Historical Research Methodology Research Articles

Theoretical and Methodological Approaches of Studying the Image of China of 1931-1949 in USA Historiography

The historiography of the problem of researching the image of China in the USA is considered. A comprehensive analysis of the evolution of the historiography of the image of China in 1931-1949 in the United States is proposed through the study of the specifics of the perception by the political elite, the military, the public and the US media of the most important events of the "Chinese crisis". It is noted that this approach allows us to talk about the formation of a special phenomenon of the socio-political life of the United States, the reconstruction and explanation of which are impossible within the framework of the traditional methodology of historical research and require an interdisciplinary approach based on historical imagology. It is shown that the formation of the image of China in 1931-1949 in the historiography of the United States by the American press is represented with several thematic areas: the first - the studies of American assessments of China in general works on the history of international relations before the Second World War and during its course; the second is a study of the history of the formation of American assistance to fighting China; third, analyzing China’s assessment of the United States in the context of the history of colonialism and decolonization; fourth, examining the image of China in the context of a study of public opinion in the United States. It is pointed out that the analysis of historiography indicates that China in the crisis period of history was in the focus of attention of both journalists and the academic community.

The Influence of Roman Catholic Church on the Sukuma Traditional Marriages in Magu District, Tanzania

This paper focused on the examination of the evolution of the Sukuma marriage conduct in the traditional setting and the influence which the Roman Catholic Church exerted on the Sukuma traditional marriage practices. The different forms and procedures of traditional marriages practiced among the Sukuma before the introduction of Christianity in the nineteenth century are explored. Several studies had been conducted on how traditional marriage institutions among the Sukuma were sustained despite the penetration of Christianity. Others investigated on how Christianity of different denominations in general affected the Sukuma marriage practices. This study, therefore, focused on how the Roman Catholic Church influenced the Sukuma traditional marriage. Despite its strong roots in Magu district none of the studies investigated its influence on traditional marriage institutions. A historical research methodology was employed in which different historical sources both primary and secondary were visited. Secondary sources were collected through a review of documents from libraries and different resource centers. The bulky primary information was accessed from archival sources. The existing oral histories kept by local Sukuma historians were accessed by visiting their custodians. The data generated revealed that the coming of Roman Catholic Church and the subsequent introduction of Christianity among the Sukuma introduced Christian marriage which threatened the existence of Sukuma traditional marriages. Currently, many Sukuma goes for Christian marriage and traditional marriages are seen as old-fashioned. But the Roman Catholic Church destroyed these very veins of the Sukuma society. Consequently, the Sukuma society started losing grip of the attributes that consolidated the society as a single whole.

Intellectual history as a direction in the methodology of historical research

This article addresses the increased interest in intellectual history as a line of research. Additionally, focus is placed on the subject of intellectual history research, which covers many types of human creative activity. The authors of the article see it, rather, not as a subdiscipline of history, but as an interdisciplinary field focused on clarifying problems and drawing attention to boundaries, and believes that it should not follow one “correct” approach. The authors contend that the issues of religion and identity, problems of collective motivation, and our relationship with the natural world are important topics in intellectual history today. Intellectual history offers what other areas of history could not. Historians’ claims are more restrained than those of philosophers and social scientists. In modern intellectual history, the desire to unite the efforts of all specialists whose professional interests are associated with the study of various types of human creative activity, including its conditions, forms and results, prevails. This, however, does not deny the existence of more moderate versions of “intellectual history”, limited to the study of exclusively the intellectual sphere of consciousness, in particular the outstanding personalities of the past. Thus, in their scientific quest, intellectual historians can turn to disciplines such as economics, sociology, political science, anthropology, philosophy, literature and its criticism, but at the same time they should not neglect their own task and the restrictions imposed by their cultural horizons and disciplinary rules. When building a cultural context, intellectual history becomes an internal part of cultural history, and cultural history serves as the external side of intellectual history; therefore, historians should pay attention to both the internal and external. Key words: intellectual history, methodology, history of ideas, sociohistoricism, culture, mindset, history of mentalities, creativity, explanation

Ali bin Al- Rand revolution in the city of Gafsa and the position of the Al- Mohadeen (572- 576 A.H/ 1176- 1181 A.D) "Historical study": ثورة علي بن الرند في مدينة قفصة وموقف الموحدين منها (572- 576ه/ 1176- 1181م) "دراسة تاريخية"

The Al- Mohadia state was exposed to many revolutions against its rule, whether in the countries of Morocco, Africa or Al- Andalus. these revolutions have contributed significantly to weaken the state and its preoccupation with the dangers facing them, especially the Christian recovery movement in Andalusia. this study came to address one of those revolutions, a revolution Ali bin Al- Rand in the city of Gafsa. this study dealt with the geography of Gafsa, the origin of the sons of Rand and how they established their emirate in Gafsa. the study also dealt with how the princes of Bani Al- Rand and Gafsa enter the obedience of Al- Mohadeen. Then it showed the factors of the revolution its motives and how the caliph Abu Yaqoub Al- Mohade was able to eliminate them. The study concluded to reach a number of results, the most important of which is that the revolution showed despite its failure the extent of love and loyalty of the people of Gafsa to the family of Bani Al- Rand, and their preference for autonomy to submit to obedience to the Al- Mohadeen. The study relied on the historical research methodology in terms of relying on original sources, documentation and closer reading. It also use of analysis, extraction, criticism and comparison as allowed by the research framework.

Development of Caring as a Human Science: 50 Years of History of the Korean Society of Nursing Science.

This year 2020 marks the 50th anniversary of the founding of the Korean Society of Nursing Science (KSNS). This study was aimed to explore development of caring and describe the 50 years of history of KSNS within the sociocultural context of Korea regarding academic footsteps, meanings, and implications for the future. This study used a historical research methodology using a literature review and bibliometric analysis. Relevant literature was reviewed and the published abstracts in the Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing (JKAN) were analyzed using VOSviewer. Birth control and family planning in the 1970s was the main research topic. In the 1980s, the development of nursing concepts, theories, and philosophies was the mission of KSNS to extend the disciplinary boundary. In the 1990s, the progress of KSNS to become one of the woman-dominant healthcare professionals was the mission in the given period. Expanding the frontiers of KSNS to the extent of global standards was the undertaking of the nursing scholars in the 2000s. Lastly, in the 2010s, the quality and quantity improvement of KSNS and JKAN is expected to make our future even prosperous. The map visualization of the 50 years of research accumulation showed the comparable opposition of quantitative vs. qualitative research methodologies, equation modeling, and instrument development. These clusters of research demonstrates the efforts to make nursing evidence by Korean nursing scholars for the last five decades. The growth in the slope of KSNS and outcomes of JKAN are to carry on to an unimaginable extent in the future.

Крос-культурний підхід в історико-педагогічних дослідженнях

У статті обґрунтовано методологію історико-педагогічного дослідження з використання крос-культурного підходу. Акцентовано увагу на необхідності і важливості виховання дітей та молоді в Україні на засадах полі культурності, національної спрямованості освіти, невіддільності освіти від національного ґрунту. Доведено, що крост-культурність – соціокультурний взаємовплив, перетин спільного і відмінного в історії розвитку вітчизняної і світової системи навчання та виховання дітей. У публікації наголошується на тому, що в науковому аспекті крос-культурність розглядається як методологічна основа розвитку гуманітарних наук, активно розвивається крос-культурна філософія, психологія, педагогіка.

A Perception of Cultural Dialogue Between the Missionary Enterprise of a Protestant Faith and Benin Indigenous People of Nigeria

The seeming issue of syncretism between Christianity and African traditions had rarely been viewed from an historical research methodology especially between the Benin people of Nigeria and their declaration for Christianity which needs urgent attention. Hence, this study explores the subject matter through cultural interactions between the contemporary travail of the Seventh-day Adventist missionaries’ enterprise and Benin indigenous People. This study employs historical research methods of data collection and collation. Findings reveal that Benin culture impedes the faith of the indigenous people on wholesome biblical faith. This study suggests that it is imperative, among others, for every Christian faith to develop a set of biblical lessons on Bible and traditions as a prerequisite for contemporary Missiological approach and to be studied in various denominations within their host communities to avert the influence of the indigenous traditions over biblical injunctions. Keywords: Culture, Missions, Protestant Faith, Nigeria DOI : 10.7176/JAAS/57-05 Publication date : August 31 st 2019

جینۆسایدى كوردو ئه‌مازیغ له‌سه‌ده‌ى بیسته‌مدا "لێكۆڵینه‌وه‌یه‌كى مێژوویی به‌راوردكاریی"

The Kurdish and Amazigh are two nations that faced with various repression and genocide during twenty century. They are origin nation that lived on their lands for long times . they had not any oportunity to get independent and state. that is why, they faced with marginalization, deportation, displacement and Arabization by Arab authorities and governments in Iraq and some African countries. Both the Kurds and the Amazighs defended and fought through the national liberation movement to confront oppression and oppression in historical stages and according to the types of struggle, resistance and steadfastness, and tried to achieve their legitimate national rights. their enemies used the violence methods and genocide against both of them. this research under the title ( comparsion of kurdish and amazigh ginocide in the 20th Century). it is divided in to 4 sections. the first section is "The Concept and Framework of Genocide in the 20th Century". the second section is under title" the Liberal Movement of kurdish and Amazigh nation in the 20th ". third section is dedicated to factors and forms of genocide against the Kurds and Amazighs. in the last section we try to illustrate a comparison between the genocide of the Kurds and the Amazigh and the points common between them.In this research, we have used the historical research methodology and the comparative approach to analysis and historical events and the interpretation of the concept of genocide and its legal definition.we have also used many scientific sources in English, Arabic, Kurdish and Persian that related with genocide of Kurds and Amazighs in particular. In the final search, we presented results.

Original historical spatial development research methodology

The aim of this article is to present an original methodology that was prepared for the research concerning the history of spatial development of historic towns and their conservation protection. The methodology, already repeatedly verified by the Author in the course of research on the origins, urban model and restoration of selected medieval towns in Poland, is universal and so applicable also during the research carried out in towns outside Poland. In this article it will be exemplified by the studies on the spatial development of the medieval town of Skawina located in Lesser Poland. The methodology consists of five stages. The first stage of research involves the so called “desk study”, which is conducted in selected archives, both in the country where the selected town is located, and abroad. The second stage involves field research in the analysed town. The research is accompanied by an inventory of the area of the chartered town, including its preserved elements such as e.g. the market square, the settlement block or the settlement plot. Photographic documentation is also collected during field research. The third stage of research uses aerial archaeology to analyse the urban layout of a given town. The fourth stage involves confronting the research results obtained at previous stages, primarily comparing archive plans and aerial photographs, as well as analysing them in order to identify changes occurring in the urban layout of the studied town. The final, fifth stage involves assessing the cultural values and the necessary methods for protecting the analysed historic town. The discussed methodology allows for drawing conclusions combined with hypotheses concerning the shape and functional-spatial structure of the examined town in the past, as well as its current values in the context of protecting the cultural landscape. The need to prepare it sprang from the current situation in historic towns which are not always properly protected, and scientific studies of their history are often insufficient. The situation and the need for better protection of historic towns has also been indicated in international documents prepared by the ICOMOS and UNESCO, such as the International Charter on the Conservation of Historic Towns of the ICOMOS from 1987, and the UNESCO Recommendation concerning the historic urban landscape from 2011.

A New Interpretation of the History of the Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 or a Subjective Assessment of the Researcher?

The author of the book, O.S. Smyslov, interprets the military events in the area of the Khalkhin Gol river in 1939, defines the causes of the war, the role of commanders, military casualties and participants of military actions. The battle of Khalkhin Gol becomes the subject of much attention and study of Russian and Mongolian historians, especially the most complex and controversial issues of military and diplomatic history. Most of the research is original and contributes significantly to the interpretation of the military conflict, its geopolitical nature and its role in the world history of the 20th century. A new interpretation of the role of Georgy Zhukov in the crushing defeat of the Japanese troops at Khalkhin Gol is proposed in the monograph of the military historian O.S. Smyslov. The author of the book made an attempt to downplay and misrepresent the participation of Zhukov in the historical events. The author’s approach to the cause of the military conflict is critically examined as well as the methodology of historical research. The author of the review believes that the attempt of a new interpretation of the war in the Khalkhin Gol area is controversial and historically unconvincing. The matter merits professional discussion. There is a need to make a special encyclopedia, “The Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939”, which will enable to avoid misrepresentation of the tragic and heroic military events of history of the USSR and Russia of the 20th century.

Politics, Music and Social Mobilization in Africa: The Nigeria Narrative and Extant Tendencies

The impact of music on politics in Africa has seemingly remained dominant. But the overall sway of the African political processes has also become bewildering. The panacea to the disconcerting results of these political procedures in Africa is the adequate levels of social mobilization, while music ostensibly mobilizes massively. This chapter thus examines the linkages among politics, music and social mobilization in Nigeria (the most populous African country). Framed on the hypothesis that the relationship among politics, music and social mobilization in Nigeria (Africa) is now downbeat and using the elite theoretical and the political economy frameworks of analyses, the authors study the intervening factors responsible for the observed gloom in what had amounted to progressive relationships among politics, music and social mobilization in Nigeria and the wider continent. The research setting is qualitative. The chapter delves into its premises through the historical and descriptive research methodologies and logical argumentation.

РЕАКТИВАЦІЯ КАТЕГОРІЇ«ПРОВІДНИЦТВО» В ЦАРИНІ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ОСВІТИ

Drawing on the methodology and methods of historical and pedagogical research, the author explores the process of returning to use the autochthonous concepts of «The Guidance» and «The Guidance in Education». The social and educational mission of the guidance in the historical past and modern national education is defined. Extensive material on the genesis of the concept of «The Guidance in education». The materials proving the intensification of the social inquiry into the guidance mission of educators and managers are given. The mechanisms of reactivation of this phenomenon are revealed.

The Role of Business Model Design in the Diffusion of Innovations: An Analysis of a Sample of Unicorn-Tech Companies

Innovation scholars have long studied how and why new products and services diffuse into the market following trajectories such as the S-curve and in accordance with epidemic, social, and information cascade models. However, we see today many new products and services, especially those enabled by digital technologies, which do not seem to fit the above-mentioned trajectories and models due to the incredibly high speed and virulence at which they diffuse. Moreover, the diffusion of these innovations does not seem to depend, contrary to what the previous patterns of innovation diffusion argue, on their technological characteristics or on demand-side factors, such as the word-of-mouth effect or the feedback they receive from their early adopters. Rather, their diffusion seems to be affected by the characteristics of the business model adopted by the companies that have created and commercialized them into the market. Accordingly, our study analyzes through the historical research methodology the business model of a sample of 50 Unicorn tech-companies, which have experienced incredibly fast diffusion rates and business growth and are disrupting entire industries. The outcome of our study is a framework that maps two business model configurations that explain the role of different business model design and innovation choices in the diffusion of new products and services enabled by digital technologies.

ГЛОБАЛЬНА ІСТОРІЯ, ВСЕСВІТНЯ ІСТОРІЯ І ГЛОБАЛІЗАЦІЯ

This paper is intended to describe and discuss the major concepts of global history, and to elucidate connections between global history, world history, and globalization. The research reveals that global history is a field of study and a methodology of historical research. These two concepts supplement each other. As a field of study global history is understood in two ways – a form of world history, based on some methodological principles, and a history of globalization. Global history appeared in 1980-1990s as a reaction on globalization, and it was influenced by its different concepts. Debates on globalization impacted world history, its themes and methods of research. Those world historians, who accepted the «global turn», began to practice global history. For the reason, the terms «global history» and «(new) world history» may be used as synonyms. A part of historians understand global history as a history of globalization. However, this definition is disputable because of numerous concepts of globalization and the absence of consensus on the issues. As a methodology global history consolidates different approaches, such as world systems theory, postcolonial history, transnational history, subaltern history, imperial history, and others. They share similar principles that include a rejection of Eurocentrism, an understanding of the past as an integrated unit, interdisciplinary approach, and a focus on connections, interactions and mutual influences that transcend borders (national, cultural, and others). Global history prefers some specific research topics that are trans-national and trans-cultural in nature, because in these cases it has the strongest explanatory power. However, as a methodology it can be applied to different scales of human experience, including events and processes at local, national, and regional levels by studying them from a wider, global perspective.

Planning Structure Analysis of Izium Town of the Kharkiv Region of XVII–XVIII Centuries Period in the Context of the Historical Town Planning Studies in 2018

A lot of cities located in Kharkiv oblast are in the Register of Historic Settlements of Ukraine. Among them, the town of Izium deserves special attention because of its rich history. However, Izium remains underexplored, which makes the historical research of its urban planning a relevant and important issue . Author presents his research findings of the Izium town area, which he made in 2018 being a member of the civil society organization “POG “Instytut Kulturnoi Spadshchyny” under All-Ukrainian Committee on Protection of Cultural Heritage of Ukraine, participating in the creation of the design and specifications for the Historical and Architectural Outline Plan of Izium in Kharkiv region. It defines the boundaries of the protected areas around historical monuments and historical sites and arrangements for their use. The purpose of the research was to study the historic and architectural processes that took place within the town area in the 17th-18th centuries and to determine the peculiarities of the local urban planning. The object of the research includs the area of Izium listed in the Register of Historic Settlements of Ukraine (dated 1639 (Serdyuk, Bobrovsky, & Kirilenko, 2011, p. 562)), the town plan and landscape. The urban space and structure of Izium became the subject of the research . The author followed the commonly used methodology of historical research on urban planning and historical landmarks preservation (Vecherskyi, 2011). The selected methodology of the research of the historical and architectural heritage of the town became the key success factor. The author examined the town area taking into account major historical milestones and key urban structure elements (industrial settlement, town, railway, town-forming enterprises, the historical center of the town, etc.) The author also used the methodology of historical and architectural evaluation of the city structure (the main criterion was chronological, the secondary criteria were composition and landscape), which helped to estimate the condition of the historical center planning. Based on the retrospective and geographic analysis of archival records, literary sources, maps dated 17th-18th centuries and on-site inspection the author studied the prerequisites of urban planning in the town of Izium and surrounding landscapes of the Siverskyi Donets river valley. The study of previously made research and analysis of historical maps helped to get a more comprehensive picture of the urban development processes occurring at different times within the area and dynamics of the town planning development. The originality of the research is in finding the laws of origin and evolution of Izium town planning patterns in the 17th-18th centuries and major peculiarities of the town’s history. The results and conclusions of the research contributed to the creation of historical and architectural outline plan of the city and the determination of the size and dimensions of conservation areas and specification of their use. The historical and architectural outline plan can be used during the design of the General Urban Growth and Development Plan and zoning of the town area.

Multi-Religious Affairs Under the Muslim Legal System: A Historical Study of Umar’s Transformative Approaches in Islamicjerusalem after the First Muslim Conquest (637CE)

For a long time Islamic Jerusalem (Bayt al-Maqdis) has seem to be a vulnerable region attracting attention from various parties. With the coming of the Muslims to liberate Islamicjerusalem in 637CE, the situation inside and outside the territory seems to have experienced various kinds of approaches. The first Muslim conquest of Islamicjerusalem led by cUmar (13-23 AH/ 634-644 CE) brought certain legislative indications, mentioned through cUmar’s Assurance of Amān (Safety) for the people of Aelia. Accordingly, this research attempts to examine transformative approaches adopted by Umar in implementing Muslim legal system within multi-religious communities in Aelia (Islamicjerusalem) due to the first Muslim conquest. This research employed inter-disciplinary research methodologies. While, historical research methodology is widely used to investigate significant historical facts and records during Umar’s period, Islamic research methodology is also be employed to provide a basis of Muslim understandings towards the implementation of concept of sovereignty. The study found that Umar attempted to implement the Muslim law in Islamic jerusalem with transformative mind and subtle approach. He always initiated changes with full respect for others’ beliefs. Umar had also showed a strong commitment to implementing it over the people of Islamic jerusalem away from any kind of oppression and maltreatment. This study concludes that Islamic jerusalem after the first Muslim conquest could also be the best model in representing the implementation of the Muslim legal aspects of sovereignty within the multi-religious and multi-cultural communities, where Muslims only formed the minority.

Analysis of History Materials of Teaching Book History of Islamic Culture in Islamic Senior High School

AbstractConceptually, Islam history with its special historiography characteristic has got scientific recognition that is not only in Islamic side. In the context of history of Islamic culture, it has implication relates to an effort for harmonizing between historical material with some lessons or morar value to become a basis for morality to then turn into the soft-skill development. Thus, several things relate to the exposure and the understanding of Islamic history at school, need to be stated in detail to become the subject for further research. The interesting thing to learn is the fulfillment of historical needs regarding chronological aspects and historical material testing according to some criteria that apply in historical research methodology. This research belongs to the category of library research. In this case , research data sources, both those directly or indirectly related to written material published in textbooks do not meet the standards of scientific work. The easiest indicator to see is the absence of footnotes, interpretations and looks only moving from the reference book. again, this is related to the motive for the preparation of textbooks arrangements which are intended for purely educational purposes regardless to material validity to then turn to conclusion that the history textbook of Islamic culture is very difficult to be called as a history book, in the level of books and historical literature, it is in the tertiary position.Keywords : Analysis, Islamic Senior High School, History of Islamic culture

ДЕЯКІ ПИТАННЯ МЕТОДОЛОГІЇ ІСТОРИКО-ПРАВОВИХ ДОСЛІДЖЕНЬ ІДЕЙНО-ТЕОРЕТИЧНИХ ЗАСАД РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ПРИНЦИПУ ПОДІЛУ ВЛАДИ НА ПРИКЛАДІ РЕСПУБЛІКИ ПОЛЬЩА

The article attempts to systematize the components of the methodology of historical and legal research, which should be applied in the research of the ideological and theoretical basis of implementation of the principle of separation of powers. Consideration of the components of the methodology of historical and legal research was carried out using the example of the Republic of Poland, which has a long history of origin, development and implementation of the idea of separation of powers and today, like Ukraine, is still in the period of its political and legal transformation from a post-communist state to a developed democratic state.

Data scopes for digital history research

The term Macroscope has recently been introduced as an instrument to study historical big data using digital tools. In this paper we argue the need for a more elaborate set of concepts to describe and reason about the interactions to select, enrich, connect, analyse and evaluate historical data using digital tools. Interactions change the data and are essential in understanding any subsequent analysis. It makes them part of historical research methodology, but there is little consensus on how these steps can or should be performed. Moreover, they are rarely reported and discussed. We introduce the term data scope as an instrument encompassing these choices and interactions. Elaborating on these processes encourages deeper reflection on and discussion of the interactions and their consequences for research outcomes.

Research of the source of comparative historical and legal analysis: issues of methods

The study of collected historical sources within the framework of comparative historical and legal research provides, first of all, procedures for their external and internal criticism, verification of sources for falsification, and the delimitation for the application of translated historical and legal documents. External criticism of the source is an analysis of the document appearance: paper, handwriting, determination of the time of origin and the circumstances of the appearance of one or another source. Internal criticism establishes its purpose, content, theme, task. It is necessary not only to know about the text, language and terminology, but also to reveal the ideological scheme, practical goals, political tendency of the document. External and internal criticism of the sources, in its essence, is an research of their form and content. Methods for counterfeits identification and critical analysis are closely related to the external and internal criticism. According to the methodology of comparative historical and legal research, the problem of forged documents is extremely important and topical. Any objects of historical and legal comparison are based on certain historical and legal monuments. Ignoring the problem of the existence of a large number of false historical documents and, consequently, the failure of the comparative researcher to identify at the early stage of his work a forgery among the main sources of the research leads to a complete loss of his scientific value. That is why a comparative historian is obliged to have basic general knowledge in the methodology and technique of forged historical and legal documents identification. During the comparative historical and legal analysis there is often a need to use translated historical sources due to ignorance of the original language of the historical document. In this context, it is important to understand that not all translated historical sources are equivalent. It's one thing when it comes to professional translation done nowadays, the other is when translation is a heritage of other historical eras. If in the first case, it is necessary only to be convinced of the professional interpreter skills that in principle is not particularly difficult to do in the modern conditions of the information society, in another, it is necessary to conduct additional methodological work.