Historical Analogies Research Articles

ПАТОГЕННІСТЬ ЯК ОСОБЛИВІСТЬ НОВИННОГО ДИСКУРСУ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ТЕЛЕКАНАЛІВ: РІВЕНЬ ЗМІСТУ

<p><strong><em>Relevance of the study.</em></strong><em> Today, in the period of psychological and information wars, it is timely to identify pathogenic texts in the mass information actively distributed in the Ukrainian television media space. The purpose of the research is to analyse the pathogenic text as a means of manipulation in the news discourse of Ukrainian national TV channels at the content level. </em></p><p><strong><em>Methodology.</em></strong><em> During the research problem-thematic, descriptive-analytical, comparative methods, analysis of Ukrainian scientific works devoted to the problem of pathogenic text, its features, criteria, types, methods of influencing recipients, ways of neutralizing pathogenicity were used; synthesis of received scientific information.</em></p><p><strong><em>Results.</em></strong><em> As a result of the analysis of news broadcasts of national TV channels, it was found that signs of pathogenicity can be hidden in the content and form. Dominants of content include direct verbal expression of harmful content and subtext. At this level consciously or unconsciously various tools of manipulative and therefore pathogenic influence are used: the use of myths, stereotypes, historical analogies, labelling, creating contrasts, intimidation, overgeneralization, hints, the last word, etc., which significantly increases the level of pathogenicity of news discourse. Pathogenic texts have a harmful effect on recipients, cause satisfaction or dissatisfaction, mixed emotions; their negative effect is manifested through the development of dependence on a certain person, idea, fear, generation of myths, stereotypes, etc. Pathogenic texts can contribute to the marginalization of society, dull the ability to think critically, and divert attention from important problems.</em></p><p><strong><em>The scientific novelty</em></strong><em> of the article lies in the fact that for the first time an attempt was made to systematically analyze the pathogenic text as a means of manipulation in the news discourse of Ukrainian national TV channels («1+1», «Inter», «ICTV») for five years at the content level, the techniques are described influence on the audience.</em></p><p><strong><em>Practical meaning. </em></strong><em>The results of the study can be used to develop measures regarding the environmental friendliness of the Ukrainian media space and the development of critical thinking of the viewing audience.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> media, television, pathogenic content, manipulation, level of content.</em></p>

Creative destruction in academia: a time to reimagine practices in alignment with sustainability values

AbstractAcademia has experienced acceleration and expansion in parallel with the Great Acceleration, which has shaped the Anthropocene. Among other pressures, the expectation to be internationally mobile conflicts with many values held by sustainability scholars and results in disillusionment. The changes in the academic system can be seen through the framework of the adaptive cycle, which can help us understand historical parallels and shape the system to better align with sustainability values in future. We hope this piece can contribute to the discussion of the next steps forward to reimagine academia.

China's rise and the reshaping of sovereign debt relief

Abstract China has become the world's largest bilateral creditor to low- and middle-income countries, and yet its participation in collective debt-relief frameworks led by western multilateral institutions—the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the Paris Club—has not met those institutions' expectations. Prevailing discussion perceives China's ‘reserved’ participation as free-riding on or contesting the international sovereign debt regime. This article advances ongoing discussion by drawing a historical parallel between China's current debt-relief approach and that of the United States and the multilateral institutions during and after the debt crisis of the 1980s. The article finds that towards the end of the 1980s, the US transitioned from practicing a new money approach—continued financing for existing projects—to a haircut approach—increasingly writing off debts. Around the same time, multilateral institutions started to become more acceptive of debt forgiveness. Yet China's policy banks, the main financiers of its overseas projects, have been primarily practising a commercially oriented, new money approach. China's rise has therefore revitalized an approach that western private banks once commonly practised and weakened the current international sovereign debt regime that took shape in the post-1980s decades.

THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE PROJECT OF UKRAINIAN PHILOSOPHY AND ITS "LEXICON OF UNTRANSLATABLES"

The illustrations of the translation of "untranslatables" considered in the article prove the idea that they are not an inconvenience, but a form of enrichment of philosophy, which formats the line of its cumulative development through the production of concepts (Gilles Deleuze, Felix Guattari "What is philosophy?"), as a way of existence of modern philosophy. The concept is determined not only by tradition and the ability to use the "lexicon of untranslatables", but also by language, cultural and political contexts. We substantiate the thesis that the format of the concept dismantles the idea of ​​such a philosophy that is able to speak only in universal languages ​​and emphasize the importance of local philosophies, to which the Ukrainian one belongs. Such importance is manifested in the fact that: national philosophies demonstrate local features of European philosophy; is the transformation and approbation of its ideas in national contexts; creates that "lexicon of untranslatables", the mastery of which teaches philosophy to speak national languages; the national language acquires the ability to become a means of expressing philosophical ideas (Dmytro Chyzhevsky, Oleksander Potebnia); the "lexicon of untranslatables" is modified by the dominant values ​​of the time, embodied in the mentality and culture of the people. The historical examples and analogies given in the text of the objective symbolic fixation of the translation of philosophical terms in national languages ​​allow us to clarify the options of the linguistic prerequisites of philosophical theories expressed in national languages, and are an argument against the monolingualism of philosophy. The modern translation of "untranslatables" works within the epistemological field of the philosophy of language, shifting the focus from the language code to the discourse, the latter is not a necessary condition for understanding the language, but is a source of destruction of communication or development of those rules, following which makes communication effective. Rejecting the universalist approach and focusing on national strategies, we consider language as a primary source that "pressures" the philosopher, which means that it implies a critique of traditional linguistic ideas about language. The trending topic is the concepts of cultural imperialism, which with the beginning of Russia's aggression against Ukraine became a fact of life for Ukrainians, and the Ukrainian language turned into a weapon of support for this aggression.

Историко-культурные связи Ирана и России через восприятие духовно-нравственных концептов воспитания молодежи на примере коранической поэзии И.А. Бунина первой четверти 20 в.

In the general spectrum of cultural cooperation between Iran and Russia, a special place belongs to the problems of educating the younger generation. The rich spiritual and artistic heritage of the two countries, common historical parallels, traditional worldview ideals contribute to the formation of the civic identity of young people, the harmonious development of the individual. Philosopher, thinker, poet, true patriot of his Motherland – I.A. Bunin was subtly aware of the Eurasianism of his country, which was reflected in the awareness of the national identity and rich cultural heritage of Russia through the prism of understanding world religions. The article provides a structural and semantic analysis of several poems by I.A. Bunin, thanks to the use of appropriate mystical images referring to the text of the Koran. The poet, based on religious and mystical (Muslim) traditions and legends, which, in turn, have a connection with other cultures (Christian, Jewish, etc.), depicts the Day of Judgment. Particular attention is also paid to the motif of the Day of Judgment in Islamic mysticism (Sufism). The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the authors reveal the motif of the Day of Judgment in the artistic system of I.A. Bunin influence of socio-political events of the first half of the XX century. Based on the foregoing, the article attempts to analyze and identify the main spiritual and moral concepts of the Nobel Prize winner, nicknamed “Righteous Among the Nations”, relevant in a poly-confessional and multi-ethnic human society at different stages.

The associations between exclusive collective victim beliefs and negative attitudes toward the EU

The present study investigated the effects of historical exclusive collective victim beliefs (i.e., the perceived uniqueness and severity of the ingroup’s past suffering) on attitudes toward the European Union. Three cross-sectional online surveys (total N = 729) tested the hypothesis that historical exclusive victim beliefs are related to negative EU attitudes. We also hypothesized that the associations between exclusive victim beliefs and EU attitudes are mediated by the perceived similarities between the EU and former perpetrators, belief in the existence of victimhood-related conspiracies against the ingroup, and perceived lack of acknowledgment of the ingroup’s victimization by the EU. Study 1 demonstrated, Study 2 and Study 3 directly and conceptually replicated the mediating role of perceived similarities between the EU and former perpetrators, suggesting that historical analogies provide orientation for contemporary group members. Additionally, in Study 2, we obtained evidence for the mediating role of the belief in the existence of an EU-related conspiracy against Hungary as a mediator, and in Study 3, for the mediating role of the perceived lack of acknowledgment of the ingroup’s victimization by the EU. The findings have theoretical and practical implications regarding the role of historical victim beliefs in formulating present-day attitudes.

Historical Events as ‘Magic Yarn Balls’

Abstract Historical analogies are widely invoked to characterize contemporary events. As we argue that historians should play a central role in assessing these analogies, or at least, that history should offer organized models to think about them, we present a framework for productively engaging with historical analogies in the public debate, policy discussions and elsewhere. First, we introduce the ‘magic yarn ball’ as a central metaphor to capture the textured complexity of historical phenomena in terms of similarity and difference. Second, we propose a general framework inspired by this metaphor to engage with historical analogies, centered on interrogation, individuation, and prospection. We apply our model by assessing analogies between the appointment of Adolf Hitler as chancellor of Germany in 1933 and the inauguration of US president Donald Trump in 2017.

Data Science as an Interdiscipline: Historical Parallels from Information Science

Data Science as an Interdiscipline: Historical Parallels from Information Science

Ukrainian Architects of the Baroque Age: Algorithms of the Worldview Development

The article raises the problem of the artistic worldviews divergence of the artist (architect) and the commissioner of the construction. It is argued that the problem occurred due to the insufficient influence of aesthetic culture on the educational field in general and in particular, on primary and secondary education. In order to draw corresponding historical parallels, the subject matter of this paper is the Baroque era and the interaction of contemporary architects and commissioners. It is hypothesized that the commonality of artistic worldviews in this tandem was a key reason for its success. Therefore, identifying and investigating the formative factors of a common worldview of the educated circles of the Baroque era may be projected to modern times as an illustrative example of socially relevant architecture. A wide range of approaches was used asthe problem was considered within the axis of“culture—education—society” and in various aspects. The scope of identified factors determined the interdisciplinary nature of the study

Justice, Power and Society – Historical Parallels

Justice, Power and Society – Historical Parallels

Sensitivity of the pseudo-global warming method under flood conditions: a case study from the northeastern US

Abstract. Intensified extreme precipitation and corresponding floods are the most relevant consequences of climate change over the northeastern US (NEUS). To evaluate the impacts of climate change or certain climate perturbations on future extreme weather events which are dynamically similar to historic analogs, the pseudo-global warming (PGW) method has been frequently employed; however, this method lacks precise definition and guidelines, thus limiting its application. More specifically, three key questions related to the application of the PGW method remain unanswered: at what spatial scale should climate perturbations be applied? Among the different meteorological variables available, which ones should be perturbed? And will PGW projections vary significantly when different perturbations are applied? To address these questions, we examine the sensitivity and robustness of conclusions drawn from the PGW method over the NEUS by conducting multiple PGW experiments with varied perturbation spatial scales and choice of perturbed meteorological variables. The results show that the projections of precipitation and other essential variables at the regional mean scale are consistent across the PGW simulations, with a relative difference of much less than 10 %; however, different perturbation modifications can cause significant displacements of the storm events being simulated. Several previously assumed advantages of modifying only the temperature at regional mean scale, such as the preservation of geostrophic balance, do not appear to hold. Also, for these experiments, we find the regional mean perturbation produces a positive precipitation bias because it ignores the land–ocean warming contrast, which is a robust regional response to global warming. Overall, PGW experiments with perturbations from temperature or the combination of temperature and wind at the grid point scale are both recommended, depending on the research questions. The first approach can isolate the spatially dependent thermodynamic impact, and the latter incorporates both the thermodynamic and dynamic impacts.

Revisiting Sebastian Haffner’s memoir Geschichte eines Deutschen in the Context of Contemporary Political Trends

Recent years have seen an authoritarian turn on a global scale which has stoked worries about the future of democracy and its institutions. Commentators, particularly in the United States, have made widespread comparisons with the 1920s and 1930s that bred fascism. Via a primary focus on a close reading of the fragmentary memoir Geschichte eines Deutschen by Sebastian Haffner (1907–1999), this article problematizes the drawing of historical analogies and assesses their validity and utility. Re-reading Haffner points to significant differences and also certain parallels between the experience of Weimar Germany and the political landscape of the present-day United States.

Viktoriia Lukianets: Ascending Opera Olympus

The purpose of the research is to highlight the creative achievements of Ukrainian opera singer Viktoriia Lukianets in collaboration with three prominent contemporary tenors: Luciano Pavarotti, Jose Carreras, and Placido Domingo (the latter both as a singer and conductor). Research methodology. In the course of searching and analyzing the relevant literature, historical, textual, and source research methods were used. The work continued with not only printed articles, but also with the singer’s personal archive (posters, programs, booklets, diaries, letters, autographs), and many interviews were conducted, the transcripts of which are stored in the author’s archive. All of this helped to reconstruct historical events (dates of premieres, number and type of rehearsals, time of auditions, etc.) Scientific novelty. The article is the first to describe the collaboration between the Ukrainian opera singer Viktoriia Lukianets and three of the most prominent tenors of our time in detail. The context is also thoroughly described and studied: the theatres where the singers performed, their stage colleagues, conductors, historical parallels, and perspectives. Conclusions. The historical reconstruction of outstanding events in the opera world makes it possible to realize the significance of the Ukrainian vocal school ( Viktoriia Lukianets’ teachers Ivan Palyvoda and Yelyzaveta Chavdar) in the world context, as well as the outstanding role of the Ukrainian singer who was able to conquer the best opera stages and perform with the most prominent singers of our time.

Development of local democracy in the system of reforming public administration

Introduction. The multifaceted nature of the processes of reforming public administration determines the relevance of conducting a comprehensive study of the development processes of local democracy as one of the key directions. Among the main focuses of scientific research on the development of the system of public administration and local self- government is the identification of the main problems and obstacles, taking into account the priorities of European integration and the processes of European integration.Purpose. The purpose of the study is to understand the meaning of the concepts “democracy” and “local democracy” from the standpoint of forming systemic conditions for their spread worldwide and ensuring the full development of local democracy in Ukraine.Methods. To achieve the goal, the following methods were used: as a historical analysis, synthesis, and analogies - for the study of the conceptual apparatus; analysis, grouping, and tabular methods - in tracking the processes of the spread of democracy and its resource provision for the development of local democracy.The works of Ukrainian and foreign scientists, reports of international analytical agencies, and domestic legislation form the research information base.Results. Approaches to understanding are revealed, and the relationship between “democracy” and “local democracy” as the basis of modern concepts of social development is determined. Emphasis is placed on the systematization of the basic provisions of the concept of local democracy. The processes of the spread of democracy in the world are analyzed according to the typology of countries according to the level of development of democracy. The structure of government expenditures by levels of management was studied. Countries are grouped according to the distribution of costs between levels of public administration. The peculiarities of the development of local democracy in Ukraine are revealed under the main problems and challenges caused by the war.Prospects. Further research should investigate the development processes of local democracy in the context of ensuring the post-war renewal of Ukraine’s regions and the fulfillment of tasks to ensure accelerated integration into the EU. In this context, an in-depth study of the experience of EU countries and the development of tools for the implementation of strategic tasks following the peculiarities of Ukraine are essential.

Колесный транспорт в петроглифахгоры Усо в Армении: отражение реальных и мифологических представлений

The paper is aimed to examine petroglyphs depicting wheel transport on stones of Huso mountain in Armenia. The research objectives are to define design features of wheel transport, to determine its cultural and chronological background, to consider the semantics of these images. Semiotic analysis of historical content and analogy was used to cope with the task. Results. The first petroglyph presents a two-wheeled horsed carriage. The wheel transport cut on two other stones is depicted as an element of compositions. The first composition includes the following signs: a two-horse carriage (biga), two anthropomorphous forms, a chaotically twisting snake (a sign of anrta — chaos), two coiled snakes (a sign of rta — cosmic order). The second composition pictures a three-horse carriage (triga), an anthropomorphous form with a tool in hands, a bezoar goat (lat. Capra hircus aegagrus). The described petroglyphs with carriages are dated by the author by the methods of historical content and analogues from 2nd millennium BC. They contain mythological subjects connected with cosmogonic views reflected in Rigveda. The petroglyphic compositions accompanied some certain cult actions directed to advance the cattle-raising cycle coinciding with the summer solstice. As Aryans understood, by the beginning of each seasonal movement of nomadic tribes in the alpine zone, the charioteer Indra, following the cosmogonic plot, defeated the daemon Vritra who had turned water streams of Mt. Huso into snow and ice. Conclusion. The wheel transport petroglyphs on Mt. Huso stones are an important source for study.

The feasibility of climate action: Bridging the inside and the outside view through feasibility spaces

AbstractThe feasibility of different options to reduce the risks of climate change has engaged scholars for decades. Yet there is no agreement on how to define and assess feasibility. We define feasible as “do‐able under realistic assumptions.” A sound feasibility assessment is based on causal reasoning; enables comparison of feasibility across climate options, contexts, and implementation levels; and reflexively considers the agency of its audience. Global climate scenarios are a good starting point for assessing the feasibility of climate options since they represent causal pathways, quantify implementation levels, and consider policy choices. Yet, scenario developers face difficulties to represent all relevant causalities, assess the realism of assumptions, assign likelihood to potential outcomes, and evaluate the agency of their users, which calls for external feasibility assessments. Existing approaches to feasibility assessment mirror the “inside” and the “outside” view coined by Kahneman and co‐authors. The inside view considers climate change as a unique challenge and seeks to identify barriers that should be overcome by political choice, commitment, and skill. The outside view assesses feasibility through examining historical analogies (reference cases) to the given climate option. Recent studies seek to bridge the inside and the outside views through “feasibility spaces,” by identifying reference cases for a climate option, measuring their outcomes and relevant characteristics, and mapping them together with the expected outcomes and characteristics of the climate option. Feasibility spaces are a promising method to prioritize climate options, realistically assess the achievability of climate goals, and construct scenarios with empirically‐grounded assumptions.This article is categorized under: Climate, History, Society, Culture > Disciplinary Perspectives Assessing Impacts of Climate Change > Representing Uncertainty The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Decarbonizing Energy and/or Reducing Demand

Перша світова війна і українське суспільство: історична ретроспектива і сучасні рефлексії

The purpose of the research is to conduct a comparative analysis of the First World War and the current Russian-Ukrainian war based on the use of mass media materials, statisti- cal data, testimonies of contemporaries in various forms and popular science works published on the eve of and during these armed confl icts. Th e research methodology is based on the prin- ciples of historicism, objectivity, systematicity and the use of universal general scientifi c research methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction) and special-historical and interdisciplinary methods (historical-comparative, historical-genetic, statistical). Th e scientifi c novelty is that, for the fi rst time in national historiography, historical parallels between the First World War and the current Russian-Ukrainian wars have been drawn in the international and domestic Ukrainian context. Conclusions. In 2022, as a result of the successful defensive and counter- off ensive actions of the Ukrainian troops and clear signals from the US and European states regarding the full support of Ukraine, materialized in fi nancial and armed aid, hopes for a quick victory over the aggressor appeared in our society, regardless of its huge material and human resources. However, at the end of the year it became clear that the desired victory would not be achieved in the near future. Th erefore, the key to the protection of the Ukrainian state is nation- wide strategic patience, contrary to the harmful national tradition of internal political discord in diffi cult times. So, similar to the war of 1914-1918, the outcome of the current armed confl ict will largely be decided on the “internal front”. However, in contrast to the wartime 100 years ago, when a universally understood ideology of war was never formed, the current Ukrainian- Russian confrontation does not have this problem.

THE MAURICE BOND LECTURE 2022: COVID AND THE HISTORIAN

The arrival of COVID-19 led to a search for historical analogies and lessons which mislead rather than inform. A more appropriate response is to use our present experience to inform our historical enquiries by drawing attention to issues that have been marginalised or ignored, such as consent or resistance to vaccination, and the changing frontier between human and animal species. The nature of evidence on the lived experience of and policy responses to COVID is considered, and the ways in which policy success and failure might be assessed and interpreted. Crises can lead to a radical change in social assumptions and policies, or to the survival of the status quo. The outcome in the case of COVID-19 will depend on which narrative dominates, of failure and political retribution or success and affirmation.

Залежності та шляхи їх усунення: минуле, які перегукується із сучасністю

The invasion of Russian troops into Ukraine has showed, on the one hand, the high cohesion and patriotism of Ukrainian society and their perception of independence as a higher value; on the other hand - the inability to preserve it with the resources of the national economy alone, and therefore - a high external dependence on the decisions of global leaders on the provision of aid and the use of the industrial base of the West to ensure the defense and security of Ukraine. Updated by S. Mariotti, the issue of "global protectionism" needs to be considered via the prism of the contextual economic conditions for the implementation of such a policy (wars, post-war recovery, crises). The purpose of the article is to investigate, based on the experience of the pioneer of industrial revolution and the adept of free market - Great Britain, the historical facts regarding the elites’ reaction to new challenges and threats of the beginning of the 20th century, and policy measures to encourage and protect national producers and their consequences, as well as to visualize various recent examples of protectionism, and draw conclusions for Ukraine. Historical parallels between the situation at the beginning of the 20th century and the events of recent years give grounds for assuming that the answer to the question "How to speed up the recovery of Ukraine's economy during the period of severe war test?" should not be sought in modern policy measures of developed countries (where a powerful industrial potential has been created by the joint efforts of government and business over many years and the governments’ activities are focused on managing the crises to preserve and strengthen this potential), but rather in retrospective mechanisms that ensured the expansion of the existing and creation of new industries to strengthen the economic efficiency and national security. The author shows that the state financial incentives and protectionist tariffs, introduced in Great Britain in the national interest in response to new challenges and threats, were effective for more than 40 years, which helped this country develop key industries, reduce dependence on imported strategic goods, and prepare for new challenges. It is substantiated that the stimulating and protective mechanisms of India's policy, which have been launched recently to reduce dependence on the supply of strategic goods from China, are a reflection of the measures implemented by Great Britain at the beginning of the 20th century to reduce dependence on supplies of important goods from Germany. Similar mechanisms are being introduced by the United States in accordance with the interests of national security. The author demonstrates that Ukraine has lower protective tariffs not only compared to Asian countries that are developing and protecting their own industry, but also to the EU. It is substantiated that when forming a strategy for economic independence and post-war recovery, Ukraine should take into account both the historical experience of Great Britain and the modern practices of introducing policy mechanisms to encourage and protect own industries for defense and security purposes.

Introduction: A historical analogy and its derived effects

Introduction: A historical analogy and its derived effects