Historical Representation Research Articles

Modes of exhibition: Uses of the past in Tehran art galleries

While emerging literature explores how organizations engage with the past, investigations of how complex relationships to the past influence mobilizing multiple forms of historical representation in practice remain scarce. The current study examines different relationships to the past to shed light on how their complex and at times contradictory connotations relates to the use of multimodal historical cues in organizational practices, based on a qualitative study of art galleries in downtown Tehran, Iran. We describe how fondness for, aversion to and conflicted relationships with the past coexist, and how and why actors use diverse historical cues to express these diverse relationships in practice. We add to current understandings of organizational uses of the past by offering insights into how and why organizations actively evoke and manage positive, negative, and conflicted relationships to the past, and how these relationships draw upon diverse discursive and non-discursive supports to organizational practices aiming at different yet complementary goals.

Activities of the state Authorities of the Russian Federation on the Formation of Historical Representations of student Youth in the Post-soviet Period

The article is devoted to the analysis of the dynamics of the Russian state policy in the feld of historical education of students since 1991 The process of forming historical ideas is studied in the context of changing ideological accents in the federal government’s policy and the global political situation In particular, it is noted that under the influence of political and socio-economic transformations, the historical priorities of the Russian government have gone from radical liberalism to moderate patriotism and “soil” conservatism These trends are reflected in both professional historical science and historical journalism.

Evolution of Root Morphology in Table Beet: Historical and Iconographic.

The Beta vulgaris complex includes sugar beet, mangel wurzel, Swiss chard, fodder beet, and table beet. Mangel wurzel and fodder beet are considered to be the same general crop type, with the former possessing lower dry matter content (<13%) than the latter. Mangel is likely derived from crosses between table beet and chard, while fodder beet may have a more recent origin, arising from crosses between mangel and sugarbeet. The table beet was derived from the wild sea beet, B. vulgaris (L.) subsp. maritima (L.) Arcang, with small non-spherical roots. Table beet is presently a popular vegetable cultivated for its pigmented roots, typically red but also yellow and other colors. Wild forms were consumed in antiquity mainly for their leaves with roots used medicinally. Beet is referred to in the Septuagint, a Greek translation of the first five books of the Hebrew bible, made in Ptolomeic Egypt in the third century BCE. A beet identified as Beta maritima is included in De Material Medicus of Pedanius Dioscorides written in the first century CE, and the first illustrated version of 512, known as the Juliana Anicia Codex, includes an image with non-spherical root. Beet is mentioned in several tractates of the Talmud, a sixth century collection of history and civil law written in Babylonia. Beta maritima possesses supernumerary root cambia, which facilitated selection of swollen rooted forms. The first colored illustration of swollen rooted table beet, B. vulgaris, can be found in the 1515–1517 frescos of Raphael Sanzio and Giovanni Martina da Udine in the Villa Farnesina in Rome. Swollen roots in Roman beet are illustrated and described in the 1587 French herbal Historia Generalis Plantarum of Jacques Dalechamps. Conically shaped beet roots are found in the market painting of Franz Snijders in the 17th century. Various spherical forms of beet root are found in the work of American painter James Peale in 1826. A complete array of beet root types is found in the Benary catalog of 1876. Modern, spherical beet roots were depicted in 1936 by the Russian painter Zinaida Serebriankov, 1936. Artistic and historical representations of table beet suggest that swollen rooted forms have existed during the past five centuries, but conically shaped roots were gradually replaced by spherically shaped roots during this period.

Intercultural communication and cultural transfers in the colonial context. The encounter between Pizarro and Atahualpa in 1532 ans its discursive representations in early-modern cultures

This contribution treats the historical representations of the encounter between the Inca King Atahualpa and the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro on november 16th, 1532, in the Peruvian town of Cajamarca which was one of the decisive turning points of the Spanish conquest of South America. After theoretical and methodological reflections on the relations between intercultural communication processes and cultural transfers in the context of the conquista, it focuses first on the various contemporary Spanish discourses on the event of November 16th, 1532, which represented predominantly an official ideological version of it. In a further step are analyzed the new 18th-century discourses, influenced by different historical sources, like the work of Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, which reveal very different ‘constructions’, based on a transcultural network of cultural transfers and intercultural mediators, of this event.

A Spatial Evaluation of Arctic Sea Ice and Regional Limitations in CMIP6 Historical Simulations

AbstractThe Arctic sea ice response to a warming climate is assessed in a subset of models participating in phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), using several metrics in comparison with satellite observations and results from the Pan-Arctic Ice Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System and the Regional Arctic System Model. Our study examines the historical representation of sea ice extent, volume, and thickness using spatial analysis metrics, such as the integrated ice edge error, Brier score, and spatial probability score. We find that the CMIP6 multimodel mean captures the mean annual cycle and 1979–2014 sea ice trends remarkably well. However, individual models experience a wide range of uncertainty in the spatial distribution of sea ice when compared against satellite measurements and reanalysis data. Our metrics expose common and individual regional model biases, which sea ice temporal analyses alone do not capture. We identify large ice edge and ice thickness errors in Arctic subregions, implying possible model specific limitations in or lack of representation of some key physical processes. We postulate that many of them could be related to the oceanic forcing, especially in the marginal and shelf seas, where seasonal sea ice changes are not adequately simulated. We therefore conclude that an individual model’s ability to represent the observed/reanalysis spatial distribution still remains a challenge. We propose the spatial analysis metrics as useful tools to diagnose model limitations, narrow down possible processes affecting them, and guide future model improvements critical to the representation and projections of Arctic climate change.

Revising Trauma Theory: Trauma as Identity Construction and the Discontented Self in Fadia Faqir’s My Name is Salma (2007)

This essay will examine the concept of traumatic identity in My Name is Salma, exploring theories of traumatic identity and their relationship to the self in Arab Literature, the social context of the text and its historical resonance, and representation and identity via the female traumatic experience. The analysis will seek to reflect upon the impact and convergence of feminism, trauma and post colonialism within issues like the construction of the self, belonging, and the juxtaposition of homeland and exile. This essay argues, in part, that Arab women writers embrace trauma in their texts, while simultaneously critiquing the effects of trauma on the construction of personal identity. In particular, the work of Jordanian author, Fadia Faqir, in her novel, My Name is Salma (2007), provides a first-person narrative of the narrator and protagonist, Salma, who defines her personal identity as constructed from trauma, yet who is unable to process, mediate, or overcome her traumatic past. As she nevertheless attempts to construct a coherent narrative of self, the character of Salma allows readers insights into her thoughts, actions, and the way she views herself. This essay asserts further that the types of trauma that inform Salma’s narrative of self also speak to the experiences of many women in Arab states, such as the social stigmatization of so-called illegitimate birth, the violence of honour killing, racial abuse, Othering, and the dire circumstances and suffering inherent in life as a refugee.

Internationalizing small-sized cities through mega-events: the case of Matera-Basilicata 2019 European Capital of Culture

ABSTRACT The paper is part of an ongoing thesis on the city of Matera (Italy). The research questions the effects and challenges of a double international recognition on urban space production: the mega-event ‘European Capital of Culture’ and the UNESCO World Heritage status. Using Matera’s bid book to become the European Capital of Culture, the paper focuses on the vocabulary used by the experts in charge of the application and questions the city models underlying the cultural programme. Through the use of an entrepreneurial vocabulary, the stakeholders of the Matera–Basilicata 2019 Foundation propose to transform the classic modes of bureaucratic management and the way of conceiving urban design. In this perspective, the challenge is no longer to invest in infrastructural components or public facilities but to create a new attractive image of the city. In this context, the Foundation in charge of the organization of the event acts as a company to promote new narratives and to provide new services for the city. The label ‘European Capital of Culture’ is therefore used to promote the city through a new urban vision, which reinterprets the local and historical urban representations.

Caminar con imágenes. Metodologías posibles para la reescritura de las historias

Las imágenes son potentes armas de resistencia y catalizadoras de la experiencia que nos permiten trabajar nuestro pasado-presente. A partir de la problematización del relato histórico y su representación, en esta propuesta vinculamos imágenes de registros y emblemas nacionales, e imágenes de las artes visuales con la historiografía, cruzando y entrelazando las especialidades con el fin de generar en sus vasos comunicantes nuevas reflexiones y conocimientos. Metodológicamente trabajamos en los entres, en la inter y transdisciplina, y mediante el pensamiento con imágenes que nos lleva a caminar entre sus lazos visuales.Para articular nuestra propuesta, tomamos como casos de estudio fragmentos diversos de la H/historia y construcción simbólico-visual, cultural-identitaria de Chile —ligados a lo “patrio” y ancestral— para, a partir de sus confluencias, así como de posibles resistencias epistémicas, revisar, construir y de-construir las narrativas oficiales con el fin último de contribuir a la articulación de metodologías posibles para la reescritura de las historias.

The origins of the negative historical representations of burghers in Hungary

AbstractHungarian historiography needs to review its negative representation of towns and burghers typical of the first half of nineteenth-century Hungary, as Vera Bácskai, a major figure of Hungarian urban history suggested in a paradigmatic paper. Starting from her statements, this article examines the historical narratives of secondary school textbooks and wider historical syntheses of Hungarian history published in the age of Austria-Hungary (1867–1918). The author shows that the burghers’ negative image was rooted in the political fights prior to the 1848 Revolution and the emergence of modern nationalism.

"'The Tragedy of the Punch Drunk': Reading Concussion in Australian Sporting Newspapers, 1843-1954".

Australian cultural attitudes toward sports related concussion (SRC) are understudied. Australia has a long history of valorising combat, collision, and contact sports, in which SRC is a common occurrence. It is therefore vital to understand how sociocultural and historical factors shape Australian attitudes toward SRC, in order to more critically evaluate the decisions made by athletes, parents, coaches, and others with regards to risk and brain injury in sport. This paper analyzed historical representations of SRC in Australian sporting newspapers between 1803 and 1954. Using distant reading, this analysis revealed four distinct periods of increased press discourse about “concussion,” which were subject to interrogation via close reading. Close reading revealed that concussion was being reported in the Australian sporting press as early as 1859. Further analysis revealed critical and scientifically informed discussions about the delayed effects of concussion in 1901, systemic critiques of sporting organizations' response to concussion in 1906, and evidence of a limited concussion crisis in Australian boxing during the early 1930s. The findings of this research show that concussion was not only being reported in Australian newspapers throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries but it was subject to critical and informed commentary that has striking similarities with current debates about SRC. Despite this, widespread systematic changes to Australian sport did not occur until recently. This raises important questions about the political and institutional factors that prevented a major concussion crisis from developing in Australia during the early twentieth century, and prompts us to further consider the distinguishing features that facilitated the development of the current crisis.

The Sami cooperative herding group: the siida system from past to present

ABSTRACT The Sami siida has been described as an organizational institution tailored to meet the dynamic demands of reindeer herding. Historically, it has been characterized as a relatively small group based on kinship. It was formed around a core sibling group and distinguished by a norm of equality where herding partners were equals regardless of social status. Moreover, it was informally led by a wealthy and skilfull person whose authority was primarily related to herding. One of the critical aspects of the siida was flexibility: composition and size changed according to the season, and members were free to join and leave the groups as they saw fit. This comparative study of the current status of the siida system in the Northern and Southern parts of Norway shows that the main difference between the historical representation of the siida system and today concerns a loss of flexibility. Only two herders reported to have changed summer and winter siida since 2000. Furthermore, while the siida continues to be family-based, leadership is becoming more formal. Nevertheless, decision-making continues to be influenced by concerns of equality.

Between Empire, Periphery, and the United States of America: the local and international origins of the Melbourne Social Survey (1941–1943)

This article sets out to test competing characterisations of early Australian social research through an explication of the origins of Australia’s first major social survey, the Melbourne Social Survey (1941–1943), and its historical retelling. It asks to what extent international social survey models, figures, intellectual approaches and finances shaped the survey, and what this reveals about the degree to which early Australian social research was defined by its position of global marginality. This article finds that histories of the survey have overestimated the influence of British survey models and intellectual traditions by paying disproportionate attention to its director from 1941, Wilfred Prest. It argues that a much more powerful inspiration for the social survey, and a new social research direction at Melbourne, can be seen in a trip to the United States of America taken by University of Melbourne Dean of Commerce, Douglas Copland, in 1926 and 1927. Planners of the Melbourne Social Survey were sure it would be ‘of major social significance’. Today, the story of the survey and its historical representation illuminates shifting forces that shaped early Australian social research, and contributes to ongoing debate about the way twentieth-century social science knowledge has been circulated globally.

P108 Representation of Older Adults in Nutrition Education and Behavior Published Literature

<h3>Background</h3> In 2019, the Society of Nutrition Education and Behavior recommitted to representing the growing demographic of older adults. One metric to assess this commitment may be an equitable representation of articles published in the Society's journal. <h3>Objective</h3> The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the historic representation of the older adult life stage in articles published in the Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior (JNEB). <h3>Study Design, Setting, Participants</h3> Research, research briefs, and report articles published in JNEB from 1969 to December 2020 were examined to determine the targeted life stage, including older adults (>65 years), adults, young adults (college-age), and infants, children and adolescents. Articles, in which older adults were included as part of a greater population, were also quantified. An "other" category included articles that did not target or state a life stage. <h3>Measurable Outcomes/Analysis</h3> The percentage of research articles, research briefs and reports targeting the older adult life stage published in JNEB. <h3>Results</h3> Of the 2,454 articles reviewed, 39% of research articles, 51% of research briefs, and 29% of reports targeted infants, children and adolescents. Articles specifically addressing older adults had the least representation and included only 4% of research articles, 3% of research briefs, and 4% of reports. Older adults as part of a greater population, were represented by 8% of research articles, 9% of research briefs, and 5% of reports. Of note, 37% of articles fell into the "other" category. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Historically, the older adult life stage is underrepresented in articles published in JNEB. Given the Society's recent resolution to increase the focus on the educational needs of a growing aging population, an increase in journal publications targeting older adults is warranted, and thus equitably represent all life stages in future issues.

Rewriting the Nation: German-Turkish Transformations of the Bildungsroman

Literatures arising in the context of migration and cultural contact are known to provoke the nationally confined canonisation of literature. While the view that so-called ‘migrant literature’ does belong to German literature and culture is widely established within recent scholarship, the literary means of claiming space in the national canon are still an under-researched topic. The purpose of the study is to analyse the literary means of claiming space in the national canon and thereby investigate the permeability of its boundaries. By rewriting a canonical genre of German literature, which is historically linked to the emergence of a sense of a national identity, the analysed German-Turkish texts are using the Bildungsroman as a frame of reference to articulate pluralistic national identities. They further inscribe historical representations that have been omitted from dominant historical discourse into the national cultural memory. While rewriting the genre, the texts participate in the actualisation of the Bildungsroman and thereby reposition its traditional boundaries. Finally, the novels express the need to renegotiate the concept of the nation as well as its demand for homogeneity.

Dual Memory LSTM with Dual Attention Neural Network for Spatiotemporal Prediction.

Spatiotemporal prediction is challenging due to extracting representations being inefficient and the lack of rich contextual dependences. A novel approach is proposed for spatiotemporal prediction using a dual memory LSTM with dual attention neural network (DMANet). A new dual memory LSTM (DMLSTM) unit is proposed to extract the representations by leveraging differencing operations between the consecutive images and adopting dual memory transition mechanism. To make full use of historical representations, a dual attention mechanism is designed to capture long-term spatiotemporal dependences by computing the correlations between the current hidden representations and the historical hidden representations from temporal and spatial dimensions, respectively. Then, the dual attention is embedded into DMLSTM unit to construct a DMANet, which enables the model with greater modeling power for short-term dynamics and long-term contextual representations. An apparent resistivity map (AR Map) dataset is proposed in this paper. The B-spline interpolation method is utilized to enhance AR Map dataset and makes apparent resistivity trend curve continuous derivative in the time dimension. The experimental results demonstrate that the developed method has excellent prediction performance by comparisons with some state-of-the-art methods.

Memory and Testimony in Extraordinary Times

This paper analyzes two parallel and opposed testimonies of mass annihilation in World War II: Primo Levi’s report of his gruesome experiences in Auschwitz, in The Drowned and the Saved; the testimony of the fire-bombing of Dresden, that killed 130,000 civilians in 1945, recorded by a young American POW, private Kurt Vonnegut Jr, in his novel Slaughterhouse-five. It is basically structured along the phases of the historiographic operation proposed by Paul Ricoeur – testimony and recording of testimonies; questioning of the records and written historical representation of the past – with the objective of drawing conclusions about the role of literature in keeping alive memories that might prevent further atrocities. Steppingstones include the urge to bear witness, the paradoxical links between victims and perpetrators and the choice of literary genders to convey messages. References are made to René Girard’s concept of the scapegoat mechanism as an explanation for the eruption of violence in social groups.

“For the Historic Record”: Memoirs, History, and Australian Political Culture

Genres of written communication do not take place in a vacuum; rather they are fundamentally influenced by historical context and socio‐political circumstance. In recent years, the political memoir genre in Australia has moved away from its tradition of personalised narrative towards a more assertive mode of historical representation. Drawing on empirical and oral history research, this article examines recent alterations in the genre as manifest in six political memoirs produced by senior members of the Rudd–Gillard Labor government. I conclude that Australia's embittered and combative political culture has driven changes in the aesthetic and epistemological features of the genre itself. This research demonstrates that the “trust deficit” embedded in contemporary democracies is manifest not only in the daily ephemera of public discourse, but also in long‐form modes and genres of political communication.

과거청산에 대한 이론적 탐구 - 이해와 치유의 (불)가능성을 중심으로

The Korean term “liquidation of the past” is itself a symptom of historical trauma. It requires clarification and theoretical grounding at a more fundamental level. Judicial judgments about the past, trying to get rid of the ghosts of the past, are supposed to clearly judge the truth and the lie, but the truth is still gray, and the position of the victim and the perpetrator is always relative. Therefore, the historical judgment is requested. Historians do not immediately determine the facts of the past as truth, but rather wander between facts and facts, discovering the strata of meaning buried in the gap. Understanding and healing the deep pain created by modern Korean history is not small task. The crime of the perpetrator and the suffering of the victim generally intersect at the limit of understanding, and both sides suffer from a fragmentation of memory. Complete recovery from the painful past is nearly impossible.<BR>One narrow passage to access historical truth is the contradictory and divided memories. Trauma is a wounded memory that is not neatly eliminated or tamed, but is repeatedly summoned to a place of endless questioning and reflection. Representing trauma unreified requires a future-oriented strategy based on historical judgment. “Historical representation” as a “political representation” is not just designed to neatly arrange human experiences, but to revitalize unrealized dreams and to open up the possibilities for the future. In particular, rediscovering the “human rights” of minorities as a repository of political imagination beyond the confines of nation-state is a way to respond to the voices of the deceased and to the historical truth.

Archiving the Leftovers of Science

Abstract In this article, I focus on digital scientific archives which are made up of the leftovers of science, such as drafts, obsolete instruments, photographs, documentation, etc. The artifacts exhibited in such collections were neither meant to be representations, nor objects of gaze, but means used to achieve scientific results. As they lose functionality, they acquire aesthetic and historical value and emerge as clues, traces of past scientific practices and institutional histories. Therefore, the ways in which institutions situate these objects within the archive, the vocabularies and metadata they use, bear testimony on the manner they present and depict their past. How do the digital archives of the scientific institutions represent their histories? To address this question, I analyse the subject metadata of twenty-five institutional archives, turning them into objects of distant reading. Quantitative methods offer a way to discern the discursive frameworks that scientific institutions tend to adopt: Do they frame their collections as cultural heritage? represent them as corporate histories? emphasise technical specifications? scientific value? big names? A closer look at the metadata sets reveals that, in fact, these very different perspectives intermingle and clash with each other within the archive structures: the logic of heritage is juxtaposed with scientific classifications, institutional categories stand side by side with natural objects, and minority histories with celebrity narratives. Discussing this interplay of discourses, the article frames the digital archive of science as a specific mode of historical representation, which gives rise to a new (and still political) order of things.

News coverage of the School Strike for Climate movement in Australia: the politics of representing young strikers’ emotions

ABSTRACT Since mid-2018, school students across the world have been leading mass strikes to demand strengthened political action on climate change. This article explores how young people’s political participation in the School Strike for Climate movement in Australia was represented in newspaper coverage over a 17-month period (August 2018–December 2019), with particular attention to the representation of young people’s emotions and actions. The analysis works with a corpus of 500 articles published in Australian national, state (New South Wales and Victoria), and a select sample of regional and rural newspapers. The corpus is read with affective-discursive attunement to historical representations of children and young people, the politics of emotion, and contemporary media representational politics surrounding climate justice activism. Four dominant characterisations of the young strikers are analysed: ignorant zealots, anxious pawns, rebellious truants, and extraordinary heroes. Alongside these characterisations, we consider how young people speak back to these characterisations, and draw implications for future research with young climate justice activists.