Outline Of History Research Articles

Plany uruchomienia komunikacji tramwajowej w Kaliszu w latach 1900-1914

Plans for Establishment of Cable-Cars in Kalisz Between 1900 and 1914 Plans for opening tramway lines in Kalisz were first discussed at the beginning of the XX century. Electric narrow gauge, horse tram and electric trams later on should have connected the main railroad station with city centre and public utilities. First proposal came even before the opening of the newly constructed Warsaw – Kalisz railway (1901). Another project of town cable cars was proposed a few years later, but with no result. Following decades of the XX century saw redirection of ideas towards urban public transport, when cable-car proposals were finally replaced by a bus connection. To prepare this study, presenting an historical outline of the abovementioned, never materialized projects, author used the documents gathered in the State Archive in Łódź, studies concerning the economic, urban and social situation of the city, press reports and local guides and plans from the period under examination. Offering a brief overview of the topic, this work aims at promoting a need for detailed historical studies on this issue in Kalisz.

Kara śmierci za przestępstwa dewizowe w totalitarnym systemie komunistycznej Polski Ludowej

The subject of the article is the penalisation of foreign exchange crimes in the Act of October 28, 1950 on the prohibition of possessing foreign currencies, gold coins, gold, and platinum, as well as the tightening of penalties for certain foreign exchange offenses. In this act, illegal foreign exchange trading was threatened with the most severe penalties, including the death penalty. The article contains a historical outline of liability for foreign exchange crime, from the legal regulations in the Second Polish Republic to the Fiscal Penal Code in force. The author pays special attention to the Act of 1950, which is a symbol of criminal law during the period of Stalinist repressions in Polish People’s Republic. The author introduces the atmosphere of those years, related to the currency reform and radical tightening of criminal liability for foreign exchange offenses, in particular for the illegal trade in foreign currencies. The article indicates the axiological foundations of applying penal repression in the economic area of the state, typical for the totalitarian system of the communist Polish People’s Republic.

Classical Studies in Novosibirsk: A Historical Outline, Scientific Approaches and Perspectives

Classical Studies in Novosibirsk: A Historical Outline, Scientific Approaches and Perspectives

Possibilities of the action research

The aim of the article is to show the possibilities created by the use of the action research method in social research. The first part of the article presents a historical outline of action research and an overview of the ways of defining this method, as well as its different types, features and stages. The last part of the article presents the variety of research using a given method.

Populism as a threat to the rule of law

The aim of this paper is to bring the reader closer to what the term populism means, what are its defining elements, in which parts of the world and in what forms is this phenomenon present today, and, finally, what consequences it has on modern democracies and the rule of law. The introductory part of the paper deals with the issue of defining the term populism, presenting the theories that are most common in the literature and setting out the constitutive elements of the term. The paper further provides an overview of the regions in which populism is most present today, with a general inspection of its manifestations and a brief historical outline of its origins. Finally, the paper concludes with the analysis of the negative and positive consequences that the populism has on today's democratic societies, as well as of its impact on the rule of law – i.e., by answering the question of whether the founding pillars of the 21st century rule of law manage to withstand the onslaught of a strong, all-coming, populist wave?

Einige Bemerkungen zu den produktivsten Wortbildungsstrategien in der deutschen Fachterminologie des Eisenbahnwesens unter der kontrastiven Berücksichtigung des Polnischen

Abstract This article is dedicated to present the most common word-formation strategies in German railway specialist terminology. The presentation of the most productive morphological nomination strategies in the analysed area is preceded by a short historical outline of the railway industry in Germany. The adumbration of the historical background and hints regarding the current EU environmental plans for railways are intended to expose the importance and relentless currency of the analysis undertaken here. The presented examples, which were extracted from the most extensive industry terminology database, RaiLLexic, have been correlated with their Polish equivalents. This contrastive procedure allows, going further, to draw conclusions about both language systems within which the professional terminology described here is constituted.

Międzyrządowy wymiar polsko-rosyjskiej współpracy transgranicznej i międzyregionalnej

This article offers a presentation of the Polish-Russian cross-border and interregional cooperation at the intergovernmental level. To this end, it refers to specific international documents on the basis of which three Polish- Russian institutions have been established to coordinate this area of cooperation. In addition to a conceptual framework outlined, the text includes a short historical outline to help the reader trace the beginnings and development of the Polish-Russian cross-border and interregional cooperation in the adopted approach. When describing the activities of intergovernmental councils and commissions, the author draws attention to their positions in the central administration and their structures, listing specific areas of mutual cooperation. The presentation ends with an attempt to evaluate the activities of the said bodies and the search for new perspectives in the context of the upcoming thirtieth anniversary of the agreement on cross-border cooperation with Russia.

History of the discovery and study of tick-borne encephalitis in Russia: three Far Eastern expeditions (1937-1939)

The review provides a brief historical outline of the discovery and study of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) during three expeditions to the Far East (19371939). As a result of the Far Eastern expeditions, the TBE virus was discovered, numerous strains were isolated, a vector-borne transmission pathway was established, the main features of epidemiology, clinic and pathomorphology of the disease were described, serotherapy was tested, first inactivated "brain" vaccine against TBE was developed and its effectiveness was proved. The history of the discovery and study of TBE is marked by the heroism of researchers and tragic events illness of some participants, death during the development of the first vaccine, arrest of L.A. Zilber and two performers.

Challenging the 'cultural hegemony' of the left in Cold War Turkey: the case of the Yeniden Millî Mücadele (National Struggle Anew) movement

This article explores the creation of consensus around official and unofficial anti-communist activities in Turkey by focusing on the weekly periodical Yeniden Millî Mücadele /National Struggle Anew (1970-1980) as a case study. The magazine described itself as a publication that was anti-communist, anti-capitalist, anti-zionist and respectful towards religious beliefs, and was associated with the national islamist organisation Mücadele Birliği (Union for Struggle). After a brief historical outline, the paper discusses some of the basic ideas of the magazine, and shows that these were intricately connected with the ideological struggle against the supposed cultural hegemony of the left. It then illustrates how National Struggle Anew took advantage of myths and symbols of the Ottoman and Turkish past in order to construct an anti-communist discourse and the image of the nation's enemies. The investigation has been conducted through a conceptual analysis of a selection of articles that appeared in the magazine, mainly in its first year of publication.

Processos de construção e desconstrução no filme ‘The Wall’ (1982) - Análise interpretativa nas perspectivas Semiótica e Psicanalítica

The article intends to shed light on certain aspects related to the perspective of semiotic and psychoanalytical analysis of the film The Wall (1982). The scope of the thematic field allows us to problematize the following question: What are the possible subjective readings or interpretations of the central visual, sound and verbal elements of The Wall’s film narrative, in the semiotic and psychoanalytic perspectives? The film reveals the complexity of human reality translated into real, symbolic and imagined narratives. Subjectivities expressed in its images, music, gestures and behavioral lapses, colors and shapes, verbalized and non-verbalized thoughts. Such communicative resources enable the psychological and semiotic interpretation of the messages intertwined in the filmic text. Qualitative Research, of a discursive nature, will be the methodological basis, able to investigate the subjective and intersubjective elements present in the feature film. The semiotic analysis added to the psychoanalytic psychological view proposes to translate the fundamental bases of the meanings intrinsic to the complex scenario of contents present in “The Wall”, since there are simultaneously several articulated messages presented in a number of overlapping languages and scenarios: a historical outline of the Pink Floyd group, a depressive post-war scenario in England, an atmosphere of anguish represented at various times and a personal history of degradation - diverse content being narrated in an intricate way in the film. The analyzed perspective highlights a debate that can expand the meaning of walls in the context of the current reality.

Historical Outline of Iron Mining and Production in the Area of Present-Day Poland

The article presents the history of iron ore mining and production in present-day Poland and takes into account mining and production techniques and the influence of mining on the development of the surrounding areas. Examples of development are presented for the most important iron ore mining centers established since the period of the so-called Roman influences—Lower Silesia in the region of Tarchalice and the Świętokrzyskie region in the area of Góry Świętokrzyskie (Świętokrzyskie Mountains). The oldest traces of underground iron ore mining in Poland date back to the 7th–5th century B.C., and iron production dates back from the 1st century B.C. in the Częstochowa region where economically significant iron ore exploitation started in the 14th century and lasted until the 20th century. Studies showed that the development of iron ore mining in today’s Poland was associated with significant events in the country’s history, for example, with the expansion of a network of fortified castles in Silesia or with the industrial revolution. In each case, the increase in iron production resulted in the development and growth of the surrounding areas.

Accessibility of General Adult Education An Analysis of the Restructuring of Adult Education Governance in Denmark

The purpose of this paper is to examine how adult education institutions have developed in close connection with the Danish welfare state and how structural reforms since the 1990s have changed the institutional structure and impacted accessibility. This involves analyses of the main functions linked to the different types of adult education institutions (VUCs) in Denmark and their development in relation to welfare state policies in the first instance and to globalization and competition state policies in the second. Thus, the paper provides a historical outline of the development of adult education institutions in two main areas, a vocational and a general, followed by an analysis of selected policy documents on structural reforms. Focusing on the reforms of 2000, 2007, and 2018, the analysis identifies external and internal limitations to accessing general adult education. In conclusion, the market orientation of the VUC entails limitations to both external and internal accessibility.

The planning and machinations of the Tullamarine Airport rail link: a historical outline and plans for the future

ABSTRACT Airports are city-shaping facilities and ground access to them is an important element of their city shaping effect. While many airports globally were treated as monofunctional transport facilities without the need for rail access, Melbourne's Tullamarine Airport was planned as the world's first ‘Airport City’, with direct access by rail as part of the concept. However, the construction of the link has been hampered by political vicissitudes. As recently as 2017, Infrastructure Victoria advised that rail access would not be needed before 2035 but by 2018, it was possible that Tullamarine could have rail access sooner. After almost 50 years in operation as a transport and commercial hub, the rail aspect of the ‘airport city’ concept now is set to materialise by 2029. This paper traces the history of rail access to Melbourne Airport within an international context, and discusses the current proposals against broader strategic transport and land use planning issues for the city.

Positive and negative aspects of sauna bathing – current knowledge status

Introduction: Sauna bathing as a health-promoting activity has been known to mankind for millennia. Sauna session, which consists of alternate overheating and then rapidly cooling the body, has a beneficial effect on the health of the body confirmed by scientific research. In the last few decades, sauna bathing has become more available due to the growing market of recreational services such as water parks and sauna parks. Regular use of sauna bathing reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases, musculoskeletal disorders, mental stress, accelerates the process of regeneration after physical exertion, as well as increases resistance to the harmful effects of certain environmental factors. Despite the health benefits known for many years, the physiological mechanisms occurring in the body during sauna sessions still remain unknown. Sauna bathing treatments can be an effective complement to the process of treatment and rehabilitation of patients with cardiovascular diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, respiratory tract diseases, skin diseases and many others.
 Material and methods: A literature analysis on sauna bathing was carried out within the Pubmed and Google scholar platforms. The following keywords were used in search: sauna bathing, infrared sauna, cardiovascular diseases. 
 Purpose of the work: The aim of the following analysis is to present a historical outline of the use of sauna bathing, the health aspect, risks and the assumptions and indicating an important need for further research into the effects of sauna bathing on the body.

Sustainable Development in the Customs Policy and Law

The article describes the contribution of customs to the implementation of sustainable development goals included in the UN 2030 Agenda. The paper presents the historical outline of the sustainable development concept and explains how basic tasks performed by customs contribute to the achievement of these goals. World Customs Organization plays an important role in activities for sustainable development, especially its numerous political and practical initiatives, including international operations of customs services aimed at combating environmental crime. The article analyzes also the EU customs regulations and activities of the EU Member States’ customs services. The decisive role of customs in controlling the compliance with the sustainable development requirements related to international trade in goods as well as a need for wider cooperation with other control services and business is emphasized.

Integrated Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies in Lateral Flow Tests for Personalized Medicine Applications.

The goal of personalized medicine is to target the right treatments to the right patients at the right time. Patients with a variety of cancers and other complex diseases are regularly tested as part of patient care, enabling physicians to personalize patient monitoring and treatment. Among the sought-after diagnostic tools, there is an increasing interest and need for those based on a low-cost, easy, rapid, and accurate method for the detection of specific circulating biomarkers above a detection threshold. Lateral flow tests (LFTs), enhanced by nanotechnology, can fulfil these requirements, providing a significant support to personalized patient monitoring. In this review, after a short historical synopsis of membrane-based lateral flow assays, including a description of a typical configuration of a LFT strip, a careful collection is presented of the best characterized nanotechnology approaches previously reported for the enhancement of target detection performance. The attempt is to offer an overview of currently integrated nanotechnologies in LFTs, fostering the actual future development of advantageous diagnostic devices for patient monitoring.

Functionalized Porous Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications: A Focused Review.

Biomaterials have been widely used in tissue engineering applications at an increasing rate in recent years. The increased clinical demand for safe scaffolds, as well as the diversity and availability of biomaterials, has sparked rapid interest in fabricating diverse scaffolds to make significant progress in tissue engineering. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) has drawn substantial attention in recent years owing to its excellent physical, chemical, and biological properties and facile adaptable surface functionalization with other innumerable essential materials. This focused review spotlights a brief introduction on HAP, scope, a historical outline, basic structural features/properties, various synthetic strategies, and their scientific applications concentrating on functionalized HAP in the diverse area of tissue engineering fields such as bone, skin, periodontal, bone tissue fixation, cartilage, blood vessel, liver, tendon/ligament, and corneal are emphasized. Besides clinical translation aspects, the future challenges and prospects of HAP based biomaterials involved in tissue engineering are also discussed. Furthermore, it is expected that researchers may find this review expedient in gaining an overall understanding of the latest advancement of HAP based biomaterials.

Do humans take good care of their offspring as animals do…! The Lavreotiki and Lavrion 'sagas', Hellenic Republic-Part 1: Historical outline and mapping of lead contamination.

The Lavreotiki-Lavrion area, situated in the south-eastern tip of mainland Hellas, has one of the longest mining, ore beneficiation and smelting legacies worldwide. With a history of over 5000years of argentiferous Pb-Zn ore exploitation, Lavrion is a place that shaped human civilisation by being a major wealth producing centre of the ancient world but also represents one of the few significant industrial developments of the modern Hellenic Republic, since the second part of the 19th century. The long history of mining, ore beneficiation and smelting activities produced a vast amount of potentially toxic wastes. In the post-mining era of Lavrion, during the 1980's, cross-sectional epidemiological studies diagnosed a severe problem of blood-Pb poisoning in primary school-age children and highlighted the seriousness of environmental contamination on the health of the local population. The first part of this review deals with the contamination problem in the area with respect to Pb, and discusses the results of detailed geochemical and epidemiological studies, based on the source-pathway-receptor model. The second part of the review presents the holistic evaluation of the contamination hazard, the assessment of health-related risk to residents, and the socio-economical impact of the proposed remediation plan to the local community. The case of Lavrion-Lavreotiki area is a worldwide reference example of the environmental, economical, societal and health-related implications that the thousand-years long legacy of mineral resources exploitation has left behind.

The history of melanoma diagnostics

Abstract This article provides a historical overview of melanoma, involving the knowledge of this neoplasm from antiquity to the present. Selected people who made key descriptions of the disease, its symptoms, and treatment methods were listed. The classification of melanoma, which is used in therapeutic management nowadays, is briefly discussed. Additionally, we describe circulating tumour cells and the selected diagnostic methods associated with their detection and characteristics. The aim of this article is to present a historical outline of melanoma, as well as its classification and the development of laboratory methods of its diagnosis. In addition, we have also provided a comparison of historical and current knowledge of this malignancy.

Pharmacological aspects of acute treatment glycoside intoxication

Despite the active introduction of surgical treatments for cardiac pathology and new synthetic cardiotonic drugs, cardiac glycosides (CG) remain an important component of the pharmacological treatment of heart diseases. Moreover, interest in this group of drugs is only increasing with the discovery of new pharmacological effects, such as antitumor and antiviral. However, despite many years of experience, the issue of managing patients with symptoms of both acute and chronic poisoning with cardiac glycosides remains one of the leading ones. The literature review provides a brief historical outline of cardiac glycoside poisoning and comprehensively describes the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of this group of drugs. The clinical picture of intoxication is described. We analyzed modern ideas and limitations of using antidote therapy such as digoxin immune Fab-antibody fragments, as well as the features of pathogenetic and symptomatic treatment of patients with acute glycoside poisoning.