ABSTRACT Dorothy Bussy’s autobiographical novel Olivia was published almost simultaneously in English and French: the Hogarth Press published Olivia by Olivia in England in April 1949 while Stock published Olivia par Olivia in France in July of the same year. Bussy first drafted Olivia in French in 1933 but set her manuscript aside after receiving an unenthusiastic response from André Gide. Fifteen years later, Bussy translated her original draft into English and then re-translated the English manuscript into French in collaboration with Roger Martin du Gard. This history makes Olivia an example avant la lettre of born-translated literary, Rebecca Walkowitz’s term for contemporary literature that is not only published simultaneously in multiple languages but takes translation as a primary rather than secondary concern. In this article, I use the concept of born-translated literature to rethink Olivia from the perspective of its multilingual composition, publication, and reception history. I argue that the novel’s multilingual history blurs the boundary between original and translation and problematizes the traditional hierarchy of a text’s reception in multiple languages and cultural contexts.
Read full abstract