This review synthesises historical and contemporary perspectives on formative assessment in English Language Teaching (ELT), examines common practices and benefits, and identifies gaps in existing research. Peer-reviewed studies were retrieved primarily from Web of Science and Scopus using the keywords ‘formative assessment’ AND (“TEFL” OR “EFL”), supplemented by the snowball method. Findings indicate that common practices include feedback, peer and self-assessment, portfolios, questioning, and low-stakes testing, with technology-based tools increasingly supporting personalised learning. Reported benefits encompass enhanced motivation, autonomy, and achievement; however, implementation is frequently constrained by limited teacher expertise, insufficient training, time pressures, and institutional cultures that prioritise summative testing. Professional development and supportive school environments are critical for overcoming these barriers. A notable gap is the absence of empirical research on formative assessment practices in Slovakia, underscoring the need for localised studies. Despite methodological limitations and the lack of new empirical data, this review provides a conceptual framework for educators and researchers and offers directions for future research.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the stages of formation and development of terminology in the field of materials science from both historical and comparative perspectives. The study traces the evolution of materials science terms in close connection with the advancement of scientific thought, technological progress, and socio-cultural factors influencing scientific language. Particular attention is paid to the gradual transformation of terminology from early descriptive naming practices to highly standardized and systematized term structures used in modern scientific discourse. In addition, the article examines the periodization of term formation as interpreted by the Russian, English, and Uzbek schools of scientific terminology. Each tradition is analyzed in terms of its theoretical foundations, methodological approaches, and linguistic mechanisms of term creation. The Russian terminology school is discussed in relation to its emphasis on systematization and conceptual hierarchy, the English school in terms of internationalization and borrowing processes, and the Uzbek school with regard to term adaptation, nationalization, and linguistic modernization. The development of materials science terminology is explained step by step, highlighting key historical stages such as the initial borrowing of general scientific vocabulary, the emergence of specialized terms during industrial and technological revolutions, and the contemporary phase characterized by interdisciplinary integration and terminological globalization. Comparative analysis reveals both shared tendencies and language-specific features in term formation, including word-formation models, semantic shifts, and translation strategies. Overall, the article demonstrates that the formation and development of materials science terminology is a dynamic and continuous process, shaped by scientific innovation, linguistic norms, and cultural context. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of terminological evolution and offer valuable insights for terminology studies, translation theory, and the standardization of scientific language across different linguistic traditions.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) was the first leukemia to be described in medical literature and remains one of the most well-studied hematologic malignancies. This review traces the historical evolution of CML research, from its first clinical recognition in the mid-19th century to modern molecular diagnostics and targeted therapy. Key milestones include the discovery of the Philadelphia chromosome in 1960, identification of the BCR::ABL1 fusion gene in the 1980s, and the subsequent development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). The introduction of imatinib in the early 2000s revolutionized CML treatment, transforming a fatal disease into a chronic condition with near-normal life expectancy for most patients. Second- and third-generation TKIs have since been introduced to overcome drug resistance and target specific BCR::ABL1 mutations, such as T315I. Recently, research has focused on mechanisms of TKI resistance, novel signaling pathways, and strategies to achieve treatment-free remission (TFR). Emerging therapies such as vamotinib, KF1601, and combination regimens are being explored. Furthermore, new insights into non-kinase functions of BCR::ABL1 and the role of microRNAs in resistance open additional therapeutic avenues. This review provides a concise overview of CML from a historical and molecular perspective, highlighting diagnostic advances, evolving response criteria, and future directions in treatment.

This introduction presents the second volume of New Perspectives in Global Economic His-tory, shifting the analytical focus from the trade connections explored in Volume I to uneven patterns of economic development around the world. It argues that historically global forces were invariably refracted through specific local lineages. The four contributions to this issue examine migration in extraterritorial Shanghai, remittance flows from emigrants who settled in the Americas from Spain, Ottoman poor relief, and US sovereign debt diplomacy. Togeth-er, these studies show that economic history becomes global not only when it traces interna-tional flows, but also when it connects transnational dynamics with local spaces. The broader contribution of the volume is to recast familiar topics as mutually constitutive dimensions of the global political economy.

Between 1853 and 1943, around 2.5 million Chinese people migrated to and settled in the Shanghai International Settlement – a British- and US-dominated extraterritorial jurisdictional enclave – consistently making up 98% of its population. Despite their demographic and socioeconomic significance, Chinese residents of the International Settlement have been sidelined in mainstream historical narratives and remain under-examined from a migration history perspective. This study quantitatively analyses the factors that motivated their movement with a provincial-level panel dataset covering 1885-1935, complemented by qualitative material spanning the century. It argues that while stability from extraterritoriality attracted migrants during short-term crises, long-term migration trends were shaped primarily by economic incentives rather than institutional or cultural factors. Engaging with literature on modern Chinese history and broader studies of the global Age of Mass Migration, this research offers new perspectives on nineteenth- and twentieth-century Chinese migration and aims to contribute to wider discussions on historical migration determinants.

Antonio de Tornay has been a subject of study in the last decade, in particular his medical work designed to treat the ailments of García Álvarez de Toledo, 1st Duke of Alba. Of the series of texts written for this purpose, the one named Opúsculo de cozinas stands out. It is an ambitious project that completes a consilium and a regimen sanitatis written previously for the same figure. The brief treatise was originally divided into five parts, but only the first one, on the subject of different types of meat, survives. It includes a brief section on the way to carve meat in the French style. The objective of this study is to reconstruct the intellectual figure of Tornay and analyse his work from a medical and a historical perspective. These texts, far from anecdotal, exemplify some fundamental types of Hippocratic-Galenic medicine in the vernacular, aimed at treating specific ailments by adapting them to the needs of the courtly elites.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death that can develop into long-term disability, causing significant healthcare burden. The last decade has shown laudable advancements in disease characterization, but challenges remain in injury prevention and in understanding the link between TBI and chronic neurodegenerative disease. Historically, animal models have been crucial in untangling molecular mechanisms of injury, but difficulties in translation have resulted in a lack of applicable therapies. The ongoing search for treatment has overlooked the potential of animals that experience repeated, high-velocity head impacts as part of their natural behavior. Addressing this gap could improve our understanding of acute and chronic effects of head injury and potential protective mechanisms. TBI, not just for humans is a thematic issue covering an array of topics surrounding brain injury and non-model species. Topics include a paleontological perspective of head-hitting in extinct species, a historic perspective on head-hitting animals and TBI, non-model animals in biomedicine, anatomical descriptions of exotic head-hitters like helmeted hornbills and muskoxen, and a molecular investigation of resilience pathways against brain injury in woodpeckers. Since prehistory, humans have observed animals hitting heads and wondered whether it resulted in brain injury. Using evidence-based approaches rooted in biology, we may better understand our own brain injuries by studying the animals that regularly engage in such behaviors. The untapped potential of non-model species should be recognized and integrated into the field as we continue to search for solutions to the neurodegeneration crisis.

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, remains one of the most relevant zoonotic diseases worldwide due to its dual impact on livestock production and human health. Although zoonotic tuberculosis has been virtually eradicated from cattle in a few settings, particularly in Australia, the disease persists in much of Latin America, Africa, and Asia, where it continues to limit cattle productivity and pose a threat to public health through the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products and occupational exposure. This review integrates historical, epidemiological, clinical, and molecular perspectives of bTB, with particular emphasis on Mexico, highlighting the role of wildlife reservoirs, socioeconomic factors, and diagnostic limitations in maintaining endemicity. Recent advances in molecular epidemiology, such as PCR, MIRU-VNTR, and whole-genome sequencing, provide promising avenues for surveillance and control. Finally, we discuss the importance of adopting a One Health framework that bridges veterinary, medical, and environmental approaches to achieve sustainable control of this silent zoonosis.

This article presents elements of the comparative research I am conducting as a visiting professor at the Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD) and presents collective contributions arising from the presentation that gives the text its title, delivered at the 33rd National History Symposium, held at UFMG in July 2025. We analyze works considered seminal for the development of historical writing and the memory of militants in revolutionary organizations who specifically survived "collaboration," which in turn was discussed as a form of repression and gender-based political violence applied through distinct strategies during the dictatorships of Chile (1973-90) and Argentina (1976-83). We discuss the development of this theme in the historical writing of both countries, considering the mobilization of gender as an analytical category in each case and linking the narratives to their historical moments of emergence. We hope to contribute to studies of the history and memory of dictatorships in the Southern Cone that avoid dichotomies and intertwine violence and resistance to understand ambiguities, contradictions of the recent past and their effects on the present from an ethical-political perspective of History.

This article provides a critique of Venezuela’s extractivism with an emphasis on its constitutional and regulatory foundations in historical perspective. Venezuela’s extractive legislative framework guided the country’s wealth redistribution based on oil rents, as a mechanism to enhance regime legitimacy and safeguard the interests of the ruling elites. We highlight the regulation of the oil industry throughout the two-party democratic period (1958–1998) and the Chavista ‘Bolivarian Revolution’ era (1999–present), under the ‘extractive legal framework’ deployed under the 1961 and 1999 constitutions, respectively. While Venezuela relies on an economic model rooted in an extractive logic, new dynamics emerged in the past decade that changed its traditional operation. These changes reversed a longstanding trend of reliance on formal regulation of extractive industries, coupled with dwindling state capacity, to extract rents. In a context of ongoing crisis, Nicolás Maduro’s government relied on unconstitutional and illegal measures, such as relinquishing control of oil operation to private actors – together with corrupt operations, and the development of informal arrangements to bolster the country’s flagging industry and extract rents. The government expanded extraction to informal and illegal gold mining, and established partnerships with actors in the oil sector, countering the constitutional principle of state-majority ownership.

This article explores how white marble, as a material charged with theological resonance and imperial symbolism, was strategically employed in the Palatine Chapel of Aachen to construct a sacred space that conveyed both divine presence and political authority. Drawing on the legacy of Byzantine architecture, especially Hagia Sophia and the Church of Sts. Sergius and Bacchus, the study analyzes how Charlemagne’s architects appropriated the aesthetics of Byzantine whiteness to evoke sacred light and imperial legitimacy. White marble, far from being a passive decorative element, functioned as an active agent in the visual theology of the chapel—its luminosity, veining, and tactile qualities embodying metaphysical concepts of purity, the Logos, and divine favor. The article argues that the reuse of spolia and the manipulation of marble surfaces constituted a conscious act of cultural memory, reinforcing Aachen’s identity as a New Jerusalem. By integrating art historical, theological, and phenomenological perspectives, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of how material choices in sacred architecture encode religious meaning and support ideological narratives. The interaction of marble and light in Aachen reflects a sensory theology that transcends visuality, engaging the body, memory, and imagination of its beholders.

Today, sport is an integral part of society. Permeating all levels of modern society, it has a great influence on the main spheres of society's life. Physical education teachers play a key role in shaping students' physically active lifestyle, which affects their physical and mental health. Physical education classes help to identify and develop students' athletic abilities. This publication presents a historical perspective on the emergence and development of physical education and sports teacher training from ancient times to the present. An overview of scientific papers devoted to the training of future teachers of physical education and sports is presented. The authors conclude that a modern graduate of a higher educational institution, his readiness for professional activity are indicators of the effectiveness and quality of the university.

ABSTRACT Collaboration between teachers and researchers for teaching development, as a form of professional development (PD), occurs at the boundary between their respective practices. Collaboration at the boundary poses challenges arising from differing purposes and contexts that must be addressed to maximise the benefits of such PD. This study examines and characterises the collaborative process through which boundary-specifying objects (BSOs), artefacts serving both practices, are developed through boundary-negotiating objects (BNOs), and artefacts mediate negotiation. Fourteen video-recorded meetings from a year-long teacher–researcher collaboration in mathematics were analysed from a Cultural Historical Activity Theory perspective. Findings indicate that developing BSOs involves three negotiation phases where teachers and researchers negotiate a shared understanding of: (1) conceptual knowledge, (2) how students’ conceptual knowledge can be identified and assessed, and (3) progression in conceptual knowledge. The results identify 16 BNOs and their interactions in these negotiation phases and classify them into three functional types: BNOs for introduction and exchange, BNOs for exploration and extension, and BNOs for visualisation and structure. These functional types appear in a chronological order. The results highlight how BNOs enable teachers and researchers to align perspectives, making professional development more effective. The usability, accessibility, and recursiveness of artefacts are discussed.

ABSTRACT This piece explores North Korea’s narrative about the onset of the Korean War, in which Pyongyang portrays itself as a heroic victim repelling the South’s aggression. The article uncovers the roots of this myth, suggesting that it originated not as a premediated fabrication but as an impromptu decision by Kim Il-sung. While the main ‘Southern Aggression’ narrative is top-down, nuanced variations emerge from individuals within DPRK state history institutions. The article also proposes that Western publications, notably I. F. Stone’s, may have influenced deviations in the North Korean account, adding layers to this intriguing historical perspective.

ABSTRACT In this article we aim to qualify to what extent secondary teachers are predisposed to implement multiperspectivity in their teaching of Quebec and Canadian history, as well as if and how they relate to a decolonial indigenisation paradigm in education. Drawing on interviews and synthesised profiles which illustrate a variety of postures, five thematic case study analyses have been conducted to describe history teachers’ discourse on including Indigenous perspectives and what is their potential in being decolonial change-agents. We observe teachers are generally willing to address Indigenous perspectives and are generally aware they are not sufficiently represented in their teaching. However, despite a relative development of multiperspectivity, no one declared decolonial practices. We highlight which elements incapacitate and limit teachers regarding this aim, such as how they say they teach, manifest awareness of colonialism, show willingness to include a plurality of historical perspectives, conceive the situatedness of their own perspective and relate to practical considerations such as classroom composition and curricula. Our results point to the need to strengthen the training of history teachers, in terms of predisposition to multiperspectivity, knowledge of Indigenous perspectives and decolonial aims in history teaching.

ABSTRACT Evangelical Christians in the U.S. are a unique population with tremendous socio-political influence. While evangelicals have a unique interest in foster care and adoption, little social work scholarship explores intersections between evangelicalism and child welfare. Through an integrative literature review of 11 historical articles discussing evangelical Christianity and child welfare social work, I found the scholarship as a whole tended to emphasize evangelical Christians’ good intentions and deeds, while only limitedly discussing white supremacy, xenophobia, and settler colonialism. In light of these findings, I discuss potential implications and offer three invitations for further exploring this line of inquiry.

Impact of gender on cancer care: a global and historic perspective.

Stem cell transplantation and gene therapy for telomere biology disorders: Historical perspective, current approaches, and emerging strategies.

Water shapes institutions, communities, and cultural heritage through physical waterways and social relationships with water. Study of this water-community entanglement shows that human activity and climate processes are transforming “water heritage,” including canals, irrigation systems, ponds, and cultural knowledge. On the Colorado Plateau, waterscapes have long supported Indigenous and settler agricultural and water-harvesting practices. A historical perspective demonstrates the central role of water heritage in forming, sustaining, and reshaping communities over time. Drawing primarily on ethnohistoric evidence, this paper traces how community relationships with water have changed since early European arrival in the eighteenth century. We argue that a water heritage framework integrating tangible and intangible elements reveals how water management and social relationships have been historically structured, and continue to structure plateau communities. Using Blanding, Utah, as a case study, we show that despite demographic and social changes, enduring relationships with water continue to shape identity and culture.

BackgroundResearch has emphasized the importance of helping children develop understandings of death that are conceptually healthy accurate and emotionally supportive. Yet, open conversations about death remain stigmatized, particularly with children. Nonetheless, children express curiosity and a desire to discuss and understand death. Adults, however, report having feelings of discomfort and being too unqualified to facilitate these dialogues. Because adults may believe these discussions are unnecessary, there is a need to clarify the depth of children's knowledge of death.Study AimsThis review sought to clarify what children understand about death and how they come to learn about it.ResultsFindings suggest that children develop an understanding of death through several key components across childhood. There are three core dimensions widely agreed upon in the literature: (1) biological cessation, (2) irreversibility, and (3) universality. There are also additional components that remain more actively explored and less consistently established. These include (4) applicability, (5) personal mortality, (6) causality, and (7) noncorporeal continuation. This knowledge may be acquired naturally through cognitive development and can also be shaped by direct exposure (e.g., the death of a loved one or pet) and/or indirect experiences (e.g., media depictions). When learned indirectly and without guidance, there is an increased risk of children formulating inaccurate or distressing attitudes toward death.ImplicationsBuilding on these insights, we offer developmentally adapted approaches for supporting children's understanding of death within pedagogical settings.