Historical Priority Research Articles

IMPLEMENTATION OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING METHODS ON THE ABILITY TO USE THREE MAGIC WORDS IN EARLY AGE CHILDREN IN GROUP B2 PARENTAS KAHARAP PALANGKA RAYA ACADEMIC YEAR 2023/2024

Character education acts as a pillar and strength of a nation in its virtuous character. One way to build character in early childhood is to get children used to saying simple words such as sorry, please and thank you. Three Magic Word is a combination of three simple words but has very important meaning for children. Early childhood is very important to teach. Teaching the Three Magic Words (Sorry, Please and Thank You) can educate children to be better able to know themselves by realizing that every living creature has limitations in its abilities and therefore requires help from other people (the meaning of the words sorry and please). The emergence of awareness in appreciating and respecting other people, and being able to accept the good and bad things in life with grace and being able to understand that everything has great meaning and needs to be grateful for (the meaning of the word thank you). The classical conditioning method was developed by Ivan Pavlov. Classical conditioning refers to a number of training procedures in which one stimulus or stimuli appears to replace another stimulus in developing a response, that these procedures are called classical because of their historical priority. Pavlov stated that the stimulus needs to be repeated repeatedly so that it can be called habituation. This research is quantitative research using experimental methods. The data analysis technique in this research uses a difference test (t-test). The results of this research show that the implementation of the Classical Conditioning habituation method can develop the ability to use the Three Magic Words in early childhood in the B2 group of Kindergarten Parentas Kaharap Palangka Raya.

Wireless sensor network security management based on virtual resource scheduling model

ABSTRACT For lofting the performance of wireless sensor networks, a lightweight gradient elevator algorithm model is improved using a virtual resource scheduling model and sparrow search algorithm particle swarm optimization algorithm. A new network intrusion detection method (SSAPSO-LightGBM) has been proposed to improve detection accuracy and efficiency. Then, the data security transmission level and user historical priority resource scheduling model (SDT-HRU-VRSM) are used to schedule resources to ensure network resource revenue. The results show that the SSAPSO LightGBM algorithm has a detection accuracy of 99.61% for Normal, 98.42% for R2L, 97.03% for U2R, 96.01% for Probe, and 98.41% for DoS. The SDT-HRU-VRSM model not only meets the needs of secure data transmission, but also takes into account the stickiness of increasing high-quality users. And according to security requirements, the number of virtual resource scheduling is increased, reducing the number of service network slicing instances and improving security. This model can effectively increase the attack cost of malicious users and increase network revenue, which is crucial for ensuring the security and efficient operation of wireless sensor networks.

Non-Western Agency in Refugee Humanitarianism: Turkey and ‘Operation Provide Comfort’

Abstract The evolution of refugee humanitarianism is commonly studied in terms of critical junctures. One such historical moment is the creation of a ‘safe zone’ for Iraqi Kurdish refugees above the 36th parallel of Northern Iraq through the 1991 United Nations (UN) mission known as ‘Operation Provide Comfort.’ The UN intervention is widely accepted as a critical juncture because it marked the beginning of international humanitarianism's extra-territorial phase. ‘Operation Provide Comfort’ brought a paradigm shift in the management of displaced populations by means of introducing “preventive protection” as a novel approach combining protection with control as the idea is to keep refugees in their own countries and offer them help without the need to cross an international border. The standard narrative underlines Western historical priority by attributing the preventive protection to a single source of ideas and processes stemming from the West. Drawing on postcolonial research, this paper argues for recognizing the agency of the non-West in the formulation and execution of the safe haven concept as a historical milestone. More specifically, it demonstrates the pioneering role that Turkey played through international debates and diplomatic action, which culminated into the new episode of refugee humanitarianism. The findings also invite us to revisit current explanations of the evolution of international humanitarian norms by showing the entanglement of refugee protection on the one hand, and domestic and regional questions of ethnicity and counter-insurgency on the other.

Five discoveries of Volodymyr Betz. Part one. Betz and the islands of entorhinal cortex

in the series of publications, which this article opens, we consider five fundamental neuromorphological observations of our compatriot, the classic of world neuroscience, Volodymr Betz. For four of them, we demonstrate the status of discoveries for the first time, for the other one — the giant pyramidal neurons of the motor cortex — despite its widespread and long-standing recognition, we reveal the limitations of modern knowledge and ideas. Two of the mentioned observations — giant fusiform, or spindle-shaped neurons of the cingulate and insular cortex and islands of the entorhinal cortex — are currently known only to a narrow circle of specialists; to the others two, islands of Calleja and signs of the columnar cortex organization, we pay attention for the first time. In this, the initial part of the series, exposing modern apprehensions about the structure and functions of the entorhinal cortex, we demonstrate the weight of Betz's pioneering observation of extraordinary neuron clusters, which are nowadays known as entorhinal islands, and prove the fact of recognizing his historical priority in the description of these amazing brain structures.

Gender Equity Commission Priorities: An Archival Study and Prospects for the Future

This research explores the priorities of the gender equity commission in New York City over forty-five years. Archival commission data was organized thematically to understand the history of gender equity and suggest future possibilities for gender equity beyond New York City. In our historical analysis, we see an expansion of the definition of gender and an adoption of an intersectional approach to gender. We identify four historical gender priorities: sexual harassment and violence, pay equity and economic advancement, health and safety, and gender recognition and celebration. To address systemic issues of gender inequity, we recommend local level administrators embed an intersectional approach in their policies and programming and move away from the commission model to one of a permanent office or agency. These recommendations will better equip municipalities with the resources to increase gender equity, particularly during COVID-19 recovery.

DNA Barcoding and Renewed Taxonomy of South American Clouded Sulphurs (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Colias)

The genetic relationships of the clouded sulphurs, Colias Fabricius complex of South America, assessed through a study of the COI mitochondrial part of the DNA genome (‘barcoding’) are reported. Barcoding tests used the Barcoding of Life Database platform over a set comprised of 181 specimens of South-American Colias and four outgroup specimens of two geographically closest Neotropical Colias (C. philodice guatemalena Röber and C. eurytheme eurytheme Boisduval inhabiting southern North America). According to the data obtained, all South-American clouded sulphurs constitute a natural concise group (monophyletic clade), characterized by large interspecific and moderate intraspecific mutational divergences in the mitochondrial part of the genome and peculiar structure of the haplotypes/haplogroups. This clade is largely, and with high bootstrap support, detached from the clade of ‘true’ Colias occurring in Eurasia, North America, and Africa, that stems from a joint analysis over the sequences received for the two groups of Colias butterflies. Hence, the clade encompassing all species of South-American clouded sulphurs requires designating a separate genus, Scalidoneura stat. nov. (gen. rest. per historical priority), which is sister to the clade encompassing all Colias species occurring in the rest of the world, for which the genus name Colias is used. Furthermore, among South-American clouded sulphurs (Scalidoneura) are three phenotypically distinctive species – S. dimera Doubleday and Hewitson, S. vauthierii Guérin-Méneville, and S. alticola Godman and Salvin (with the latter, ex-subspecies of C. euxanthe Felder and Felder, being re-raised to full-species rank: stat. nov., viz. sp. rest.) – which are very divergent genetically. On the contrary, the rest of four South-American Scalidoneura species (quite different in habitus, too) – S. euxanthe, S. lesbia Fabricius, S. misti Kir’yanov, and S. flaveola Blanchard – are almost indistinguishable in their DNA barcodes. In addition, for peculiar species S. alticola, separate on the phylogenetic trees among other South-American clouded sulphurs, it is worthwhile to erect Altocolias subgen. nov. within the genus Scalidoneura. The new systematic approach used in the present study, which is basically grounded on DNA barcoding and revisiting the subgenera concept for worldwide clouded sulphurs, deletes internal inconsistencies and controversies that hindered previous attempts to propose a stable system for this peculiar block of pierid butterflies.

Embracing Social Engagement in Academic Medicine: Ongoing Challenges and How to Move Forward.

Academic medical centers have historically been defined by scientific discovery for health advancement. However, the mounting challenges of modern medicine are fueled by the social, economic, and political determinants of health that predict vulnerability and accelerate poor outcomes. To surmount looming threats to health, the academic medical mindset must equally prioritize social engagement-work that directly addresses the systemic social causes of health and illness-alongside the traditional pedagogy of laboratory-based, translational, and clinical research. Considerable barriers still exist, rooted in historical priorities and significant funding structured to reward scientific achievements. Academic medicine has the agency to support elements of restructuring to help prioritize research, education, and training to more prominently include social engagement. Crucial steps to ensure the success of this process include prioritizing financial commitments to community-engaged scholarship and programmatic work and rigorous recognition of faculty who work on socially engaged scholarship within promotion schemes. The COVID pandemic presents an unprecedented opportunity for academic medicine to reflect on the breadth of the work we promote and encourage, work that reflects all the complex elements of health-those that can be documented in a lab notebook and those rooted in social systems and structures that we have neglected for too long.

Activities of the state Authorities of the Russian Federation on the Formation of Historical Representations of student Youth in the Post-soviet Period

The article is devoted to the analysis of the dynamics of the Russian state policy in the feld of historical education of students since 1991 The process of forming historical ideas is studied in the context of changing ideological accents in the federal government’s policy and the global political situation In particular, it is noted that under the influence of political and socio-economic transformations, the historical priorities of the Russian government have gone from radical liberalism to moderate patriotism and “soil” conservatism These trends are reflected in both professional historical science and historical journalism.

PEDAGOGICAL TEACHER TRAINING IN THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES AS AN OBJECT OF PEDAGOGICAL RESEARCH

The urgency of the problem is that the preparation of teachers for the national education system at the present stage of society is a special aspect, because the teacher is responsible for the formation of a free personality, which must not only have a certain stock of knowledge and professional competence, but also combine intellectual potential with moral consciousness and civic responsibility. The purpose of the article: to carry out a bibliographic analysis of the problem of pedagogical training of teachers in the Scandinavian countries. To identify areas of research on the problem of pedagogical training of teachers in the Scandinavian countries, we used analysis, synthesis and abstraction, comparative pedagogical analysis – to clarify the features of pedagogical training in European countries; prognostic – to identify research prospects. The article analyzes scientific works and documentary sources on the problem of pedagogicalteacher training in the Scandinavian countries. The directions of studying the problem of pedagogicalteacher training in the Scandinavian countries are singled out: pedagogical education in the European dimension, conceptual approaches to the development of pedagogical education, actualization of problems of professional training, in particular pedagogical. It is emphasized that the national systems of pedagogical training in Western Europe are original systems with their own organizational structures, forms and content, which are due to the specific features of their historical development and priorities of pressing problems of our time. In scientific research, attention is paid to the study of requirements for the modern teacher, which require a deep knowledge of the subject, mastery of advanced pedagogical methods and his ability to build a professional activity on a reflective basis.Professional pedagogical training is aimed at a specific area of practice. It is determined that the development of pedagogical education in European countries is based on the values of a rapidly developing society towards a multicultural community.

Training of pedagogical and research-pedagogical staff: international aspects

The article revises the issue of studying foreign experience in improving the professional development of teaching staff. Remarks are made on the need to modernise the system of advanced training of pedagogical and research-pedagogical staff. Updating the system of advanced training, the creation of new structures is one of the priority directions of state policy in any country; it is aimed at ensuring the professional growth of a specialist. The achievement of a new quality of education is associated with the reorientation of education for preparing people for life, for solving the issues related to guaranteed employment, for the requirements of a fleeting society and technological changes. Education is viewed as a lifelong process that needs not only to be corrected, but also changed and transformed. The main features of advanced training have been analysed; the peculiarities of advanced training intended for research-pedagogical staff in such foreign countries as the USA, Great Britain and Germany have been investigated. The author emphasises that postgraduate pedagogical education in these countries is distinguished by a structural diversity, a variety of content, forms and methods of education, which is grounded by the specific features of the countries’ historical development, national traditions and priorities of educational needs of research-pedagogical staff (RPS). At the same time, external factors significantly influence the systems that have formed in modern Ukraine: the processes of globalisation of society, the internationalisation of education, the activities of international organisations that accumulate progressive pedagogical ideas and put forward urgent requirements for its improvement. As the author notes, in Ukraine, the work to improve the system of advanced training of domestic RPS, as well as in other countries, is carried out in all directions, using modern forms and methods. However, the author singles out two problems: 1) unsatisfactory technical support; 2) some resistance to innovation due to the human factor. The author sees the further development of the subject in expanding the range of studied countries, studying the content of advanced training courses and in analysing advanced training programs intended for research-pedagogical staff.

Beyond the premise of conquest: Indigenous and Black earth-worlds in the Anthropocene debates

ABSTRACT This paper interrogates how the two major competing frameworks in the debates over framing our geological epoch – the Anthropocene and the Capitalocene – are unified in the reproduction of a Eurocentric assumption that functions to confirm the historical priority of Euro-Western geological agency, the corollary of which is the rendering derivative of non-European peoples as lacking in such capacity until mobilized by Euro-Western forces. Rather than assume that humanity in general, or colonial capitalism more specifically, has generated a novel geological epoch by disrupting the ‘natural’ temporal divide between deep geological time, medium run biological time, and human history, this paper argues for a more co-constitutive relation between geological, biological, and social space-times. Locating ourselves within an irreducible socio-bio-geological space-time, we re-encounter the earth as multiple earth-worldings co-constituted by Indigenous and Black peoples in ways that precede, and exceed, the hitherto understood to be ‘originary’ geological capacity of Euro-Western colonial capitalism.

The History of the Early Modern Period Turkish Armenians in Soviet Historiography

The study of the Early modern period Western Armenian or Turkish-Armenian history did not interest the Soviet-Armenian historiography much. It was primarily subordi-nated to the Eastern Armenian historical priorities, and occupied a marginal place in the Soviet-Armenian historiographical system. The absence of study on the Turkish-Armenian history in the Soviet-Armenian historiographical system was not an acci-dental omission, but the result of the political attitudes of the Soviet historiographical thought, which [the attitudes], since the Stalin era, had not always derived from the Western Armenian historical reasoning.

The development of biomedical gerontology in Ukraine – a historical priority

Celebrating the 30th anniversary of Ukraine's independence, it is important to remember the historical achievements of Ukrainian science, to honor the heroes of the science of the past and to draw inspiration from their achievements for the development of science of the future. In this regard, the history of medicine, as a special academic discipline, plays a vital role an important academic and civic role, as it helps to trace the medical scientific achievements of the past and draw conclusions about their strengths and priorities for future national and international growth and development. Analyzing the scientific strengths and priorities of science and medicine in Ukraine, it is safe to say that biomedical gerontology is one of the most important scientific and historical values and priorities of Ukraine on a global scale. There are good reasons to continue and develop this tradition, building on the strengths that exist, drawing inspiration from the past and looking to the future. Currently, the development of biomedical gerontology is becoming increasingly important for Ukraine, given the rapid aging of the country's population. The resulting economic and social problems are related to the aging population, which puts biomedical gerontology as a discipline that seeks solutions to achieve healthy and productive longevity, at the forefront of social significance, demanding further development and support of this field for the sake of internal national stability, and to preserve the country's international contribution. It is hoped that the outstanding history of biomedical gerontology in Ukraine, its honorable historical place in national development and international cooperation, will inspire further growing support and development of this field in Ukraine and abroad.

Remembering the Covenants in Song: An Intertextual Study of the Abrahamic and Mosaic Covenants in Psalm 105

Remembering the Covenants in Song: An Intertextual Study of the Abrahamic and Mosaic Covenants in Psalm 105

TEXT OF POLICY IN THE BACKGROUND OF CIVILIZATIONAL CONTEXTS AND SUBTEXTS AS A MISSING ELEMENT OF EDUCATIONAL DISCOURSE

Politics feels the steady influence of the civilization factor first of all and mainly because for various reasons the way of its existence prevents the careful selection of optimal articulation, argumentation and rhetorical approaches; instead of this, the civilization factor works not so much within the limits of specific and historical priorities, as in a much longer retrospective and perspective. Unlike politics, for civilization modernity is a minor episode, which becomes meaningful only in the context of some historical continuity and prospects for the future. At the expense of the closest possible association links with the civilization factor, politics tries to legitimize and raise its institutional status and ensure a respectable image. It tries to prove that it also works on the principles of historical continuity, and her argumentatively vulnerable memoranda are not without prospects for the future.

Infectious Diseases as a Factor Influencing Demography. Historical and Medical Aspect

Taking into consideration the forecasts that infectious diseases will pose a significant risk of increasing mortality, as well as shortening life expectancy in the next period of time, an assessment of the impact of infectious diseases on demography in the historical and medical aspect allows us to confirm the existence of uniform combinations in creating a counter-strategy for improving health care. There is no doubt about the historical priority of preventive measures. In this sense, the scoring of infections according to the rating of ''demographic tension'' fully admits the possibility of identifying a vector for improving the work on combating infectious diseases.

Craniosacral system and primary respiration in Chinese medicine

Introduction. Craniosacral technique and the concept of «primary respiration» is the most effective branch in modern osteopathy. Historically it goes back to the ideas of W. G. Sutherland, which was documented in the 1930s. However, when studying ancient documents of Traditional Chinese Medicine, some theoretical and technical details appear in the description of the craniosacral system. These details date back to the ancient period of the formation of the canon of Chinese medicine and are unknown to modern osteopaths.The goal of research — to clarify the historical priorities for describing the craniosacral system and its practical application in the clinical and hygienic aspect.Methods. We studied the canonical texts of traditional Chinese medicine and Taoism, related to clinical and hygienic manipulations and life extension practices. Authentic epigraphic material with a detailed etymological analysis of ancient hieroglyphs was used in order to determine the anatomical, physiological and clinical views of the ancient people.Results. The mention of the main elements of the craniosacral system and the description of technical procedures date back to the formation of the medical canon, i. e. before the 3rd century B. C. Real anatomical ideas about the structure and functioning of the skull, spine and sacrococcygeal complex, as well as a detailed description of «primary respiration» are documented in the medical and Taoist canons.Conclusion. Studying the canonical texts of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Taoist sources basing on the practice «Nourishing Life» can significantly enrich the «toolkit» of modern osteopathy.

Historical context, current status and management priorities for introduced Asian house geckos at Ashmore Reef, north-western Australia

Historical context, current status and management priorities for introduced Asian house geckos at Ashmore Reef, north-western Australia

The Presence of the Ascended Son in the Gospel of John

The Presence of the Ascended Son in the Gospel of John Markus Bockmuehl The Fourth Gospel distinctively articulates the shared Christian conviction that Jesus of Nazareth rose from the dead after his crucifixion and was exalted to heaven.1 As for other New Testament writings, that belief also raises the fundamental question of how this same Jesus continues to relate to ongoing Christian faith and experience. Where is Jesus now? Is he here or somewhere else, at a spatial and perhaps temporal remove from the lives his followers lead now? In scholarly and critical study of the Gospels, that rather basic question is further complicated, made more strange and complex by its methodological elusiveness. There are many possible ways to try and contextualize it in either ancient cultural or modern analytical settings. A century ago, standard approaches to the comparative study of ancient religion tended to focus on expressions of divine presence either in terms of "the numinous" (Rudolf Otto),2 of social ritual as expressing the power of society (Emile [End Page 1301] Durkheim), or in history-of-religions comparisons with providential or animistic conceptions. Today the comparative bird's eye view has for the most part surrendered to more focused textual and empirical study of the texts and phenomena in view. So, for example, one frame of reference might be Jewish, early Christian, and Graeco-Roman mysticism, on which a good deal of work has been done in recent years. Others have studied the role of interiority and cognitivity in specific religious traditions. There have been books on ascetical, shamanistic, and neurobiological aspects of ecstatic experience, especially in relation to the Apostle Paul. And a series of recent studies has called for fuller discussion of the role of religious experience in the formation of early Christian belief and theology. The broader theme of divine presence and absence has also repeatedly attracted the attention of scholarship on ancient Israel and Second Temple Judaism. A clearer methodological account must be left for another occasion. I do not doubt that many of these modes of characterizing divine presence are relevant to a description of early Christian realities: quite likely they are. This paper probes the focused and in a sense "dogmatic" question about how the Gospel of John envisages the location of Jesus after his earthly lifetime. How does the Fourth Evangelist handle the dialectic between affirmations that Jesus is present with the disciples or on the other hand that he has gone to another place? I am for present purposes not as concerned with abstract definitions of absence or presence in metaphysical or personalist terms,3 nor with a comparative phenomenology of Johannine religious experience. Instead, my focus will be on the Gospel of John's stated ("emic") affirmations about the presence or the absence of the post-Easter Jesus—the convictions that shaped and were in turn shaped by this evangelist and his community. The Fourth Gospel's manuscript distribution and especially its reception in the exegetical disputes and deliberations leading up to the great Christian creeds leave no doubt that this text had an inestimable effect on [End Page 1302] the formulation of Christian doctrine about the person of Jesus Christ. Among the company it keeps in the library of early Christian sacred texts, the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke are clearly paramount. Richard Bauckham and others have plausibly argued for John's knowledge of something rather like the Gospel of Mark in particular; and despite some useful criticisms, that view may represent a growing consensus.4 But beyond this there has long been a notable trickle of New Testament scholarship which would affirm the historical priority of John over the Synoptics,5 or even just over Luke.6 Others more cautiously propose stages of composition in which each stream of Gospel tradition influenced the other, possibly through the continuing interrelationship between writing and primary or secondary oral tradition.7 But rather more revealing than this Gospel's inscrutable literary relationships with other New Testament texts is its formative influence on early Christian belief. One thinks here of the prologue's exegetical pressure on the creedal language of Jesus as the only-begotten Son...

Styles of Sovereignty: Parataxis, Settler–Indigenous Difference, and the Transnationalisms of the Great Basin

AbstractThis essay shows how literary parataxis serves as an engine of transnational thought in the nineteenth-century North American West. I focus, in particular, on how Mark Twain’s Roughing It (1872) and Sarah Winnemucca’s Life Among the Piutes (1883) employ paratactic forms to present the Great Basin as a space where no single nation rules as sovereign. Amidst US settler colonialism, I argue, such paratactic aesthetics prove politically double-edged. While parataxis’ tendency to destabilize hierarchies allows the form to undermine US claims to sovereignty, the same deconstructive proclivity can occlude Indigenous political distinction and historical priority. Twain and Winnemucca respond to this aesthetic scenario differently, and their writing, consequently, presents competing conceptions of transnationalism. Twain’s unchecked embrace of paratactic forms yields a transnational vision whose emphasis on social movement and mixture proves antithetical to Indigenous sovereignty. Winnemucca, by contrast, employs a modulated parataxis in order to locate the transnational in collisions of countervailing polities and thereby better represents the political standing and agency of the Paiute people. Winnemucca’s accounts of her work as a translator, I further argue, suggest that amidst such collisions, political sovereignty takes a distinctive shape, as a relational and comparative project.