Migration History Research Articles

설립자가 있는 광주 <고려인마을> 공동체의 발전 단계별 특성과 한계

2024 marks the 160th anniversary of the migration of the ‘Koryein’. The history of this Korean diaspora, who called themselves as “Koryo-Saram” since they crossed Tumen River and migrated to Primorsky Krai about 160 years ago, continues to this day. Recently, the number of Koryo-Saram immigrating to South Korea has increased, and they are forming densely populated residential areas within the country. These areas can be categorized into three types: those formed naturally, those established under the government leadership, and those created under the leadership of private NGOs. This article examines the current status of Koryo-Saram migration to South Korea within the broader context of their migration history. In particular, it focuses on the Gwangju <Koryein Village> community, which was established under the private leadership. Specifically, this article explores the activities of the founders and core executives of <Koryein Village>, as well as their community management philosophy. And it analyzes its development over the past 20 years, dividing it into three distinct stages. The first step was to establish an institutional foundation by enacting the ‘Koryein Resident Support Ordinance’ in 2013, a first in the country. The second was marked by the commemoration of the 80th anniversary of the forced migration of Koryo-Saram in 2017, fostering mutual understanding with the Gwangju local people. The final step was to provide airline tickets to approximately 900 Koryo-Saram refugees from the Ukrainian war in 2022, bringing them to Gwangju. This was an opportunity to demonstrate the solidarity, human rights awareness, and collective strength of <Koryein Village>. Consequently, the awareness of <Koryein Village> grew, and the community expanded significantly. Despite this progress, the current <Koryein Village> is experiencing economic difficulties such as a lack of job opportunities, discriminatory views of the local people toward the Koryo-Saram, and, most importantly, obstacles to acquiring nationality, that is, institutional difficulties. If these challenges can be resolved well and Gwangju <Koryein Village> can take root as a successful community, it can become a standard for successful settlement not only for Koryo-Saram community but also for other immigrant communities.

Money and migration: a regional perspective from China

ABSTRACT Money flows reflect overall economic exchanges. Using unique data on cross-province bank transfers in China, we find a positive relation between migration and money flows. The finding is stronger among urban migrants and those with better education. Using historical migration as an instrument, there is causal evidence for our finding. Additional analysis reveals that migrants promote both the trade and the investment components of money flows. This study sheds light on how migrants facilitate economic exchanges between regions.

Genetic structure and potential hybridization between populations of two Penstemon species

Abstract Hybridization is a common phenomenon in plants, facilitating genetic exchange and contributing to evolutionary innovation. In Penstemon, which boasts a diverse array of species with varying pollination syndromes, hybridization has been extensively documented. In this study, we employed nine nuclear microsatellites to investigate the genetic differentiation between Penstemon gentianoides and P. roseus populations, along with two populations of potentially hybrid morphotypes. Our results reveal significant genetic differentiation among populations, particularly between sympatric and allopatric populations of P. gentianoides and P. roseus. Bayesian analyses identified three genetic clusters, the first corresponding to individuals of sympatric and allopatric P. roseus populations, and the second and third to intermixed individuals of sympatric and allopatric P. gentianoides populations and intermediate morphotypes. Sympatric populations of both parental species exhibit signs of admixture. Contemporary and historical migration rates were low and asymmetrical among populations, with higher migration rates from the ‘fuchsia’ morphotype to P. gentianoides populations. The significant and positive correlation between migration rates suggests that migration patterns have remained relatively stable over time. These findings underscore the complex dynamics of genetic exchange and hybridization between Penstemon populations, highlighting the need for further research to understand population differentiation in the presence of gene flow.

Mooring the Global Archive: A Japanese Ship and its Migrant Histories. By Martin Dusinberre

Mooring the Global Archive: A Japanese Ship and its Migrant Histories. By Martin Dusinberre

Media Exposure to Highly Skilled Immigrants and Attitudes Toward Immigration

AbstractCan exposure to successful immigrants in the mass media affect perceptions of immigrants and alter attitudes toward immigration? To address this question, I study the case of Ozlem Tureci and Ugur Sahin, the co-developers of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, and children of Turkish immigrants in Germany. I first demonstrate that German media favorably highlighted the Turkish roots and migration history of vaccine developers. Leveraging the quasi-experimental setting with the announcement of the success of the vaccine, I then posit that the wide broadcasting of the vaccine’s success and its developers’ identity should have positive spillover effects on public attitudes towards immigration. Amongst those who were exposed to this announcement, compared to those who were not, there is a 4 percentage-point increase in support of easing immigration opportunities. I suggest that this effect is driven by a change in perceptions and knowledge on issues relating to immigration and integration. These findings imply that promoting successful immigrants in the media has the potential to diminish prejudice; however, it is crucial to address varying biases toward different immigrant groups.

A new approach to historical migratory movements based on surnames: the case of Spain

A data mining technique called Self-Organized Maps (SOM) was used to select the surnames with populational information (monophyletic) to be used in the reconstruction of past demographic processes, in order to show the historical population migrations that have generated the current structure of the Spanish population. The technique made possible to identify groups of surnames with the same origin. Once the origin of each surname has been established, we can assume that each surname found outside its origin would have moved, at some point in the past, out of that original area, which allows to study historical movements. The observed movements reveal the existence of two main migratory arcs. Both migrations have moved along the coast; the first following the Mediterranean and the second following the Cantabrian Sea. It appears that these two arcs are those that have provided the backbone of the Spanish population, dividing it into two halves that would reach the limits of areas of influence of these arcs. Several types of movement have taken place (Isolation due to distance, Short-distance movements, Medium-distance movements, Long-distance movements). Those of short-medium distance have been the most frequent and most determinant in the current structure.

Hormonal profiles in shoot apices in (sub)tropical populations of the aquatic carnivorous plant Aldrovanda vesiculosa in summer and winter

We compared hormonal profiles (cytokinins, auxins, ABA) in shoot apices in six (sub)tropical populations of the aquatic carnivorous plant Aldrovanda vesiculosa (Droseraceae; one from Botswana, five from Australia) growing in cultures during summer and then in frosty conditions at the beginning of winter. One Australian population (Armidale, E Australia, NSW) formed dormant turions. No crucial differences in cytokinin and auxin profiles (for both total and active forms) were found between summer and winter shoots within single populations or between non-dormant and dormant populations in the summer or the winter. The ABA content, as a hormonal criterion for plant dormancy, was consistently nearly zero in summer growing plants in all populations. In winter plants, a nearly zero ABA content occurred only in African plants from Botswana, whereas medium-high ABA contents (3.5–7.0 µmol kg−1; dry weight) were found in all Australian plants regardless of their dormancy. Different Quaternary migration history from southern Europe and subsequent separate evolution and genetic changes might explain the difference between these Australian and African plants. Generally, these results raise questions about how turion formation and dormancy are regulated in plant species with turions with zero ABA content and how other non-dormant subtropical or temperate species overwinter with high ABA content.

Self-reported hepatitis A and B vaccination coverage among men who have sex with men (MSM), associated factors and vaccination recommendations in 43 countries of the WHO European Region: results from the European MSM Internet Survey, EMIS-2017.

BackgroundHepatitis A and B vaccinations are recommended for men who have sex with men (MSM), given their increased risk of infection. However, data on vaccination programmes are scarce.AimTo use information on vaccination recommendations and vaccine uptake among MSM in the WHO European Region to guide prevention.MethodsFrom a large pan-European MSM Internet Survey (EMIS-2017), we analysed data on self-reported hepatitis A and B vaccination status by age, education, financial coping, settlement size, outness (disclosure of sexual behaviour), migration history and diagnosis with hepatitis C or HIV, using multivariable logistic regression. Additionally, we collected information on national hepatitis A and B vaccination recommendations.ResultsWe present data of 113,884 MSM, median age 36 years (IQR: 27-47). Vaccination for hepatitis A and B was recommended and free for MSM in 7 and 18 of 43 countries, respectively. Of all respondents, 48% (n = 50,966) reported ever being vaccinated against hepatitis A, and 53% (n = 56,889) against hepatitis B. Odds for being vaccinated against hepatitis A increased with outness ('out to (almost) all' aOR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.72-1.85 vs 'out to none') and were higher in countries where vaccination was recommended and free for MSM (aOR: 2.22, 95% CI: 1.29-3.82 vs 'no recommendation'). Results for hepatitis B were similar (outness: aOR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.75-1.88 and MSM-specific vaccination recommendation: aOR: 2.44, 95% CI: 1.54-3.85).ConclusionLarge proportions of MSM in Europe remain vulnerable to hepatitis A and B, despite available vaccination. Implementation of MSM-specific vaccination recommendations and greater efforts to improve the societal climate for MSM are needed to address gaps in vaccine coverage.

National Identities, Migration Histories and Attitudes to Independence in Scotland

This article uses data from the 2021 Scottish Election Study to apply both established and relatively rare or unique approaches to understanding the interrelationships between personal national identities, attitudes regarding the (Scottish) nation and independence, and people's own/family migration histories. Analysis broadly substantiates previous research in Scotland on the effects of birthplace, parentage and length of residence on national identities, and similarly highlights that previously established ‘non-alignment’ between national identities and position on Scottish independence extends to how the latter is associated with personal and family migration histories. The paper also makes at least three distinctive contributions. First, it highlights the significance of socialisation in Scotland, particularly in early childhood, for migrants’ personal national identities and attitudes to Scottish nationhood and independence. Second, it suggests only limited variation in the degree to which personal biographical characteristics are associated with perceptions that Scotland has distinct values compared to other parts of the UK. Third, it demonstrates that social connections to England via birthplace, family and/or prior residence do not invariably affect national identities and attitudes to Scottish independence, but that those with the strongest associations to England are substantially less likely to prioritise a Scottish identity or support Scottish independence.

The Quest for Educational Equity in Schools in Multicultural Australia

Abstract Australia's migration history has produced one of the most ethnically diverse nations in the world, but this has presented challenges for educational equity. The introduction of multiculturalism in the 1970s coincided with an increasing focus on structural inequities in education. In this essay, we examine the context of changing educational policies and programs over the last half century, arguing that there has not been a steady process of reform involving measures redressing various inequalities but a period of policy turbulence. We consider the impact of the competing logics of multiculturalism-incorporation, recognition, civility-upon educational policy and practice to argue that, together with the consequences of neoliberal reforms, the equitable delivery of multiculturalism in schools has proved challenging. We conclude that multicultural education must refocus on the critical capacities that teachers and students alike need to understand the cultural complexities of a globalized world.

Educational and employment for adults with a history of migration and foster care in Finland

Abstract Several studies document the adverse educational prospects for both immigrant-origin as well as out of home placed children and youth. Few studies have examined the educational and employment outcomes of migrant-origin young adults with a history of out-of-home care (OHC), which is the aim of our study. Methods. We studied all subjects born in 1976 to 1995 abroad and immigrated to Finland as underage persons prior to 2010 (N = 20 037), comparing them to children born in Finland to foreign born parents (N = 3198) and a matched random sample of host population (N = 23 187) according to register data 1991 to 2015. We formed OHC alumni and non-OHC alumni groups among refugee-origin born abroad and in Finland, non-refugee-origin born abroad and in Finland as well as native Finns group. Logistic regression analysis was used in which age of the child in the first placement, number of placements and the type of the first place were adjusted. Results.Minors both with refugee and non-refugee background born in Finland were more likely than native Finns to be placed in OHC. A history of OHC predicted less chance of degrees completed and being employed compared to non-OHC peers in all study groups. Refugee background born abroad having history in OHC had lower educational and employment outcomes as young adults compared to other OHC groups. Education made difference since immigrant background having OHC history and post-compulsory degree had two times higher likelihood of being employed. The first OHC during teenage years decreased odds for post-compulsory education but increased odds for employment. Multiple placements in OHC decreased a youth’s chances of completing degrees and employment Key messages • Education made difference since persons with OHC history and degrees done had two times higher likelihood of being employed. • Refugee origin OHC alumni were in the most vulnerable position with less degrees and less employment, and thus they need any support in their studies.

Realization of the right to education by children with migration history: Russian practices and foreign experience (The end)

Involvement of children with migration history in the Russian education system is a necessary condition for their integration into the host society, their future economic and social success. Less than 20% of migrant children living in our country attend schools. But even their education causes serious problems due to poor knowledge of the Russian language, gaps in general education, and upbringing in a different ethno-cultural environment, often differing in its values and accepted rules of behavior. Russia and foreign countries are implementing a variety of legal and organizational measures aimed at solving these problems and social adaptation of migrant children. The subject of this article is the analysis and generalization of the most effective practices.

Materiality of Memorialisation: Mapping Migrant Women's Landmarks in Europe

This article investigates the memorialization of migrant women across transcultural landscapes, and analyses results from the Register of Migrant Women Landmarks in Europe (hereinafter RMWLE), central to the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) action project “Women on the Move” (CA19112 – WEMov). It serves as reference for subsequent research based on data from this Register, for which data collection is continuing. The RMWLE registers toponyms, such as monuments, plaques, streets and other infrastructures named after women with a significant history of migration. It honours aspects rarely prioritized in memorialisation agendas, which are skewed towards men’s stories, and towards the more linear biographies of sedentary figures whose European, national, and regional memorialisation have remained uncomplicated by migration. This Deep Data study reveals recurring patterns at the level of Europe in the memorialisation of these women migrants. The diversity of stories, the richness and the prominence of landmarks devoted to men compared to women is a subject well-covered in memorialisation studies. This unbalance is compounded by the data from our register which shows landmarks on women migrants that are sometime tokenized, often marginalized, and which reproduce the bias towards nurture and care that have besieged the memorialisation of women in general. It further shows that the memorialisation process and the political and cultural mechanisms of official celebration often work against the recognition of cross-border careers and stories. The intersectionality of the project, highlighting both gender and migration, uncovers a political landscape of toponyms – and we reflect on how this register can help combat cultural prejudice by recovering migration episodes. The RMWLE helps us reflect on the defining impact of migration episodes, a reality rarely underlined in the biographies of famous women. This article favours a storytelling approach, to counter dominant cultural narratives and knowledge practices.

BOWIE-ALIGN: how formation and migration histories of giant planets impact atmospheric compositions

ABSTRACT Hot Jupiters present a unique opportunity for measuring how planet formation history shapes present-day atmospheric composition. However, due to the myriad pathways influencing composition, a well-constructed sample of planets is needed to determine whether formation history can be accurately traced back from atmospheric composition. To this end, the BOWIE-ALIGN survey (A spectral Light Investigation into hot gas Giant origiNs by the collaboration of Bristol, Oxford, Warwick, Imperial, Exeter, +) will compare the compositions of eight hot Jupiters around F stars, four with orbits aligned with the stellar rotation axis, and four misaligned. Using the alignment as an indicator for planets that underwent disc migration or high-eccentricity migration, one can determine whether migration history produces notable differences in composition between the two samples of planets. This paper describes the planet formation model that motivates our observing programme. Our model traces the accretion of chemical components from the gas and dust in the disc over a broad parameter space to create a full, unbiased model sample from which we can estimate the range of final atmospheric compositions. For high metallicity atmospheres ($\mathrm{ O}\mathrm{ /H}\ge 10 \times$ solar), the C/O ratios of aligned and misaligned planets diverge, with aligned planets having lower C/O ($\lt 0.25$) due to the accretion of oxygen-rich silicates from the inner disc. However, silicates may rain out instead of releasing their oxygen into the atmosphere. This would significantly increase the C/O of aligned planets (C/O $\gt 0.6$), inverting the trend between the aligned and misaligned planets. Nevertheless, by comparing statistically significant samples of aligned and misaligned planets, we expect atmospheric composition to constrain how planets form.

Under the name of “Lua”: revisiting genetic heterogeneity and population ancestry of Austroasiatic speakers in northern Thailand through genomic analysis

BackgroundAustroasiatic (AA)-speaking populations in northern Thailand are of significant interest due to their status as indigenous descendants and their location at the crossroads of AA prehistoric distribution across Southern China, the Indian Subcontinent, and Mainland Southeast Asia. However, the complexity of ethnic identification can result in inaccuracies regarding the origin and migration history of these populations. To address this, we have conducted a genome-wide SNP analysis of 89 individuals from two Lavue and three Lwa-endonym populations. We then combined our outcomes with previously published data to elucidate the genetic diversity and clustering of AA groups in northern Thailand.ResultsOur findings align with existing linguistic classifications, revealing different genetic compositions among the three branches of the Mon-Khmer subfamily within the AA family: Monic, Khmuic, and Palaungic. Although the term “Lua” ethnicity is confusingly used to identify ethnic groups belonging to both Khmuic and Palaungic branches, our genomic data indicate that the Khmuic-speaking Lua living on the eastern side of the region are relatively distant from the Palaungic-speaking Lavue and Lwa populations living on the western side. The Lavue populations, primarily inhabiting mountainous areas, exhibit a genetic makeup unique to the AA family, with a close genetic relationship to the Karenic subgroup of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Conversely, the Lwa and Blang populations, residing in lowland river valleys, display genetic signatures resulting from admixture with Tai-Kadai-speaking ethnic groups.ConclusionUtilizing genome-wide SNP markers, our findings indicate genetic heterogeneity among the Lua, Lavue, and Lwa ethnic groups. The intricate interplay of genetics, cultural heritage, and historical influences has shaped these ethnic communities. Our study underscores the importance of accurate ethnic classifications, emphasizing the use of self-identified endonyms, names created and used by the ethnic groups themselves. This approach respects the AA communities in northern Thailand and acknowledges their significant contributions to advancing our understanding of genetic anthropology.

Estimation of tributary–mainstem migration of freshwater fishes by Sr isotope analysis of otoliths

AbstractThe study of fish movement patterns in freshwater ecosystems remains a major focus of contemporary research. Small freshwater fish are known to migrate between tributaries and mainstems at different stages of their life history, helping to avoid local extinctions and maintain genetic diversity. However, fitting small fish species with telemetry equipment is difficult, making it challenging to track their detailed migration history via conventional methods. We evaluated the suitability of otolith isotope analysis for verifying the migration histories of small fish species inhabiting small tributaries. In this study, we compared the 87Sr/86Sr values in stream water and the otoliths of two fish species (Nipponocypris temminckii and Rhinogobius flumineus) inhabiting small streams. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the stream waters within the study area displayed considerable variation among tributaries. Our findings indicate that only N. temminckii has high dispersal ability, showing movement between tributaries or between tributaries and the mainstem in some locations. In contrast, such movement was not generally observed for R. flumineus. These results show the potential of 87Sr/86Sr as a tool for estimating the migration patterns of small fishes that inhabit small tributaries.

Simple visualization of fish migration history based on high‐resolution otolith δ18O profiles and hydrodynamic models

AbstractOxygen‐stable isotope (δ18O) in otoliths has been useful to infer marine fish migrations. However, because otolith δ18O is affected by two parameters, temperature and δ18O of ambient water, its interpretation becomes challenging when neither of them is constant. Here, I describe a simple method using hydrodynamic models to visualize potential migration histories from high‐resolution otolith δ18O chronologies. By predicting the distribution of potential otolith δ18O, that is, otolith δ18O isoscape from modeled temperature and salinity distributions and comparing these with observed values, possible fish locations can be inferred. The demonstration of sardine juveniles in the western North Pacific region reproduced their seasonal northward migrations accurately. The predicted locations were consistent with the results of sampling surveys of eggs and juveniles and correctly approached the point where fish were caught. The methodological recommendations and the successful demonstration in this study may help in planning future sclerochronology research using carbonate δ18O values.

Translation of Hmong Folklore Terms in Hmong Oral Epic “Creating Heaven and Earth” From the Perspective of Eco-Translatology

The Hmong, a Chinese ethnic minority, possess a rich cultural heritage. Due to their unique history of exile and migration, the Hmong have scant documentation of their vanishing cultural heritage. The Hmong oral epic constitutes a vital component of documenting Hmong culture. Thus, this paper delves into the translation of the Hmong Oral Epic 'Creating Heaven and Earth', focusing on folklore terms as fundamental units for analyzing Hmong culture. Eco-Translatology has the great importance in protecting the languages of Chinese ethnic minorities and enhancing the dissemination of their literature (Li, 2017). Hence, this paper examines the translation of Hmong folklore terms in the Hmong Oral Epic 'Creating Heaven and Earth' from the perspective of Eco-Translatology. The study reveals 53 translations of Hmong folklore terms, encompassing material, social, and spiritual aspects, within the Hmong oral epic 'Creating Heaven and Earth'. For Hmong material folklore terms, translators predominantly employ the 'target contextualization' strategy, along with 'extending substitution' and 'vitalization' methods. For Hmong social folklore terms, translators favor the 'source contextualization' strategy, supplemented by 'adaptive addition' and 'vitalization' methods. For Hmong spiritual folklore terms, translators predominantly utilize the 'source contextualization' strategy, in addition to 'extending substitution' and 'naturalization' methods.

Differences in Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration by Migration History in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos.

Objective: To estimate differences in breastfeeding initiation and duration across dimensions of migration history (migration to the U.S. 50 states/District of Columbia [DC] in childhood, adulthood, or not at all) in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). Methods: We used data from HCHS/SOL on 520 individuals with a post-baseline live birth and information on breastfeeding collected at Visit 2 (2014-2017). We fit log binomial models adjusted for parity, age at pregnancy, education, income, and immigration history and incorporating sampling weights. Results: Overall, 84% of participants reported initiating breastfeeding and 30% reported breastfeeding for 6 or more months. On average, individuals reported breastfeeding for a median of 88 days (interquartile range: 156). Compared with those born in the U.S. 50 states/DC, individuals born in another country or U.S. territory who arrived in the U.S. 50 states/DC as children (<18 years old) were 2.7 times more likely to initiate breastfeeding (adjusted prevalence ratio 2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4, 4.9) and those who arrived as adults were 2 times more likely to initiate breastfeeding (adjusted prevalence ratio 2.0, 95% CI: 1.1, 3.6). We observed similar patterns for breastfeeding continuation. Conclusions: The timing and duration of life course experiences such as migration are key determinants of breastfeeding behavior among Hispanic/Latina postpartum persons.

Unravelling National Time: Chinese Voices and the Re-ordering of Australian History

Where are Chinese Australians in Australian history? Australia’s Chinese past is persistently framed as ‘forgotten’ in public debate, a perpetual newness which ignores forty years of scholarship in the field. Contemporary works on Sino-Australian relations proliferate, resurrecting Cold War mentalities but avoiding Australia’s colonial history of Chinese migration and settlement. This article accounts for this forgetfulness while also drawing attention to a spate of recently unearthed Chinese-language sources written by Chinese Australians. These sources, newly translated, invite us to see Australia’s past in a Chinese context, revealing a propensity in Australia to organise historical time along European lines, obscuring ties of causality between events in Asia and Australia. Multilingual archives challenge the primacy of English-language sources in the narration of Australia’s past, humanising Chinese Australians and destabilising China as the proxy for Australian security fears.