historical direction of imagology is being formed, and so on. Th e studies of English-speaking scholars of the 1950s and 1960s on the development of Soviet historical science have led to clarifi cation of certain aspects, including a critical rethinking of their interpretation of its image. Conclusions. Th e issue of Soviet historiography was in the circle of meticulous attention of foreign historians in the 1950s and 1960s. Th e vast majority of these studies emphasized the total dependence of Soviet colleagues on the current regime, the transformation of historical science into an instrument of propaganda of “Soviet values”, and in this connection, its decline was noted. During this period, attempts were made to establish scientifi c contacts between Soviet and foreign historians from English-speaking countries, most of which did not have a fruitful continuation, as the ruling ideology did not approve of this practice and even considered it a threat to the current regime. Eff ective cooperation in historical science took place only with the member states of the Warsaw Pact (WTO), controlled by the USSR.

Современный отечественный взгляд на «Черную смерть» и крупные эпидемические вспышки чумы в историческом прошлом

Research objectives: To analyze the main research trends of the last thirty years in the national historiography on the topic of the Black Death and major epidemic outbreaks of plague in the historical past. Research materials: The historiographic analysis was conducted based on both original domestic studies of the topic and those written in co-authorship with Western colleagues. To outline the main theoretical base of the topic, the author used major works on the historical theory, demography, climatology, paleogenetics, and phylogenetics of the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis. Results and novelty of the research: The analysis showed that until the 1980s, the views of Russian historians on the epidemics of the historical past were based on the study of a major German epidemiologist in the second half of nineteenth century, H. Häser. At the same time, the main directions in the research of domestic historians on the topic were developed within the framework of an order from domestic biologists and epidemiologists. This situation began to change when, in the 1980s, Russian historical research took a course towards geographical determinism. From the second half of the 1990s to the 2000s, in connection with the publications of the American Turkologist U. Schamiloglu and French historians, new topics in the field of anthropology, cultural studies, and historical demography began to be addressed in the research of domestic authors. At the same time, all theoretical considerations continued to be formed within the framework of the Marxist theory of the “crisis of the Middle Ages”. Therefore, the “Black Death” was considered exclusively as a concomitant theme attached to the main events. Only in the 2010s, in the light of the growth of joint research with Western specialists in the field of archaeology, paleogenetics, and climatology was it possible to start moving towards the development of a new theoretical and methodological basis for research on the topic in Russian historiography. The result of this process was the publication of new studies which are likely to determine the predominant course of scientific research in the field of historical epidemiology in Russia in the coming years.

Денацифікація Німеччини в німецькому історіографічному та суспільному дискурсі (1945-2021 рр.)

Based on the analysis of published works of German scholars (historians, political scientists, philosophers) and public opinion leaders, the author aims to identify the main stages, trends and assessments in the study and coverage of the process of denazifi cation of Germany over the past 60 years. Denazifi cation had its specifi city in the British and French zones of occupation before the creation of Bisone, and later Trizonia, because there was no generalizing practice of Western democracies regarding the denazifi cation of West Germany. Denazifi cation first became a topic of family and, consequently, social debate in the 1960s, thus removing the public taboo on scholars’ research. Th e problem of denazifi cation remains one of the relevant topics of German historical discourse today, but the Ukrainian scientifi c community has not yet presented a separate analysis of German historiography, which determines the novelty of the proposed article. Based on the methods of historiographical analysis, problem-chronological and retrospective approaches, it was found that among the German academic community there were different approaches to the perception and evaluation of denazification, which infl uenced on the formation of three waves in social and historiographical discourse. It has been established that the fi rst wave was formed during the 1960s and 1970s as a result of the internal demand of public opinion leaders and the younger generation, without the involvement of professional scholars, when denazifi cation remained a very sensitive topic for society. In the second stage, which lasted until the mid–1990s, denazifi cation became the subject of special historical research, which revealed the specifi cs of responsibility for Nazi crimes, the issue of political stability and overcoming the past. Since the early 2000s, a third wave of historiographical discourse has emerged, representing modern approaches and assessments of denazifi cation: in–depth study of its aspects and analysis in the context of related political and legal processes, including clarifying the role of justice in the occupation period, guilt and personal responsibility for both recent and current political processes in the context of intensifying radical movements in Germany. The change of generations, the growing role of the media, unifi cation with the GDR, the collapse of the USSR – is not an exhaustive list of factors that infl uenced not only the revision of approaches to assessing the implementation of denazifi cation, but also the possible application of German experience abroad. The practice of public dialogue in the format of public discussions and research on sensitive historical topics determines the level of individual and collective responsibility for the political situation in Germany. Representatives of German historiography agree that denazifi cation was a component of interethnic reconciliation, but diff er in views on the methods of its implementation.

Ukrainian Romanticism in the Context of European Culture of the 19th – early 20th Centuries: Interdisciplinary Historiographical Analysis

The article presents the interdisciplinary approach to analyse Ukrainian Romanticism as a national version of the European romantic style of the 19th – early 20th centuries. This approach is based on the comparison of the aesthetic and artistic foundations of the romantic style with its fundamental principles in West and East European countries in different cultural fields such as philosophy, literature, and music. Generalisations in the article are derived from the analysis of the creative heritage of Ukrainian and European Romantics, as well as a consideration of Ukrainian Romanticism in the in the humanities studies. Basing on the historical, historical-cultural, historical-comparative scholarly methods, and the method of modelling, the dynamics of Ukrainian Romanticism under the influence of the aesthetical principle and creativity of the European romantics of the 19th-early 20 centuries is traced. It is demonstrated that Ukrainian Romanticism evolution has 3 stages (early, folklore, and neoromantic) that embody typological traits of the European Romanticism and national peculiarities of Ukrainian Romanticism. The author concludes that the style authenticity of Ukrainian Romanticism is preconditioned by the character of the European and national tendencies’ connection. The research results widen the interdisciplinary discourse of the Romanticism. Moreover, the analytical generalizations of Ukrainian Romanticism enrich the context of the Romanticism examination as a multicultural artistic-aesthetic system.

Alliance of intellectual and social history in historical research

The aim of the article is to research one of the segments of modern historiographical situation. The use of methods of historiographical analysis allows to identify the state of development of the issue and to offer methodological recommendations for determining the prospects of historiographical synthesis. It is determined that the traditions of studying social and intellectual history in Ukrainian historiography began to develop in the second half of the 19th century. However, the evolution of these areas in the world humanities had a very superficial impact on it. Historiographic inertia still rather rigidly outlines the disciplinary fields. Thus, the key research object for intellectual history is still the history of political thought, for social history – the history of large social groups. Historians are still interested in socio-political currents, social and economic processes and phenomenon in frames established by Soviet and nationally-oriented historiography. Personological and ideological canons, formed in the early 20th century, with minor changes survived up to the 21st century as a set of ideas and figures responsible predominantly for the Ukrainian national revival. Insufficient basis on empirical material and superficial fascination with theoretical constructions did not allow reaching a more adequate level of understanding of past reality. Some attempts to overcome the disciplinary distinction and research inertia did not cause fundamental changes. The scientific novelty is connected with comprehension of practical experience and observations of the historiographical process, which led to the belief that the time of hermetic approaches has passed. Despite some doubts about potential of interdisciplinarity, that have emerged recently, we think that the unity of social and intellectual history may demonstrate a new quality in comprehension of the native past. In conclusion, it is emphasized that the interaction of these areas under the label of еру social history of ideas dictates the expansion of sources, personalities and methodological approaches, which allows neutralizing the beliefs that precede research and analytical categories to be born from empirical data. It turned out that the synthesis of mental and social-economic can be quite productive. It can essentially change the notions on both socio-economic peculiarities and intellectual situation in Ukrainian regions of the Russian empire. Type of article: theoretical and methodological.

PECULIARITIES OF NON-STATE HIGHER SCHOOL DEVELOPMENT IN THE USA AND GREAT BRITAIN

In the era of information systems and digital technologies, the urgency of developing non-state higher education is primarily related to economic progress and the challenges of a risky society. The investigation is devoted to revealing the peculiarities of the development of non-state higher education in the United States and Great Britain.On the basis of historiographical analysis, the degree of elaboration of the selected problem is determined. Using a retrospective analysis of the development of the world educational space, the historical origins of the emergence and formation of non-state higher education institutions in these English-speaking countries, related to the implementation of church, private and public initiatives. With the help of synchronous analysis of the course of innovation processes in higher education, the peculiarities of the development of the non-state higher school in the USA and Great Britain at the present stage are outlined. The method of synthesis summarizes the main advantages and disadvantages of non-state higher institutions in these English-speaking countries, as well as identifies prospects for further research.The importance of church, private and public initiative in the origin and formation of non-state schools in the United States and Great Britain is revealed, the dominance of the non-state higher education sector over the public in terms of quantity and quality of educational services in these countries.There is a growing tendency to popularize and democratize higher education in the context of the implementation of “ideas of free higher education”, primarily due to the spread of the movement for “Enlargement of the University” in the second half of the nineteenth century from Britain and the United States. The role of open universities in providing quality educational services in developed English-speaking countries at the present stage is presented.
 Keywords: development; non-state higher school; free university; free higher school; internationalization; globalization; massification; democratization; quality of educational services.

MAN trolleybuses in Ukraine (1939–1951): a history, technical characteristics, features of operation

The growth of the vehicle assets and bus services in Ukrainian cities increases the level of environmental pollution. During the environmental crisis, electric transport (e-transport) is becoming a matter for scientific inquiry, a subject of discussion in politics and among public figures. In the program for developing the municipal services of Ukraine, priorities are given to the development of the infrastructure of ecological transport: trolleybuses, electric buses, electric cars. The increased attention to e-transport on the part of the scientific community, politicians, and the public actualizes the study of its history, development, features of operation, etc. The historiographic analysis carried out by the authors allows us to say about insufficient coverage by Ukrainian researchers of a number of aspects and periods in the history of e-transport. A small number of special works on the history of the operation of foreign-made trolleybuses in Ukrainian cities in the first half of the 20th century and an analysis of their technical characteristics determine the relevance and scientific novelty of this study. When writing the work, Ukrainian and foreign scientific reference publications, monographs, papers, mainly from foreign electronic resources, have been used. The authors have used both general scientific (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction) and historical research methods, in particular, problem-chronological, comparative-historical, retrospective methods, etc. The aim of the study is to highlight little-known facts of the history of production and operation of MAN trolleybuses in Ukrainian cities, as well as to introduce their technical characteristics into scientific circulation. The etymology of the model names of German trolleybuses, which usually consisted of the names of the manufacturers of chassis, body, and electrical equipment, has been clarified. The types, specific design solutions of the first MAN trolleybus generation and the prerequisites for their appearance in Chernivtsi have been determined. Particular attention has been paid to trolleybuses that were in operation in Germany and other Western European countries from the first half of the 1930s to the early 1950s. In the mid-1930s, the MAN plant in Nuremberg began production of trolleybuses; its models had the most modern constructive solutions at that time, a characteristic design and a state-of-the-art heating system. Depending on the length, German manufacturers divided the trolleybus models into four types. As a result of problems with the operation of the bus fleet in Chernivtsi, the city authorities have decided to build a trolleybus line in the city; four trolleybuses manufactured by the MAN plant were purchased. The paper traces the stages of operation of the MAN trolleybuses in Chernivtsi, where they worked during 1939–1944 and after the end of the Second World War, they were transferred to Kyiv. After two years of operation in the Ukrainian capital, the trolleybuses entered the routes in Dnipropetrovsk during 1947–1951. The technical characteristics of the first MAN trolleybus generation, which were operated in Ukrainian cities, have been presented and analyzed. It was determined that in all the main indicators and operational parameters, they were as close as possible to similar models of German trolleybuses. The proposed methodology and the structure of the study can later be used to write papers on the history of science and technology, in particular, of an e-transport.

Historiography of German Entrepreneurship in Siberia in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries

The historiography of ethnic entrepreneurship in pre-revolutionary Siberia has not yet been fully investigated. Individual works of researchers studied German entrepreneurship exclusively through the broader topic of foreign capital and its importance in the state economy. The subject of this article is historiography concerning the history of German entrepreneurship in the Siberian region. The purpose is to analyze the corresponding works on the history of entrepreneurial activity of the Germans in Siberia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. In this study both general and specialized scientific methods are used, which allowed to carry out a coherent analysis of the works of researchers on ethnic entrepreneurship in order to identify the main characteristics and approaches used. We have identified the characteristics and trends of German entrepreneurship considered by historians. German immigrants in Siberia in the second half of the 19th century became one of the main driving forces of the agrarian development in the region; they retained farms, acting both as independent merchants and as managers of firms. Historiographic analysis allows to formulate a conclusion about the positive influence of German entrepreneurship on the socio-economic development of Siberia in the period preceding the October Revolution. The article is of interest to researchers, teachers of history, and students of the humanities.

Socio-Cultural Practices of the Siberian Merchants of the Second Half of the XIX – Early XX Century in the Coverage of Modern Russian Historiography

The study of the socio-cultural activities of entrepreneurs including the history of everyday life as its integral part is one of the important aspects of the study of regional history. The historiography of the history of socio-cultural practices in pre-revolutionary Siberia has not been fully studied yet. The purpose of the article is to identify the patterns of the modern historiographic situation on the basis of understanding the study of the history of socio-cultural practices of business people in pre-revolutionary Siberia. The work used the general methods of scientific knowledge: historicism, logical analysis, deduction and induction, which made it possible to conduct a consistent analysis of the works of researchers, to identify the main characteristics. Modern researchers in their works have raised a number of problems: trends in the development of charity, the scope of investment of donated money, forms of participation in various events, contributions to the development of libraries, museums, schools, orphanages, etc. Historians used quantitative indicators of the participation of entrepreneurs in the social and cultural life of Siberian cities, the motives of the merchants’ charity. The following topics were studied: support for education, participation in the improvement of cities, contribution to the development of culture and museum affairs, financing of expeditions, church and charitable activities, targeted assistance to those in need. In general, and in the conclusions of this article, the expansion of scientific knowledge about the socio-social history of Siberia after the reform period is emphasized, the points of view of historians on the role and place of businessmen in the cultural and social spheres of the life of the region are revealed. Historiographic analysis is relevant from the point of view of modern discussions about the contribution of entrepreneurs to the development of cities, culture, economy, and charity in pre-revolutionary Siberia. The revival of entrepreneurship, modern socio-economic processes encourage specialists to in-depth study of the history of socio-cultural practices of the Siberian merchants.

A Review of Written and Archaeological Sources in the Medieval Cities of Aspara and Sharuashilyk (Chu-Talass Interior)

The article makes an attempt to systematize and historiographic analysis of written and archaeologicalsources testifying to the history of the medieval settlements of Aspara and Sharuashylyk. In Asparа,excavations were carried out sporadically, in Sharuashylyk, excavations were not laid at all. Within theframework of the project “Late medieval urban culture of the Golden Horde. Searches and archaeologicalresearch on the example of the settlements of Sharuashylyk (Kinchat) and Aspary (XIII-XVI centuries)”isplanned to fill this gap. The choice of these two settlements is due to the location of Sharuashylyk in theupper reaches of the Talas, Aspara rivers in the middle reaches of the Chu river. In these areas, despitetheir inclusion in the Chagatai ulus, there are no serious studies of this period. According to well-knownwritten sources and archaeological data, the period of Aspara’s existence is determined from the 7thcentury. until the 19th century. No written evidence has been found about the existence of a settlementon the site of the Sharuashylyk settlement; according to archaeological observations, the late period ofthe object’s functioning is estimated as the first half of the 19th century.In the largest city of the Chu-Talas interfluve – Taraz, known in the Chagataid period as Yangi-Talas,the cultural layers of this time were seriously damaged and for the most part did not survive: the upperbuilding layers here (about 1.5 m) were cut off by a bulldozer during the preparation of the bazaar areato asphalt in 1960-1962 Therefore, in the Chu-Talas valley, Aspara is, in fact, the only settlement withthe presence of the Chagataid layer. Perhaps, the results of the studies of the city of Aspara can be, to a greater or lesser extent, extrapolated to the city of Sharuashylyk and will further contribute to a betterstudy of it.Key words: Aspara, Sharuashylyk, written and archaeological sources, medieval urban culture, historiography,Chagatai ulus.

A Mystery in the Archives: The Historiography of Denial, Henrietta Schmerler's Rape and Murder, and Anthropology's Project of Prevention

ABSTRACT In July 1931, a young student of anthropology at Columbia University named Henrietta Schmerler was raped and murdered while researching the White Mountain Apache in Arizona. Although anthropologists have for decades repeated a received narrative that uses idealized fieldwork tropes to blame Schmerler for her own rape and murder, a careful historiographical analysis reveals most scholarly work on Schmerler's case relies on archival sources that have been deliberately censored or else on unfounded assertions about Apache culture. By investigating Schmerler's death and treating historical archives as crime scenes, this article demonstrates how archival restrictions have prevented an honest, evidence‐based reckoning with the legacies of American anthropology's founding figures, untangles the origins of anthropology's belief that rape in the field can be prevented, and argues that the denial Franz Boas, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, and Gladys Reichard display upon hearing that an Indigenous person might have raped and murdered Schmerler still haunts anthropology today. [history of anthropology, sexual violence, archival research, denial, Boasian anthropology]