Historical-typological Methods Research Articles

SOCIAL CONTROL OF STATE AUTHORITY BODIES OVER WOMEN OF COMMERCIAL SEX IN MYKOLAYOVSHICHINA IN IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

The article analyses the effectiveness of the experience of organizing social control over women of commercial sex in Mykolaiv region in the 19th century. An analysis of the historical basis of the phenomenon of commercial sex was carried out, the concept, essence and content of social control over women of commercial sex were determined, the activity of state authorities in the direction of social control over women of commercial sex in the Mykolaiv region in the 19th century was analysed, and the cause-and-effect relationships of social control over the phenomenon of commercial sex in modern Ukraine. The basis of the research methodology is the principle of historicism, which made it possible to consider the phenomenon of prostitution in accordance with historical stages and events, in their interconnection and interdependence. As part of the toolkit of the proposed article, a set of methods is used, namely: theoretical - content analysis, historical-systemic and historical-typological method, as well as systematization, generalization, detection of contradictions, comparison, descriptive method; empirical - interviewing method. The authors came to the conclusion that social control can be defined as a state mechanism, the purpose of which is to maintain social order, norms of individual behaviour in society. The peculiarities of formal and informal social control over women of commercial sex in the 19th century are determined. The analysis of the activities of state authorities over women of commercial sex in the Mykolaiv region in the 19th century made it possible to investigate formal social control, for its implementation, the authorities and local managers of the Mykolaiv region established rules and laws regarding brothels, their owners, and women of commercial sex directly. Cause-and-effect relationships with social control of commercial sex in modern Ukraine were established. The analysis of the state of commercial sex in Ukraine indicated the need for social prevention, as a method of social control, over persons from the risk group.

“Party principles” in the views of Grigory Evseevich Zinoviev

The subject of the article is the views of one of the founders of the Soviet state and the Bolshevik party, G. E. Zinoviev (1883-1936), on the essence and functions of the communist party. This topic is analyzed through the prism of the political biography of the hero, which determined the emphasis placed on the following three points: 1) understanding of the Communist Party, 2) the place of the Party in the Soviet political system, 3) the boundaries of intra-party pluralism. The sources for the analysis are the texts of books, speeches, articles, drafts, brochures and statements of G. E. Zinoviev. In addition to the specified range of sources, the presented work is based on the existing historiography about G. E. Zinoviev (the works of Yu. N. Zhukov, S. S. Voitikov, V. N. Samokhodkin, E. D. Fliginskaya and other researchers). In his work, the author used a materialistic concept (in particular, historical determinism), as well as historical-genetic and historical-typological methods. It is established that Grigory Evseevich Zinoviev had his own formal views on the essence and functions of the Communist Party, which followed the general course of Bolshevism, but also had their own characteristics. Zinoviev's definition of the Communist Party boiled down to recognizing it as the only vanguard and political organization of the proletariat, and the possibility of the existence of only one Communist Party was emphasized, and within this Communist Party the impossibility of forming internal factions was postulated. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that it systematizes the views of such a major Bolshevik and Soviet figure as G. E. Zinoviev on the role and functions of the Communist Party, as well as their inclusion in the history of Marxist and Bolshevik political thought.

The synthetic nature of N. Lvov’s lyrical works in the focus of the “holiday” concept

This article examines the embodiment features of the dialogue of arts in N. Lvov’s creative heritage (1753-1803) based on the lyrical works of the writer intended for vocal performance (“Winter” (1796), “Duets. To the Music of Zhirdini Printed in London” (1791), “Words to the Finished Music of Seidelman. Duet” (1793), “A Song for Gypsy Dancing” (1789). The research uses the biographical, historical-functional and historical-typological methods. In the course of the study, we found that the synthesis of arts is a semantic and formative element. The writer managed to combine the literary code with the genome of a number of other, sometimes even antonymous, fields of art, which ultimately contributed to the creation of a unique work whose hallmark is eclecticism. Thus, through the active use of the musical art code in his work, N. Lvov managed not only to integrate two areas of art, but also to create a qualitatively new format of musical and literary art with powerful aesthetic potential. A clear example of this is his lyrical work with the concise title “Winter” (1796). In addition, as the analysis showed, the writer managed to organically introduce the festive concept of pagan extraction into the work, in many respects this is due to the genre nature of the text. Realizing the multiplicity of contact points between literature and painting, Lvov sought to develop various mechanisms of rapprochement. For example, he used the tools of fine art when creating the verbal fabric of a poetic text, thanks to which his poetic works acquired a special color and picturesqueness. We can observe this phenomenon in the “Duet. To the Music of Zhirdini Printed in London” (1791) and in “Words to the Finished Music of Seidelman” (1793). Being an innovator, N. Lvov made an attempt to combine various types of art – dynamic (literature) and spatial-temporal (choreography). An example of this kind of experiment is his “A Song for Gypsy Dancing” in whose genome the festive motif characteristic of N. Lvov’s work is traced again.

ANALYSIS OF SOURCES ON THE HISTORY OF SCHOOL EDUCATION IN THE TERRITORY OF CHUVASHIA (late XVIII – first third of the XX century)

School education system in Russia passed a difficult and thorny path in its evolvement and development. Compared with its Western European counterpart, domestic secondary school has a shorter history. In our country, the first primary and secondary educational institutions providing general education appeared only at the end of the XVIII century. Throughout the XIX century, they were repeatedly reformed; as a result, noticeable quantitative and qualitative changes took place. However, despite this, we can talk about certain continuity in the evolution of the Russian school until the beginning of the XX century. The fundamental breakdown of established general education system occurred as a result of the establishment of Soviet power. During the 1920s and 1930s, all levels and links of the education sector were reorganized. The purpose of the study is to analyze historical sources on the problem of formation and development of the general school education system in the territory of modern Chuvashia. Materials and methods. The study was carried out on the basis of regulatory and archival documents. In our work, we relied on the principles of historicism, consistency and objectivity, considering events in their historical interrelation, analyzing diverse historical sources on the topic of research. Historical-comparative and historical-typological methods of research were used. Based on them, it was possible to identify the main groups of sources and give them a scientific analysis. The scientific novelty is determined by the fact that in regional historiography, it is for the first time that the main groups of historical sources on the topic of evolvement and development of the general school education system in the region are analyzed starting from the end of the XVIII century and up to the 1920s, i.e. until the time of creating the Soviet school education system. Most archival sources are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. Study results. The article characterizes two main groups of historical sources on the topic «The History of School Education in Russia». These are regulatory documents and archival materials. They are the most multinomial and important for studying the topic. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that its main provisions can help to better understand the current state and prospects for the development of domestic educational system. The results obtained can also be used to develop generalizing works on the history and culture of the region. This study is not exhaustive. In the future, it is necessary to pay attention to such interesting groups of historical documents as memoirs, letters and memoirs of participants in the educational process, i.e. teachers, students and educational organizers of the late XVIII – first third of the XX century. Conclusions. Historical sources on the topic «The History of School Education in the Territory of Modern Chuvashia at the end of the XVIII – first third of the XX century» are numerous and diverse. They are representative, giving the opportunity to study different aspects of the topic and help to recreate the general course of the regional school development the within the period under review and identify its specifics.

Orchestration as a factor of genre reproduction (on the example of analysing Zoltan Almashi’s Concerto Grosso no. 4 “Seasons”)

Statement of the problem. Among the many trends in the creative search in music of the XX–XXI centuries, one of the leading ones is the appeal to the ideas and models of the past. This has led to the revival of previous centuries musical genres. The accuracy of a genre’s reproduction is determined by its constituent elements, such as musical themes, harmony, form structure, etc. Orchestration plays an important role in this process, as it forms a timbre-textural complex that has structural, organisational and semantic functions in musical work. The considered piece, Z. Almash’si Concerto Grosso No. 4 “Seasons” for violin and orchestra, is an example of the use of the early genre in contemporary music. Despite the genre classification mentioned in the title, the composition has its own unique features that indicate a free interpretation of the genre model. In this regard, it seems necessary to to identify the features characteristic of the concerto grosso genre. Among them, orchestration can be considered the key one. Objectives, methods, and novelty of the research. The existing scientific sources do not pay enough attention to the orchestration in «Seasons» by Z. Almashi, as wee as its role in the reproduction of the genre, which determines the scientific novelty of this study. The purpose of the article is to identify the orchestration features attributable to concerto grosso in Z. Almasy’s work and to determine the specific principles of the structure of the orchestral texture. The study uses: the historical-typological method – to understand the contextual and socio-cultural belonging of Z. Almashi’s piece, the genre method – to reveal its typological and individual features with a projection on the orchestration, the stylistic method – to determine the artistic and aesthetic, linguistic and technological properties, a structural and functional method – to disclose the peculiarities of the organization of an orchestral texture. Recent research and publications. The work is based on sources devoted to the relationship of genre and orchestration (Korobetska, 2011; 2013), the use of contemporary composers with genre models of early music (Tukova, 2003), the formation and development of the instrumental concerto (Rakochi, 2021), to the orchestral style of Baroque composers (Borodavkin, 1998), orchestration as a component of compositional technique (Savchenko, 2021), and to the definition of the position of timbre and texture in orchestration (Kashyrtsev, 2021; Klebanov, 2019). Research results and conclusion. The analysis revealed those features in the orchestration that correspond to the genre of concerto grosso. First of all, it is the availability of two instrumental groups with different orchestral functions. The first ‘concertino’ group includes the principale violin, ocarina, flute, clarinet in B and piano; the second ‘ripieno’ group includes the string orchestra. Nevertheless, instruments from the first group (primarily woodwinds and piano) can be combined with stringed instruments in accompaniment of solo violin. When these groups of instruments interact, there is a juxtaposition of timbres, volumes and sound densities. Also, the contrast is enhanced due to the virtuosity of the parts in the ‘concertino’ group. This creates dialogue and competition, which necessary for the realization of the genre. A variety of orchestration techniques, among which are timbre mixtures, duplication, re-colouring, swinging, and sound painting, embodies the concerto principle. They form a timbre dramaturgy, which is essential for actualising the concert genre and the program title of the piece.

PEASANT DWELLING OF THE RUSSIAN POPULATION IN THE MARI KRAI OF THE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURY: TYPOLOGICAL ASPECT

The relevance of the study is determined by understanding the role of a settlement and housing complex in forming the resettlement centers of Russian relocatees in the Mari frontier-governorate, as they reflect a combination of traditional principles of forming a life support system and developing new living conditions. The importance of the chosen historical period for the study should also be noted; it contains a gradual transition to a new form of socio-economic development of the Russian Empire’s society and is accompanied by transformation of a number of cultural elements of the people, including those in the development of construction and architecture, household and everyday life.
 
 The purpose of the study is to analyze the housing complex of the Russians in order to identify criteria that determine its typological characteristics and features.
 
 Materials and methods. The source base of the research was the materials of written historical sources of an official, clerical, statistical and descriptive nature (circulars, orders, extracts, bills of sale, essays, notes on the economic state, etc.). A separate layer is made by cartographic material, including drawings and plans of rural settlements stored in the republican archive. The photographic material enables not only to illustrate typological characteristics, but also reflects continuity. Thus, the research uses the methods of analyzing a wide range of historical sources, including archival documents, some of which were published, cartographic material, photographic material of museum collections and ethnographic field material, historical-comparative, historical-typological methods.
 
 Study results. The results of the study on defining the typology of a dwelling of the Russian population of the Mari frontier-governorate in the XIX – early XX century are proposed. Studying the issues of resettlement and populating the territory of the Mari frontier-governorate by the Russians makes it possible to identify the main resettlement centers of the Russian population in the region, to track the former places of residence of the settlers, in order to determine the local cultural and common characteristics of the Russians, including those reflected in the settlement and housing complex. The main criteria for determining the typological characteristics of a peasant housing complex are identified, among which the geographical and the socio-economic factors play a primary role. The article offers an attempt to reflect the combination of the tradition of Russian wooden architecture and the influence of ethno-cultural interaction due to cohabitation of the Russian and Mari populations. The typology of the dwelling is based on a whole range of criteria, including the location of the dwelling in-situ, the dependence of the dwelling’s location on the layout of the settlement itself and taking into account the landscape, availability of building material and the choice of the place for construction, the layout of a peasant yard and the internal layout of the house. Transformational processes affect both the construction technology and the exterior decoration of the house, as well as the internal improvement of the dwelling. The article emphasizes the importance of mutual influence of the Russians and the Mari, a special contribution of the Russian culture and everyday life, as well as traditional construction principles to the development of the life support system of the Mari people. At the same time, the government policy in the field of Russian colonization in the Volga region and in urban planning, regular planning and development of fire prevention measures also played a role.
 
 Conclusions. Residential development determines the appearance and shape of the settlement, its layout and socio-economic development. At the same time, a dwelling is a reflection of the history, culture, ethnicity of its inhabitants, since the heterogeneity of its population, adherence to tradition and perception of innovations, new trends in the field of construction, architecture, economy and everyday life can be determined by the residential complex.

Formation of the Tuva People's Revolutionary Party in the Initial Period of the TPR

Based on archival materials, the history of the formation and development of the Tuva People's Revolutionary Party (TPRP) in the initial period (19211927) in terms of its performance, role and significance in the formation and development of the Tuva People's Republic, as well as the leading role of the USSR is considered. The work applied historical-genetic, historical-systemic methods to study the history of the formation of the TPR and the TPRP, historical-comparative and historical-typological methods to analyze the activities of the TPRP in different years.
 As a result of the study the archival materials of the National Archive of the Republic of Tuva (NA RT) (fond 1), The Russian State Archive of SocioPolitical History (RGASPI) (Fond 495) were introduced into scientific circulation, which testify that the comprehensive assistance and leadership role of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (b) allowed the TPRP to play a special role in strengthening the Tuvan State. Conclusions: the elite of Tuva played a huge role in the creation and functioning of the first party, but at the same time without the help and actually daily leading and guiding role of the USSR it was impossible not only the formation of the first Tuvan State, but also the development of statehood, the creation of institutions of power, social institutions, including the TPRP.

Дворянські опіки Волинської губернії: реалії колективної солідарності та практичної діяльності

The purpose of the article: based on offi cial sources and archival materials of the State Archives of the Zhytomyr region, to investigate the activities of the noble guardians of the Volyn Governorate from the point of view of their powers, in particular, the inclusion of nobles in the guardianship as a manifestation of their state collective solidarity and the eff ectiveness of the specifi ed institutions. Th e methodological basis of the study consists of historical-comparative, historical- systemic, and historical-typological methods, as well as the principles of systematicity, objectivity, and historicism. Th e scientifi c novelty is determined primarily by the lack of unique research on the given topic in historiography, the involvement of new archival materials, the characterization of the peculiarities of the relationship between the state and the privileged condition of the Russian Empire through the prism of the functioning of noble guardianships as state corporate bodies. Th e chronological limits of the article cover the time of formation and the beginning of the activity of the nobility’s guardianships on the territory of the Ukrainian governorates in the 18th century and are also correlated with the dating of the archival materials used: from the beginning to the third quarter of the 19th century. Conclusions. Th e hopes of the Russian imperial authorities that the newly cre- ated state institutions (noble guardianships) would support the monarchy’s economic stability and ensure a stable s ocial system were only partially justifi ed. Th e noble guardians were not distinguished by high eff ectiveness. Aft er all, on the one hand, they were part of an imperial bureaucratic apparatus that was not more eff ective. On the other hand, due to the lack of motivation of the nobles to fulfi l the duties assigned to them and the regular practice of their refusal/replacement, these institutions did not ensure the quality performance of the functions assigned to them.

Emergence of modern historical policy in the Russian-Ukrainian war context: Assessing transformations in global order paradigms and present challenges

The purpose of the article is to study contemporary historical policy in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war and against the background of paradigm shifts in the world order and other contemporary challenges. To achieve this goal, the article uses the methods of critical analysis of literature (content analysis), historical-comparative, and historical-typological methods. The results show that historical politics is becoming an important component of modern life in Ukrainian society, especially in the context of the Russian invasion. The use of history as an instrument of expansion has become an essential feature of Russian politics. This model can be seen as an attempt to restore Soviet identity, with a strong emphasis on “common history and brotherhood.” The modern version of this idea, promoted by the Kremlin, is based on the concept of reviving Russian influence after the collapse of the Soviet Union (which, in the Kremlin's view, was a geopolitical catastrophe) on the territories of independent states. The conclusions emphasise that such manifestations of chauvinistic historical policy have become a tool in the hybrid war against Ukraine and the democratic world as a whole.

Традиции чувашского и калмыцкого сказочного эпоса

The article is devoted to a long-term dispute about the peculiarity / non-property of the fairy tale genre of the typical features of the heroic epos. On the basis of the historical-typological method and the method of plot analysis, the corpus of texts of the Chuvash and Kalmyk fairy tale epic has been studied. The study considers the main works devoted to this problem, compares the relevant Chuvash texts with the Kalmyk fairytale epic, points to the incorporation of the biography and exploits of the fairytale hero in the heroic epic “Dzhangar”. The author also considers such blocks of heroic matchmaking as the childlessness of parents, a miraculous origin, heroic childhood and martial arts. All these motives are inherent in both the heroic tale and the heroic epic. The heroic traditions of the Chuvash and Kalmyk fairy tale epic are expressed in ethno-cultural realities, plot, epic motifs, and artistic devices. At the same time, researchers have no reason to talk about the complete identity of the ideological and artistic complex of the heroic epic and the heroic tale. The heroic epic and fairy tale are essentially differentiated genres. Here, one can speak as much as possible about the epic nature of heroic tales, about similarities and diffusion, but not about complete identity, and, naturally, there is no need to complete the magic-heroic tale to the classical epic. The publication contributes to the substantiation of the main features of the heroic epos in the heroic tale.

Specifics of V. K. Kuchelbecker's artistic historiosophic views (based on the materials of his European Letters)

The question of artistic historiosophy is a problem that has been actively discussed in recent decades. Historiosophy is an area of interest for historians, philosophers and sociologists. Artistic historiosophy is directly related to the aesthetic side of works, this is the sphere of interests of literary critics; studying it, they comprehend the text, its images and plots in a new way, including them in various social, historical, moral and philosophical processes, revealing the peculiarities of the author's view of the phenomena of life - present, past and future. One of the insufficiently studied works of the Russian romanticist, representative of the Decembrist movement V.K. Kuchelbecker is examined in this aspect. The research material is the novel by Kuchelbecker "European Letters". The proposed work is based on the methods of historiosophical analysis of literary works and the historical-typological method. Scientific novelty of the proposed study is due to the fact that the issues of historiosophy in Kuchelbecker's "European Letters" have not been considered in the scientific literature. In the process of analyzing the "European Letters", the author's unusual view of the categories of the past, present, and future is revealed, which allows modeling the image of an ideal social world, on the one hand, and on the other hand, to give a detailed description of the socio–historical processes taking place in European and Russian life, the modern Kuchelbecker period, emphasizing the special Messianic path of Russia.

The Issue of Women in Adjara in the Prism of Soviet Antireligious Policy (1920s)

The purpose of the article to present the problem of women in the prism of the Soviet atheistic policy in Ajara in 1920s. Soviet religious policy from the very beginning was characterized by heterogeneity, bias, and one-sidedness, with communism and atheism considered as the mainstays of ideology. The Bolsheviks seemed to preach the inviolability of the religious feelings of the believers, but in fact fought with fire and sword against any manifestation of religiosity. The Soviet government encouraged controversy among believers. A clear confirmation of this was the so-called ‘The chador taking’ campaign, which has been met with serious controversy in the region. Examining the problems related to the wearing of the chador, presenting the issue of women in the context of anti-religious policies is the main task of our research.
 The scientific novelty of the research is the discussion of the factors that collectively led to the 1929 mass protests in mountainous Adjara (Georgia). At the same time, a number of unpublished archival documents, which are kept in the Adjara State Archive, enter the scientific circulation. The factual materials presented in the article and the analysis of the documents kept in the Adjara Archives Division clearly show the Soviet policy of neglecting and insulting the religious feelings of believers, which led to the 1929 large-scale anti-Soviet protests in mountainous Adjara.
 The methodological basis of the research is the universal scientific principles of objectivity, comprehensiveness and systematics, historical-comparative and historical-typological methods.
 Conclusions. As a result of the research, the determining factors of the mass demonstrations of 1929 were identified, in particular: the anti-religious policy of the Soviet government, which included the implementation of various measures by the government, in particular: The formation of the League of Militant Atheists and other anti-religious bodies, the mass destruction of religious institutions, theatrics against religion, the introduction of various awards to reward activists who fight against religion, the creation of women’s committees and ‘Muslim women’s sections’ to separate women from the religion. Added to this was the rudeness and arbitrariness of the party officials in all spheres of public and social life, the imposition of various restrictions on religious services and other factors, the combination of which led to the mass uprising of 1929. The results of the research proved once again that despite the various methods used to intimidate the believers, the government was powerless to suppress the religious feelings of the people.

ROYAL LETTERS ON THE DON AS A SOURCE ON THE HISTORY OF RELATIONS OF THE DON KAZAKOV AND THE SMALL NOGAIS AT THE END OF THE 16TH – THE FIRST HALF OF THE 17TH CENTURIES

The relevance of the presented article lies in the fact that based on the analysis of the royal letters sent to the Don Cossacks in the XVI – XVII centuries, it is possible to determine the main directions of the foreign policy of the Moscow state on the southern border, which it tried to implement through the Don Cossacks, as well as to determine the role of the Cossacks themselves in relations with the little Nogai – one of the main opponents of Moscow, along with Turks and Crimean Tatars in the North-Eastern Azov region. The main source in our study was the letters of the Russian tsars, published back in 1864. the editor of the "Don military vedomosti" I.P. Pryanishnikov. As a result of the application of historical-comparative and historical-typological methods, we concluded that for the Moscow state, issues related to building relationships with the Kaziev ulus (The Little Nogai Horde) through the use of Don Cossacks, if not paramount, then, in any case, played a far from the last role in foreign policy in the southern direction in the XVI– XVII centuries. The measurement method was used by us when calculating quantitative information about the main actors of international relations contained in the certificates sent from Moscow to the Don, which we compared to determine the main and secondary partners of Russia in the southern direction. In the context of studying the relationship of the Don Cossacks with the Little Nogai Horde, these letters are studied for the first time.

The Suez Crisis in the US Foreign Policy Strategy in the Middle East: Risks and Prospects.

The article is devoted to the US foreign policy during one of the most acute crises of the Cold War period. The issue of the Eisenhower administration's choice of a strategy of deterrence and non-interference in the military action of NATO allies is debatable and relevant as a historical experience in the development of geostrategic guidelines in the US foreign policy strategy. The purpose of the article is to identify the main risks and opening prospects for the United States in the choice of foreign policy strategy in the Middle East in the context of the development of the Suez crisis. The methodological basis of the study is the historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historical-typological methods. It has been established that the reasons that prompted the United States to form an appropriate strategy included geopolitical and economic motives: the desire to take a leading position in the Middle East, demonstrating an alternative to Great Britain and France; the desire to win the trust of Egypt, which has the potential of a leader in the region and military-strategic contacts with the USSR; readiness to join economic sanctions against Egypt with the potential to receive economic and political dividends and competitive advantages; preference to keep the possibility of balancing between the sides in the Arab-Israeli confrontation. The author comes to the conclusion that during the Suez crisis of 1956, the United States acted rationally, but in the conditions of the current moment.

Источниковедческие аспекты истории ислама в России на страницах журнала «Маглюмат». 1908–1917 гг.

The early 20th century saw a rapid development of the Turkic Muslim periodical press in Russia. In a short time, a significant number of magazines and newspapers of various directions appeared in the country. They published materials about life, socio-economic situation of the peoples of Russia. The article is to analyze the articles and publications of the Arabic-language Turkic magazine Maglyumat, published in Ufa by the Orenburg Mohammedan Spiritual Assembly. It examines the history of the magazine’s creation and analyzes its publications. The object of the study is issues from 1908–10 and 1916–17. The research is based on materials from the issues preserved in the Manuscript Fond of the G. B. Khusainov Order of the Badge of Honor Institute of History, Language, and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (UFITs RAN) and in the Department of Rare Books of the Scientific Library of the UFITs RAN. Comparative-historical, systemic, and historical-typological methods have been used in the study. Archeographic study and systematic analysis of various issues show that the magazine’s publications were not limited to religious topics. They covered a wide range of issues of the Muslim population’s life, from government orders and resolutions to opening of new mosques and madrasahs. Unlike many other magazines of the period, it contained materials on the Muslims’ situation in the Russian Empire. Much attention was paid to the position of the Bashkirs, the land issue, there were publications of sources and historical works on the history of Bashkortostan, some were translated from Russian. Much attention was paid to the history and activities of the Orenburg Mohammedan Spiritual Assembly. A number of materials highlighted the publishing program of the magazine. At the time of its existence, the issue of Muslim education remained an urgent problem. The discussion continued between supporters of old- and new-fashioned education. One of the articles in defense of the new methods in education was written by a well-known Muslim figure Z. Rasulev together with like-minded people. Socio-political changes in the country after 1917 were also reflected on its pages. The research shows that the Maglumat is a valuable source for studying various spheres of the Muslims’ life in the early 20th century. Its materials reflect different aspects of the life of the society of the specified period and its condition, provide information on the socio-economic situation, cultural development of the Russian Muslims.

THE EMERGENCE OF THE PUSHKARS AS A SOCIAL POPULATION GROUP IN THE CITIES OF THE SOUTH OF RUSSIA AND THE BELGOROD LINE AT THE END OF THE XVI-XVII CENTURIES

The relevance of the topic chosen by the author of the article is due to the fact that a complete and in-depth study of Russian history of the 17th century is impossible without studying regional history and, in particular, such an important component as studying the history of provincial society, including issues related to its formation or the emergence of certain population groups. In this regard, the author investigated the emergence of one of the groups of the service population of the society of the South of Russia - the gunners. The gunners in the southern Russian cities were a rather small group of service "instrument" people who served the artillery. The purpose of the article is to consider the process of the emergence of gunners as a social group of the population in the cities of the South of Russia and the Belgorod line in the 16th-17th centuries. The methodological base of the study is based on the following basic historical principles and methods: the principle of historicism, the principle of objectivity, the comparative historical method, the historical typological method, the statistical method. In general, the work is based on the use of problem-chronological and systemic methods, which allows us to consider events within a single general historical context. The work draws on a wide range of archival and published sources. As a result of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that the emergence of gunners as a population group in the cities of the South of Russia and the Belgorod line at the end of the 16th-17th centuries was associated with the construction of military fortress cities to protect the southern borders of the state and the recruitment of their garrisons. There were three main ways of settling new cities: forced relocation ("reduction") of service people from old cities, voluntary relocation of service people who expressed a desire ("similarity") and the recruitment of "free, willing" people. However, in the second half of the 17th century, in connection with the final formation of the garrisons of the southern Russian cities, the gunners actually become a closed service group of the population, since the main ways to replenish the ranks of the gunners remain their transfer from other cities and recruitment from the Pushkar families.

Genre Evolution of the Psalm and Ecclesiastical Miniature

"The article deals with the evolutionary processes of development of psalm and ecclesiastical miniature genres in choral music from the Renaissance to the present. It has been found that the wide possibilities of creating liturgical and non-church, concert and stage spiritual works gave the way to the enrichment of canonical канонічних principles of such traditional genre models as psalm and ecclesiastical miniature with individual stylistic features. Accordingly, gaining more and more popularity in church and secular music practice, psalms and ecclesiastical (prayer) miniatures have acquired nmiew qualities – canonical flexibility, genre mobility, openness to style and stylistic syntheses and authorial individualization in both textual and much more in musical aspects. The research methodology is based on historical-typological, genre-stylistic, and analytical methods. The historical-typological method relates to the problems of historical evolution of psalm and ecclesiastical miniature genre models, genre-stylistic and analytical methods allow to come to reasonable conclusions about the peculiarities of prayer texts in choral compositions created by modern Ukrainian composers. Traditions of Ukrainian spiritual music and at the same time the modern tendencies of the musical language are brightly shown in choral compositions. It is noted that the level of correlation between traditional and innovative referrence to psalm and ecclesiastical miniature genre models is determined by the individual creative approach of a certain composer, which requires making references to ecclesiastical texts and creating unique motets on their basis. Keywords: choral genres, psalm genre model, ecclesiastical (prayer) miniature, Ukrainian choral music, canonical texts. "

История развития социальной защиты детей: международный опыт XVII-ХХI вв.

The article covers the European experience of child security in the XVII – XXI centuries. The theoretical basis of the research is the work of scientists on the problems of child security and their rights in European countries. The work is based on the concept of social transformations, social support and social care of children. Historical-comparative, historical-genetic and historical-typological methods of research have been applied. Theoretical analysis of the problem has made it possible to draw analogies to the historical experience of the child welfare system, which is important for European countries in the context of developing their own social protection system.

Соціально-побутові умови та продовольче забезпечення науково-педагогічних працівників СРСР у 20-х рр. ХХ століття

У статті розглянуто один із актуальних напрямів в історичних студіях щодо особливостей соціально-побутових умов та продовольчого забезпечення науково-педагогічних працівників СРСР у 20–30-х рр. ХХ століття. Мета роботи полягає у висвітленні діяльності російських центральних та місцевих органів влади з покращення соціально-побутового, матеріального та житлового забезпечення наукових та педагогічних працівників, зокрема створення та діяльність ПетроКУБУ та ЦеКУБУ. Методологія дослідження включає принципи наукової об’єктивності, історизму, системності, а також методи аналізу та синтезу, узагальнення, історико-порівняльний, історико-типологічний. Висновки. Характеризуючи становище вчених у 20-х рр. ХХ ст., необхідно зазначити, що наукова інтелігенція, як і загалом радянське післяреволюційне суспільство, знаходились у складній суспільно-політичній та економічній ситуації. Наукова інтелігенція належала до тих верств суспільства, які особливо гостро відчули погіршення якості життя. Закриття низки вищих навчальних закладів і факультетів, затримки з виплатою заробітних плат, що і без того знецінювалися через розгул інфляції, позбавляли науковців стабільного доходу. Цей важкий у побутовому плані період співпав у часі з болісною трансформацією соціальної структури населення країни, що зачепило і наукову інтелігенцію. Матеріальне становище вчених було досить хитким, характеризувалося відсутністю житла, низьким рівнем заробітної плати, відсутністю умов для проведення науково-дослідної роботи, завантаженістю партійно-політичною роботою. Змінилося й ставлення до вчених та їх ролі в житті суспільства, побутувала думка про неприпустимість керівної ролі інтелігенції в будь-якій галузі народного господарства та культури, зведення становища представників інтелігенції до рядових виконавців. До того ж радянське керівництво розуміло, що науковий потенціал країни потрібно зберегти для будівництва соціалістичного суспільства. Тому одним із головних був пошук можливостей порятунку вчених від вимирання і надзвичайного виснаження. Влада починає вибудовувати співпрацю з інтелектуальною системою, залучаючи її на свою сторону, створюючи для неї сприятливі умови для життя та роботи.

Negative transformations of the image of a doctor in the literature of A.P. Chekhov

The object of the study is the images of doctors in the works of A.P. Chekhov from the point of view of the dynamics of their personal qualities. The subject of the study is the nature of these changes, which in most cases are negative for the writer for the professional and personal level of the doctor. The purpose of the article is to describe the phenomenon of personal degradation of a doctor in the literature of A.P. Chekhov: the novels "Ionich", "Belated Flowers", the plays "Uncle Vanya", "Three Sisters". The study was conducted using descriptive, cultural-historical, historical-typological methods, which allowed a comprehensive approach to the problem under study and noted the various features of the personality of doctors in the writer's work in dynamics. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the fact that the degradation of doctors in these works has been revealed. In the story "Ionich", the vulgar, philistine life slowly but inexorably sucks in the main character, Dr. Startsev. Toporkov in the "Flowers of the Belated" sought to get out of poverty, earn as much as possible, but he was powerless in front of greed and became indifferent to people. Astrov in "Uncle Vanya", under the influence of the surrounding county life, became indifferent to people, he does not love anyone, does not want anything. But at the same time, he plants forests, believes that they have a great beneficial effect on people's lives, he utters high words about a person. Abstract love for humanity and indifference to the people who are with him coexist in his soul. The philosophy of doctor Chebutykin in "Three Sisters" is of great importance for understanding the play. It is concluded that the degraded person in the works of A.P. Chekhov is usually a doctor, with the help of whose image the writer seeks to create a contrast between the noble mission of the doctor and his personality.