History Of Science Research Articles

Three Marxist Lessons for 21st-Century History and Philosophy of Science

Three Marxist Lessons for 21st-Century History and Philosophy of Science

Student obstruction at Moscow University in the second third of the 19th century as a form of protest activity

The object of the study is the phenomenon of student obstruction at the Moscow University of the XIX century as a form of student protest against lecturers who caused dissatisfaction. The subject of the study is the reasons for student protests against professors, reasons for demarche, as well as the results and consequences of obstruction for the teachers, the most active students as well as the organization of the educational process and ways of student management by the university authorities. In addition, within the framework of this article, based on official sources, memoir literature and archival documents, an attempt is made to reconstruct the mechanics of student protest itself using the example of two of the most high-profile and significant cases in the history of Moscow University of the specified period, namely the "stories" with professors Malov and Varnek. The research methodology is classical for works on social history: It is based on the fundamental principle of historicism and a number of traditional methods for historical science (historical-genetic, historical-typological, comparative). The novelty of the research lies in the fact that in the Russian literature there have been practically no attempts to study the phenomenon of student obstruction at the pre-reform Moscow University. A special contribution of the author of the work is the study of the topic of student protests in the context of the formation of a student corporation with its inherent ethics, an unspoken set of rules, special ways of defending their rights in conflicts with teachers and university authorities. The author of the study also concludes that the university leadership in this era was generally quite lenient towards cases of obstruction and protests against teachers, although after the "Varnek's story" the university authorities treated the instigators and participants of the protest more strictly than the initiators of the obstruction against Professor Malov in the 1830s.

The dynamics of academic interest in the Great Game in foreign historical science in the second half of the XX — early XXI centuries.

The dynamics of academic interest in the Great Game in foreign historical science in the second half of the XX — early XXI centuries.

Sedel'niki kak maloizvestnaya kategoriya voinov Kievskoj Rusi

For the first time in Russian historical science, the article raises the question of the existence of another category of ancient Russian warriors. Substantiation of this point of view is given.

BOLD: Color from Test Tube to Textile

Abstract Red can be the color of passion and danger, or luck and prosperity. Blue can be the shade of sadness—singing the blues—or a sign of tranquility and serenity. As the Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky once affirmed, in his 1911 treatise Concerning the Spiritual in Art , “Color is a power which directly influences the soul.” Color is also culture: we’ve colored our environments, clothes, and bodies for thousands of years, since early humans applied simple organic stains derived from the plants around them. The art and science of dyeing is an ancient one; today it’s an economic and commercial powerhouse. The arrival of the first synthetic dyes in the 1850s—discovered by happenstance from experiments with coal tar waste—brought us a rainbow of new possibilities for fashion and textiles, from color “fads” and trends to new means for self-expression. But synthetic color’s dark side lingers in polluted waterways. A new exhibit at the museum of the Science History Institute explores these complex legacies. Bold: Color From Test Tube To Textile takes visitors on a colorful 150-year journey through the history of synthetic dyes, examining the people and places who’ve shaped our modern understanding of color—from the laboratory to the factory floor, from the runway to retail, and beyond.

Interview with Matthias Müller-Prove

Matthias Müller-Prove (Dipl.-Inform., U Hamburg, Germany) is an independent innovation and interaction designer. His experience is based on 25 years of designing software for international operating companies such as Adobe, Sun, and Oracle. Matthias shares his insights as a lecturer at design academies on e.g. Information Architecture, Branded Interactions, or Social Media Trends. Matthias thesis "Vision and Reality of Hypertext and Graphical User Interfaces" was honored with the Wolfgang von Kempelen Prize for Computer Science History. His Chronoscope World was a selected project of the European Cultural Heritage Year 2018. Since 2009, Matthias is a Senior Member of the ACM. Online: https://mprove.de | @mprove@hci.social | @chronohh@norden.social

Hierarchical Organization in Concept Maps as a path to explain the Elaboration of Knowledge in the History of Science

An alternative to insert history of science (HS) in teacher formation programs is the use of concept maps (CM), which may be very useful to represent the historical elaboration dimension of science concepts, laws, and principles. This paper presents the results of a study that identifies the conceptions of pre-service physics teachers about the relationships between CM hierarchical organization and knowledge elaboration in HS. In the first stage of the research, the content analysis methodology was used to analyze and categorize the students’ answers to questions concerning the relationships between CM hierarchical organization and HS. In the second stage, the answers of a different group of pre-service teachers were analyzed concerning the level of agreement with the categories previously elaborated. The students associated CM hierarchical organization with knowledge improvement, elucidation of the importance level of the concepts, and the relationships between more general and more specific contents. We point out that the use of CM in HS subjects may contribute to the pre-service teachers associating HS concepts not in a chronological way, but in hierarchical order, from the most general to the most specific ones.

POLITICAL TRIAD DOGMATISM CASE STUDY OF INDONESIAN STATE INSTITUTIONS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PHILOSOPHISCHE GRONDSLAG

As a result of changes in a system, the transformation of division of power into separation of power, created a strong dogmatic influence in the structure of the institutional system of the Republic of Indonesia. This led researchers to explore dogmatic understanding in the direction of the state in a Philosophische Grondslag manner. Using dogmatic, philosophical and historical learning study models in its preparation and paying attention to the concepts of critical thinking, which leads to a view of absolute dogmatism. In the history of science or intellectual conception, the foundation or view of complete confidence in the support of truth is something that must be sought and proven to be true, so that it can be used as a preview in formulating a more perfect conception in the future both individually and socially, as a human being whose orientation is brcountry, researchers seek answers to these contemplations to become useful research progress. There are many speculations on the hypotheses underlying this research, so that the direction is not legal positivism, the researcher discusses the philosophical dogmatic framework related to the direction of construction of the study of the division of power in state institutions with the final result whether it is still on the path of philosophical grondslag and in line with the aims, vision and mission of the Republic of Indonesia. as stated in the fourth paragraph of the preamble to the 1945 Constitution. In preparing this research, the focus is on a dogmatic understanding of Pancasila as Philosophische Grondslag and an understanding of the dogmatic concept of the Trias Politika from John Locke to the refinement of the concept of the dogmatic idea of the Trias Politika of Montesquieu on its implications for the division of the State's institutional system. Republic of Indonesia.

17th International Science-to-Practice Conference “History of Science and Technology. Museum Studies”

17th International Science-to-Practice Conference “History of Science and Technology. Museum Studies”

Архивная деятельность Михаила Александровича Полиевктова в Грузии в 1920-1930 гг.

The study, based on archival materials introduced into scholarly circulation for the first time, shows the archival efforts of the eminent Russian historian-caucasus expert M.A. Polievktov (1872-1942) during the "tiflis period" of scientific invention (1920-1942). It is stated in the scien-tific literature that the scientist's archiving activity has not yet become a research subject. The au-thor intends to disclose similar characteristics of this behavior in the 1920s and 1940s. The article demonstrates that the name of M.A. Polievktov, a representative of the St.Petersburg historian school, is significantly linked with the construction of historial archives of the Caucasus in Geor-gia (from 1924 s.), training of specialists in archiving, setting up a course on archiving M.A. Po-lievktov developed the problems of Caucasian archeography, uncovered a number of archaeologi-cal materials on Georgian history and Russian-Geogian ties, and introduced them into scholarly circulation. Documents relating to the origins of diplomatic ties between Georgia and Russia were discovered in the Central Archives of the USSR as a result of scientific visits arranged by the Cen-tral Archives of the SSR of Georgia. M.A. Polievktov's archiving activities occurred during a crit-ical juncture in the development of Soviet archival research, as the internal political struggle worsened and historical science became more ideologically oriented. All of this was reflected in the fate of the scientist and architect. During the fifth, he was subjected to discrimination against dissidents («kondrativism») and was temporarily barred from working at the SSR of Georgia's Central Archive.

“...We have begun preparing a work on the history of the nuclear project in the country”: on the contribution of the Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences to the study of the history of the creation of domestic nuclear weapons

“...We have begun preparing a work on the history of the nuclear project in the country”: on the contribution of the Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences to the study of the history of the creation of domestic nuclear weapons

Methods of Teaching Historical Personalistics in the Courses of the History of Kazakhstan

During the period of Independence, the historical science of Kazakhstan has emerged from the situation of a theoretical and methodological crisis and is developing with a focus on world-class humanitarian values. The main goal of the research topic is to determine the pedagogical potential of historical figures and improve teaching methods using a biographical approach in the direction of studying historical figures. In studies concerning contemporary historical figures, new conclusions were made and a body of literature relevant to historical knowledge was formed. However, using the example of individuals, it has been established that the methods for the formation of historical knowledge have not been developed, and the existing methods themselves need to be improved. It was concluded that the use of substantive and conceptual innovations in the direction of historical Personology in the teaching of professional disciplines can be effectively used in improving the professional qualifications of specialist personnel in the direction of forming a young person. The updated plan of the content of the discipline, presented as an elective course, allows you to successfully apply a wide range of innovative teaching methods.

Alash Orda and socio-political activities of Seydazim Kadyrbaev

The study of the problems of the history of Kazakhstan in the first two decades of the 20th century is one of the most relevant, complicated and in many ways contradictory issues of contemporary domestic historical science. The early 20th century holds a distinctive place in the history of Kazakhstan, closely associated with the establishment of Alash Orda. Consequently, the aim of this article is to uncover and analyze the significance of the democratic ideas of Alash Orda and its adherents. The article delves into key aspects of Alash Orda's history, exploring the prerequisites leading to its emergence and the nature of its activities. A comprehensive examination of Kazakhstan's historical issues is undeniably linked to the elite that was shaping up in the late 19th to early 20th centuries and the intelligentsia, representing “a heterogeneous layer” in terms of both origin and perspectives on the development of the Kazakh people. Seydazim Kadyrbaev stands out as one of the notable figures in the Kazakh intelligentsia. The article analyzes S. Kadyrbaev's contributions to the Kazakh judicial system, criminal and procedural legislation. The authors tried to trace the life journey of Alash Orda proponent S. Kadyrbaev and his socio-political activities.

The Decolonization of the History of USSR’s Peoples in Soviet Historiography (1920–1930)

This article analyses the anti-colonial discourse in the Soviet historical science of the 1920s and 1930s. The work is based on both published materials and documents from the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It is demonstrated that the anti-colonial discourse was built as an antithesis to the pre-revolutionary state-national historical narrative and was based on a radical and critical class analysis. In the 1920s, a kind of “historiographical sweep” took place, when, using class analysis, the students of M. N. Pokrovsky revealed the “great power” and “colonial” ideologems of the classics of Russian historical science and their followers. The anti-colonial vector of Soviet historiography was embodied in the historiographical concept of the “history of the peoples of the USSR”. It was assumed that all the peoples of the USSR were to receive a full-fledged place in history. However, since the mid‑1930s, there has been a drift from radical revolutionary anti-colonialism towards a more statesmanlike ideology and the development of consolidating concepts. The turning point was the meeting of historians with Stalin in March 1934, after which the process of transition from the concept of “the history of the peoples of the USSR” to “the history of the USSR” was launched, which was fixed in the Short Course of the History of the USSR (1937) edited by A. V. Shestakov. The international context also played a significant role in curtailing anticolonial rhetoric, since there were fears that foreign policy opponents would use this to divide the peoples of the USSR. Historians of the “old school”, who advocated the return to the concepts of pre-revolutionary historiography, also played a certain role in the correction. In turn, these concepts fit better into the current ideological situation and found support in the Central Committee of the CPSU(b). The marginalization of anti-colonial discourse occurs during the war and postwar period.

Научный вклад А. Г. Козлова в изучение истории Северо-Востока России

The article presents the main results of the scientific activities of A. G. Kozlov (1951-2006), Senior Researcher at the Laboratory of History and Archeology of the North-East Interdisciplinary Scientific Research Institute of the FEB RAS, local historian, and populiser of science. In 1997-2006, he was involved with various problems of Magadan оblast history, peculiarities in the industrial development of Russia's North-East, the Dalstroy economic activities, correctional labour policy in the area in the 1930s-1950s, as well as the foundation and development of the city of Magadan. A. G. Kozlov made a significant contribution to studying the history of Magadan oblast.

А.П. Бружес и его опыт использования физиологии труда и биомеханики в отечественном эргодизайне 1920-х годов

The article presents brief information about the scientific biography and work of the Russian physiologist and physician Alexander Petrovich Bruzhes (1887-1971), a representative of A.A. Ukhtomsky’s scientific school. The memories of relatives, colleagues, and material from the author’s publications are used. A commentary is offered on the text of the scientis’s two articles (“On designing machines from the viewpoint of ease of maintenance”, “The typist’s workplace and her position”), which may be useful to readers both from the perspective of the history of science and as an example of practice-oriented research. The scientist’s contribution to developing the domestic scientific labour organisation, ergonomics, and ergodesign is outlined. Original fragments of A.P. Bruzhes’s scientific articles are presented, published in the journals (Occupational Hygiene, 1927; Issues of Shorthand and Typewriting, 1928).

The Review of the monograph by A.M. Orekhov «History, philosophy and methodology of social and humanities»

The review is devoted to the recently published textbook of Andrei Mikhailovich Orekhov, Doctor of Philosophy, Professor of the Department of Social Philosophy of the Russian University of Friendship of Peoples, «History, Philosophy and Methodology of Social and Humanitarian Sciences» of A.M. Orekhov».

ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE MARRIAGE OF MARY TUDOR AND PHILIP OF HABSBURG IN ENGLISH AND EUROPEAN SOCIETIES

A comprehensive study of the rulers matrimonial policy in the early Modern period is one of the most relevant and important areas in historical science. Some questions related to clarifying the significance and influence of the marriage between Mary Tudor and Philip of Habsburg on the foreign and domestic policy of England are still debatable. The purpose of the study is to clarify the importance of a dynastic marriage as an integral part to the political system of the leading countries of medieval Europe, to study the prerequisites, causes and consequences of the marriage between Mary Tudor and Philip of Habsburg. Materials and methods. The article is based on the study of written sources of the era under study and modern scientific literature. The work uses both general scientific and particular methods of historical research: the method of analysis, ideographic and synchronization method. Study results. The article focuses on considering the attitude to the marriage between Mary Tudor and Philip of Habsburg, the future king of Spain (1556–1598). The emphasis is placed on the conditions of marriage, the content of the prenuptial agreement, which caused unrest in the English society. Conclusions. The marriage of Mary Tudor and Philip of Habsburg was traditionally negatively assessed by historians. It was believed that it was the reason for deterioration of relations with France, tougher domestic religious policy. This union caused discontent among both Catholics and Protestants. However, there are positive aspects: the marriage of Queen Mary with Philip was successful for England, since an alliance with the strongest and the richest country in Europe at that time was the only way out for England, which was in a difficult economic situation, and the war with France allowed to distract attention from religious disagreements in the country.

Patterns of development of religious culture in modern society: problems of systematization and philosophical understanding

Introduction. Religious culture is becoming one of the most important subjects of philosophical science today. The philosophical methodology makes it possible to systematize the available knowledge not only of the philosophical, but also of the general scientific, private scientific level. An analytical review of scientific publications devoted to the identification of laws, patterns and principles of the development of religious culture at the present stage has shown that there are many of them, but they are scattered and very diverse. Therefore, the problem of philosophical understanding of the phenomenon of religious culture at the present stage of development of society is an extremely urgent task.The purpose of the study is to study domestic and foreign publications devoted to the study of the patterns of development of religious culture at the present stage and to identify the possibility of their systematization based on philosophical methodology.Materials and Methods. The main research methods used were methods of analytical review, analysis, generalization and comparison, as well as the dialectical method.Results. In the course of the study, the authors came to the conclusion that the application of philosophical methodology in the study of laws, patterns and principles of the development of religious culture in modern society allows them to build a multidimensional typology, including several levels: civilizational, social, anthropological. At each level, it is possible to study dialectical relations both within religious culture and between it and other phenomena, which will allow us to determine the laws and patterns of its development at each level, as well as between them, and will allow us to conduct a predictive analysis of possible further trajectories of the development of this phenomenon, its impact on human destiny and civilization.Discussion and Conclusions. This complex system analysis will be the subject of research not only by the authors of the article, but also by scientific schools that exist on the basis of Mininsky University. The results of this research will form the basis for the study of religious culture in such areas of scientific activity of the university as philosophy of culture, religious studies, philosophy of religion, social philosophy, history of philosophy, philosophical anthropology, theology, pedagogical and psychological sciences.

VEDIC ASTRONOMY AND ASTROLOGY AND ITS PRACTICAL APPLICATION IN MODERN ERA: A CASE STUDY

India also has a very long history of traditional science through the ages through its various epoch-making traditional scriptures. Major traditional scientific texts and scientific elements are composed directly or indirectly in the Sanskrit Language and are mostly related to ancient Indian Vedic literature. Among several branches of traditional Indian sciences, the most ancient branches are, in most cases, astronomy, medicine, etc. India also has a very long history of astronomical sciences (jyotiḥ-sāstra) and medicine (āyur-veda). Indian classical astronomical sciences are roughly divided into mathematical astronomy (gaṇita-jyotiṣa) and astrology (phalita-jyotiṣa). All these scriptures directly or indirectly influenced Indian culture and life. Even today Indian people are following the directions of these sacred texts. Here I would like to do a case study of the only hospital related to Indian Astrology and Astronomy. The name of the hospital is ‘Unique Sangeeta Memorial Hospital’ and it is dedicated to the service of mankind with a mixture of traditional Vedic Astrology and Astronomy and modern Medical knowledge.