Historical Priority Research Articles

A way to approach the strategic decisions facing academic health centers.

Rapid changes taking place in the various markets served by academic health centers (AHCs) are forcing these institutions to make difficult strategic decisions that may change AHCs' historic priorities. The authors present an approach that can help AHCs visualize possible new configurations of their traditional services of research, education, and clinical care. This approach is based on successful strategic management methods from the private sector and involves a three-dimensional "topography of services" encompassing all possible configurations of AHCs' services. From among the many possible configurations, the authors discuss three in detail. The historic one, which they call the traditional model, is characteristic of AHCs that give high priority to biomedical and clinical research, have broad medical education activities, and deliver comprehensive, high-quality clinical care. In the future, this configuration will be rare, and two others are likely to predominate. First is the "revised" traditional model, which would offer "boutique" clinical services, biomedical research, and medical education for MD-PhD students, residents, and fellows seeking tertiary care or academic careers. The patient care required for undergraduate medical education and clinical research would be provided by partnerships with community-based providers. Second is the academic services model, which would focus on competitive primary and secondary clinical services, health services and operations research, and primary care medical education. The authors discuss the implications of these models for AHCs' organizational structures and faculty incentives. They conclude that the clarity with which AHCs' strategic decisions are made and communicated to faculties and the incentive systems that are selected to motivate faculty and to provide the selected services may ultimately determine which institutions survive.

Structure, Event and Historical Metaphor: Rice and Identities in Japanese History

In historical anthropology, 'structure' is often assigned analytical and historical priority over event/practice which is seen to disrupt a solid structure. This article presents an alternative vision - structure is in constant motion even from the beginning, and events and practice by actors with their circumscribed power sometimes articulate an inchoate structure and other times help to facilitate changes already in motion in the structure itself. Historical changes are seen as a result ofcomplementary forces ofstructure and event. The article also identifies some 'synchronic traps' in historical anthropology, such as an equation of myth and history and the use of 'historical metaphor' to synchronize history. This is done through a methodological comparison of a long-term study of the Japanese concepts of self and others - expressed through the twin metaphors of rice and rice paddies - with an analysis of the recent opening of the Japanese rice market in which historical metaphors played a significant role. Anthropologists, once the specialists of the spatial other, have recently made a serious effort to study the temporal other that used to be the exclusive province of historians,1 and have made significant strides in their effort to get out of 'the zero-time fiction' (Vansina 1970: 165) - the notorious 'ethnographic present' (Evans-Pritchard 1962: 146-54). In historical anthropology, for which historical changes and stabilities are of central concern, the perennial anthropological concern of 'structure and practice' has received a renewed interest. I have chosen to focus on this theoretical question by comparing a very long-term study and a short-term 'event' analysis. For illustration, a long-term study of the Japanese concepts of selves and others as they are expressed through the twin metaphors of rice and rice paddies is contrasted with an analysis of the recent opening of the Japanese rice market, demonstrating how a combination of the two approaches enables us to understand historical processes.

Demands of History: Narrative Crisis in Jude the Obscure

For readers of Hardy's poems or novels, the phrasing of history as the twitching of desire is so expected that it earns the status of signature. In this instance, Hardy's Christian God is responding to the pagan who complains of Gothic cathedral erected on the site of her boiling springs. Invoking historical priority, the Goddess implores Jove to remove the Christian temple; and Hardy's God addresses the demand with the sober, resigned account of historical deities as the perpetual?and perpetually unstable?projec tions of desire: we are images both?twitched by people's desires. The impermanence of faith is stressed from the outset, for the recorded exchange is not witnessed (Nothing was seen), but merely over heard, the fading echo of a song men yesterday sang. Compressed in these lines are issues present throughout Hardy's work concerning the demands of history and their consequences: the de mands placed upon history and the demands to historicize. These demands are more than thematic, for they comprise the very problem atic of Hardy's narrative and poetic project.1 The problematic is, moreover, doubly historical: throughout Hardy's work, history functions both as an object of representation and as the condition of representa tion itself. The double demand?and potential double bind?of history is marked in Aquae Sulis by deep uncertainty and ambivalence: the wayward and unpredictable course of desire, the fragility of the past, and the unstable status of the past as aesthetic object, as song. This poetic exchange regarding the status of history and its inscrip tion in physical sites is as emblematic of Hardy's prose as it is his poetry; and it demonstrates that the attention to historical sites'*

Ethnicity and Aboriginality: Case Studies in Ethnonationalism

Ethnicity and Aboriginality: Case Studies in Ethnonationalism Michael Levin, ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993. xiii + 179 pp. $50.00 (cloth), $19.95 (paper) Reviewer: Deirdre Meintel Universite de MontrealThis collection is based on a conference, held in late 1990, that took as its point of departure the propositions about ethnicity and nationalism made in a 1973 article by Walker Conner. The articles focus on groups having some claim to aboriginal status, by virtue of a historical tie to a given territory and, in most cases, a cultural distinctiveness from surrounding groups. A wide range of cases are presented from Canada, Malaysia, Kenya, Nigeria and Australia.One interesting issue that emerges from several articles is the international dimension of ethnonationalism in the present day. Audiences and reference groups beyond the border of the nation-state are likely to affect how identity and nationalist claims are played out, as Tanner notes in his article on the Inuit of Labrador. This theme is central to Nagata's article on Malays, whose aboriginal status (so unlike that of other groups described in the book) is privileged in the national context but irrelevant to their identification with Muslims from the central Islamic states of the Middle East.This collection also shows that the process of naturalizing language and culture, in order to assert self-evident claims to ethnic jurisdiction (to paraphrase Levin, p. 164), is fraught with political risks and contradictions, whether these claims be based on historical priority or on sheer numbers. For example, an ethnonationalist claim based on historical depth may be challenged by another group with still older roots. As Nagata shows, some Chinese and Indian families have been present on the Malay peninsula longer than some who claim Malay identity. One is reminded of Native Peoples' responses to certain historical justifications for sovereignty invoked by Quebec nationalists. Moreover, as Nagata notes, privileging one group on the basis of aboriginal status means discriminating against immigrants, not always a feasible or acceptable alternative.Furthermore, as Levin points out in his study of the Bette (Nigeria), ethnonationalism in one group can intensify the group identities of others in the same nation or region. This was the case for the Bette, a small group in relation to their Igbo neighbours, whose efforts to secede led to the short-lived state of Biafra. …

Drug Research

In this study we determined and analyzed the complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of a fowl adenovirus serotype 8 (FAdV-8) isolate and examined its pathogenicity in chickens. The full genome of FAdV-8 was 44,055 nucleotides in length with a similar organization to that of FAdV-1 and FAdV-9 genomes. No regions homologous to early regions E1, E3 and E4 of mastadenoviruses were recognized. Along with FAdV-9, FAdV-8 has only one fiber gene and with regard to sequence composition and genome organization, FAdV-8 is closer to FAdV-9 than to FAdV-1. Moreover, our findings suggest that FAdV-1 of species Fowl adenovirus A as the current type species despite its historical priority is not representative of the genus Aviadenovirus, and that FAdV-8 or FAdV-9 in species Fowl adenovirus E and Fowl adenovirus D, respectively, would be more suitable for that designation. Additionally, pathogenicity of FAdV-8 was studied in specific pathogen free chickens following oral and intramuscular inoculations. Despite lack of clinical signs and pathological changes virus was found in tissues and cloacal swabs of all birds with the highest viral copy numbers present in the cecal tonsils. The highest virus titers in the feces for orally and intramuscularly inoculated chickens were recorded at days 10 and 3 post-infection, respectively.

Behind the Eurocentric veils: the search for African realities

A contribution to the rapidly developing field of Afrocentric studies, this book is a thoughtful critique of Eurocentric traditions of social and historical analysis - principally Marxist and liberal orientations - and an argument in favour of studying African history and culture from a specifically Afrocentric point of view. According to Clinton M. Jean, there is a poor fit between European theories and African realities, and this disjunction has contributed to a tragic history of racism and colonial exploitation. He argues for the historical priority of African culture and for the acceptance of African communal structures as models for peaceful, nonexploitative social organization elsewhere in the world. This is not a dispassionate work of value-free social science, but rather an engaged statement of a position, designed to question the assumptions of such conventional approaches and to promote constructive debate. It draws on Jean's experience as a Trinidadian who received his professional education in American universities.

The Past within Us. An Empirical Approach to Philosophy of History.

Why do we interpret the past as we do, rather than in some other way or not at all? What is the significance of the fact that we interpret the past? What are historical interpretations? Raymond Martin's approach to these questions transcends both the positivist and humanistic perspectives that have polarized Anglo-American philosophy of history. Martin goes to the source of this polarization by diagnosing a deep-seated flaw in the dominant analytic approach during the period from 1935 to 1975, namely, the emphasis on conceptual analysis rather than the examination of actual historical controversies. As an alternative, Martin proposes an empirical approach that examines what makes one historical interpretation better than its competitors. In addressing how historians should decide which explanations are better, Martin opts for a case-by-case analysis of historiographical practice as opposed to establishing general criteria. His book offers several detailed case studies, involving such topics as the collapse of Lowland Maya civilization in the ninth century A.D., the fall of Rome, and the alleged historical priority of St. Mark's gospel over the other synoptic gospels. Originally published in 1989. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Mass spectrometry of alkylbenzenes and related compounds. Part I. Gas‐phase ion chemistry of alkylbenzene radical cations

From the vantage point of an organic chemist, many previously obscure fragmentation and isomerization processes of gaseous organic ions have become chemically reasonable reaction pathways. The term scrambling, used formerly as a synonym for mechanistic dilemmas concerning crazy atoms, has almost vanished from mass spectrometry literature in recent years, mostly because of the recognition of well-defined ionic intermediates and reaction mechanisms occurring before, during, or even after the actual cleavage of a molecular bond. The conceptual links between organic mass spectrometry and general organic chemistry have grown in many ways. In this respect, positively charged aromatic species have played a key role, owing to their inherent stability. The investigation of alkylbenzenes, in particular, has been a central focus of mass spectrometry since its application to the analysis of petroleum and gasoline in the mid-twentieth century, and has provided much insight into the intrinsic stability and reactivity of organic ions. Besides, and in connection with, the evergreens of organic mass spectrometry (e.g., the C7H7+/C7H8+' ion problem and the McLafferty rearrangement), new information has emerged during three decades of investigating the mass spectrometry of alkylbenzenes. This two-part review summarizes the mass spectrometry of alkylbenzenes and related compounds. Part one collects the gas-phase chemistry of ionized alkylbenzenes and part two describes that of protonated alkylbenzenes. This is in part due to the different relations to organic chemistry of the open-shell, radical ions (M+') on the one hand, and closed-shell ions such as [M+H]+, on the other. These two classes of ions also have different relevance to analytic applications of mass spectrometry. The radical ions of alkylbenzenes are discussed in Part I, owing to their historical priority and their broad occurrence in standard electron ionization (EI) mass spectrometry. Protonated benzene and alkylbenzenes (al

Technology and alliance strategies for follower countries

This paper starts with a simplified model and then modifies it with accelerated innovation process, changing comparative advantages, and emerging global strategies to explain the contemporary situations of international trade and industrial transplantation induced by global innovative product or product class, and the new challenges to follower countries. In order to explore the feasible strategies for the follower countries, this paper assumes the United States as a leading innovator and examines the historical experiences of Japan (a first follower) and Taiwan (a second follower) in their catch-up courses. The preliminary conclusions are as follows: 1. (1)The follower countries mainly relying on “traditional strategies” will very likely be unfavorably impacted by the new situations. 2. (2)The concerted national technological cooperative system and international management of foreign bases to accelerate “technological metabolism,” as Japan's experience shows, can contribute decisively to a follower country's rapid progress in especially process technology and appropriability economic benefit from innovation. 3. (3)The historical priority on process technology as suggested by Japan's successful locus should not be taken for granted by today's follower countries. New emphasis should be placed on product innovation, as shown in the case of Taiwan. To implement this strategy, the geographical deployment of innovation functions to and the international alliances with innovative countries are crucial to success. 4. (4)Aggressive joint efforts by follower countries, as illustrated by the close connection between Japan and Taiwan, can bring about extra benefit for participants and also shorten their lags behind the innovator and forerunners.

The Return of the Master: An Interpretation of Nietzsche's "Genealogy of Morals"

i) Nietzsche has taught us to be wary of origins, and to despise every account which recalls 'the origin' as the ideal moment of some essential value or truth. In the very first aphorism of Human, All Too Human, for example, he exposes the glorification of the origin as a metaphysical subterfuge. For he claims that one evades all the complex problems of historical emergence'How did reason come from unreason, or altruism from egoism, or disinterested contemplation from out of covetous desire?' when one assumes the conceptual and historical priority of the favoured term as a privileged origin which precedes all dissociation. In The Genealogy of Morals, Nietzsche tells us a story of Masters and Slaves to describe the origin of our most basic moral values. But given his earlier strictures against 'the origin', I think we have good reason to maintain an ironic distance from Nietzsche's account. Even though Nietzsche seems to praise the Master far more highly than the Slave, we cannot read the Genealogy as if it were a straightforward historical narrative which laments a lost origin. Nietzsche certainly does use the conflict of Master and Slave as an analogue to specific historical situations where, for example, the triumph of Christianity over the classical ideal is said to embody the triumph of the Slave. But as I will suggest, in a deeper sense the terms 'Master' and 'Slave' refer to basic modalities of individual existence, and in this respect they are 'types' which still concern us all. In fact, Nietzsche makes it clear from the very beginning of the Genealogy that in this enquiry the issue of the origin is entirely subordinate to the issue of value. And so he poses his guiding question as follows:

Reply to O'Dowd and to Tabin and Tabin: Historical priority and alternative interpretations.

Reply to O'Dowd and to Tabin and Tabin: Historical priority and alternative interpretations.

Reply to O'Dowd and to Tabin and Tabin: Historical priority and alternative interpretations.

Reply to O'Dowd and to Tabin and Tabin: Historical priority and alternative interpretations.

From the Photograph to Postphotographic Practice: Toward a Postoptical Ecology of the Eye

Since 1839, Western culture has conditioned its constituents to see in terms of photographic images. That conditioning, however, has not been homogeneous. One has only to examine the discourses that permeate photography to become aware of the fissures continually disrupting its practice. Thus, one of the principal dichotomies that continues to influence the historical, practical, and critical debate on the nature of photography involves its 'objective' vs. its 'subjective' foundations. Is photography to be considered a scientific or an artistic tool? Are photographs factual or are they particularly complex fictions? As the history of these debates reveals, the answers to these questions are relative to the practical uses and the discursive formations instrumental to photographic activity. There is, however, another position which can be adopted in relation to photography's historico-epistemological identity that has not yet been surveyed. This position can be identified through an exploration of an alternative culture delineated with reference to photography's modes of production. A culture of photography does not necessarily have to be defined in terms of the images that have come to embody much of its current historical and social value. Photography's historico-epistemological identity can also be defined in terms of the cultural dimensions of its process of production-after all, photographs do not simply appear; they are produced by a complex transformational process which might also be impregnated with symbolic value. In the following discussion, an alternative postphotographic practice will be described, and its strategic and practical consequences will be considered. This photographic 'counter-practice' will be introduced by an examination of a correspondence between a visual classification system and the cultural priorities expressed by the Judaeo-Christian myth of origins as presented in the first ten verses of Genesis. This correspondence will then provide a point of departure for exposing the authorial and deterministic foundations of all photographic images. The remainder of the paper will be devoted to developing a critique of the principal historical priority sustaining a culture of photographic images-a historico-epistemologicalfixation on the photograph as the most valued product

Foucault, the Present and History

oucault's historical work initiates a thematic of discontinuity.' That much is well known. What is less well recognized is that his work also implies a discontinuity in present social formation, a discontinuity that resituates historian's relation to past, that suggests a theoretical reorientation of historical discipline, and that calls for a reexamination of appropriate topics of historical investigation. Foucault's work enacts this second type of discontinuity, without fully recognizing and conceptualizing its contours and significance. The topics Foucault investigates exemplify a restructuring of historical priorities. Insanity, language, medicine, punishment, sexuality-these have been marginal topics for historians. By placing them at center of historical stage Foucault reverses fundamental theoretical assumptions of discipline, a reversal that derives its power not only from strength of Foucault's texts but also from a large-scale social transformation of second half of twentieth century, one that has led to what I call the mode of information. My essay will explore this theme and assess its value for historical discipline.

The Mission of Ministry

This article explores the missiological significance of the ordained ministry. It argues that ministry is a gift of the Spirit to the church in mission. Using the case of the Antiochene church and its missiological implications as a point of reference, it underscores the pneumatic-vocational nature of ministry and the concomitant requirement of a ministerial formation informed by the historical priorities of God's mission. Costas proposes three priorities for the agenda of the ordained ministry in the last quarter of the twentieth century: (1) to help the church address the challenge of those who have yet to hear the gospel and consider it an option for their lives, (2) to enable the church to respond to the cry of “the sinned-against,” and (3) to challenge the church to become an efficacious instrument and sign of human solidarity and Christian unity.

The Goodwins archaeological survey: Towards a regional marine site register in Britain

Abstract The archaeological examination of early shipping can together with related studies offer much information about economic and technological change during poorly documented periods. The Goodwins Archaeological Survey is a multi‐disciplinary group representing the disciplines of archaeology, history and offshore survey. It was established in 1982 not to investigate specific sites or known wrecks off the coast of Britain, but to initiate the regional survey of one important, and potentially highly informative area, the Goodwin Sands. This report is not intended as a comprehensive guide to surveying techniques in marine archaeology, but rather the presentation of a project that looks forward in the long term to establishing archaeological and historical research priorities, and encouraging controlled data collection.

Priorities in plastic surgery.

The study of historical priorities in plastic surgery must be based on established principles in the field instead of mere chronology. Examples of application of these principles to two landmarks in plastic surgery are given. The reader is commended to adhere to these principles in the study of other developments in plastic surgery.

Ultrastructural Pathology of the Cell and Matrix By Feroze N. Ghadially (review)

BOOK REVIEWS Ultrastructural Pathology of the Cell and Matrix. By Feroze N. Ghadially. 2d ed. rev. London and Boston: Butterworths, 1982. Pp. xx+971. $240.00. The revised and enlarged second edition of Ghadially's book on ultrastructural pathology is a superb work both in text and illustrations. It is concerned primarily with organelle pathology, while the practical application of ultrastructural studies in clinical diagnosis is demonstrated in Ghadially's second textbook, Diagnostic Electron Microscopy of Tumors (Butterworths, 1980). The book is consistendy well organized. The text is on die left page, widi die corresponding illustrations on the facing page. The book's 17 chapters are divided into numerous well-defined sections. The second edition contains a new chapter on extracellular matrix and 56 new sections concerned with various types of secretory granules, specialized forms of endoplasmic reticulum, bodies of lysosomal storage diseases, intracytoplasmic inclusions, and viruses. Organelles of neoplastic cells are not overlooked. Only a few topics, such as classification of vacuoles and use of the thickness of the limiting membrane in the identification of organelles and in die differential diagnosis of lesions, could be added. Most sections foUow die same logical pattern: definition, nomenclature, correlation with light microscopy, history, description, enumeration of previous reports with references and interpretations of lesions. The nomenclature in ultrastructural padiology in the past was confusing. A single structure would often have several different names, and, alternatively, the same name would be applied to different structures. Ghadially attempts to standardize the nomenclature by simultaneously defining and illustrating pathological entities. In this regard, one picture is certainly worth a thousand words. He selects and occasionally creates names that he considers to be most appropriate. Yet in a few instances , the terminology may be expected to develop further, particularly where die nomenclature is influenced by previous biochemical (e.g. lysosome), functional (e.g. intracisternal sequestration), and developmental (e.g. autophagy) terms. The book contains nearly 3,500 references. The occurrence of each lesion is documented by numerous references to previous reports. References to reviews are used when a widely studied structure, such as a lysosome, is discussed. This, however, obscures historical priorities of bodi discovery and development of concepts. The 885 photographs are well chosen to illustrate the lesions described. They are of excellent technical quality and high aesthetic value. Permission to reprint a book review printed in diis section may be obtained only from die author. 506 J Book Reviews Ghadially's book is more than an atlas and a reference book. In spite ofits size, it is a concise and easily understandable textbook. It establishes a specific terminology which strengthens die reputation of ultrastructural pathology as an exact science. Until recently, biochemistry enjoyed excessive prestige, while morphological investigations had to constantlyjustify dieir existence. Many important concepts in cell biology (e.g. autophagy, muscle contraction) are based on correlation of structure and biochemistry. AU the thousands of forms illustrated in Ghadially's book are undoubtedly associated widi yet unknown chemical composition and processes. The research biochemist should be challenged by this variety of structure and routinely include ultrastructural studies widi each biochemical study he performs. Zdenek Hruban Department ofPathology University ofChicago Letters to a YoungDoctor. By Richard Selzer. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982. Pp. 205. $13.95. Literature and medicine have always enjoyed a symbiotic relationship. Literature has often employed illness as a major theme and doctors as main characters. Suffering and healing are popular literary subjects. Likewise, many medical professionals have significantly contributed to world literature. The tradition of the physician-writer includes Rabelais, Anton Chekhov, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Arthur Conan Doyle, A. J. Cronin, William Carlos Williams, and Somerset Maugham. This plethora of dual professionalists may at first glance appear unusual, but upon closer inspection it becomes apparent diat many of the qualities necessary for the good physician are also necessary attributes of the good writer—such as refined powers of observation, dedication, intellectual curiosity, sensitivity, and compassion. A medical career is a window to human nature. As such, a medical practice offers an infinite opportunity to develop characters, plot, and theme. In recent years an entire corps of talented physician-writers have emerged, including Michael Crichton, Walker Percy, Robin Cook, and Richard...

The Ecology of Mutualism

Elementary ecology texts tell us that organisms interact in three fundamental ways, generally given names competition, predation, and mutualism. The third member has gotten short shrift (264), and even its name is not generally agreed on. Terms that may be considered synonyms, in whole or part, are symbiosis, commensalism, cooperation, protocooperation, mutual aid, facilitation, reciprocal altruism, and entraide. We use term mutualism, defined as an interaction between species that is beneficial to both, since it has both historical priority (311) and general currency. Symbiosis is the living together of two organisms in close association, and modifiers are used to specify dependence on interaction (facultative or obligate) and range of species that can take part (oligophilic or polyphilic). We make normal apologies concerning forcing continuous variation and diverse interactions into simple dichotomous classifications, for these and all subsequent definitions. Thus mutualism can be defined, in brief, as a -b/qinteraction, while competition, predation, and eommensalism are respectively -/-, -/q-, and -t-/0. There remains, however, question of how to define benefit to

Ciliary Body Reattachment Surgery

To the Editor. —We would like to draw attention to the historical priority in ciliary body reattachment surgery that has been established by Mackensen and Corydon. 1 In our article entitled Ciliary Body Reattachment in Ocular Hypotony, published in the FebruaryArchives(1981;99:278-281), this valuable reference was unfortunately overlooked. We trust that publication of this letter will be sufficient to correct this