Historical Necessity Research Articles

Одеська школа політичної економії і проблема розвитку промислового капіталізму в Україні

The scientific traditions of the Odesa school of political economy, which was created by Professor A.K. Pokrytan, can play a significant role in the further development of the logical-historical approach to the analysis of economic development. The purpose of the article is to consider the scientific traditions of the Odesa school in the context of a kind of historical paradox. This paradox consists in the fact that the most fundamental problem of Ukraine's economy in the 21st century, related to the development of industrial capitalism here, has remained unresolved and, in principle, has not changed since the end of the 19th century. For analyzing this historical paradox, the methodology of the Odesa school of political economy is used, which is based on the consistent distinction between the legal form and the economic content of property, formal and real socialization, genetic and structural foundations of the economic system, its initial and main economic relationship, market economy and industrial capitalism, production relations and institutional forms of management, etc. On the basis of this methodology it is proved, that the main problem of the Ukrainian economy is that the transition to the market does not mean the transition to industrial capitalism, but, on the contrary, is accompanied by the deindustrialization of the national economy. This analysis substantiates the objective necessity of both the new industrialization of the Ukrainian economy and the economic relations of state capitalism as an adequate economic form of this transformational process. This historical necessity is considered in the broad international context of the crisis of globalization and the tendency to localization of production in the world economy. In this way, the article reveals the relevance of the Odesa school methodology in the analysis of both the transitional economy of Ukraine and the modern process of development of the world economy.

Modality and Actuality: Lukács’s Criticism of Hegel in History and Class Consciousness

Abstract The present article tries to show the originality of Lukács’s theory of Actuality (Wirklichkeit) by comparing it with the same notion in Hegel’s Logic. It results that Lukács’s interpretation of Marxism and the Russian Revolution depends on a clear and independent theoretical position with regard to Hegel and his Idealistic theory of Modality. Particular importance is given to the new conception of the Dialectical interplay between the notions of Objective Possibility and Historical Necessity.

“SAVAGE DEMOCRACY” BY C. LEFORT AND M. ABENSOUR

The article examines one of the interpretations of radical democracy, which in the works of C. Lefort was called “savage democracy”. Based on the analysis of the historical development of political regimes of the modern era, Lefort comes to the conclusion that the victory of democracy is not a historical necessity. He proposes to go beyond the understanding of democracy as an established political regime and think of it as a constant conflict of political forces. M. Abensour reveals the term “savage democracy” as the power of people, manifested in the actions of people at the moment of historical rupture. At such moments political institutions are reestablished, and new political languages reflecting the interests of participants in popular movements are formulated.

Ideology, war, and genocide – the empirical case of Bosnia and Herzegovina

ABSTRACT This article explores the connections among the discursive nature of ideology, identity politics, forced displacement, and symbolic and actual war violence leading to genocide. The general framework of the article is the Bosnian War (1992–1995), waged against the country and its civilians. The analytical basis is a literature review of various studies from the domains of sociology of knowledge, war sociology, and social epistemology. It is based on the perspective of the genocide in Bosnia as a process that began in northwest and east Bosnia in 1992 and terminated in Srebrenica in 1995 (in the municipality Prijedor in northwest Bosnia in 1992, more than 3000 civilians were killed). Mass crimes and the policy of fear mongering were intended to create and recreate the collective belief that coexistence in Bosnia was impossible and that establishing “ethnically pure cultures” and “ethnically pure territories” should be accepted as a deterministic historical necessity. The results of our research indicate that crimes against civilians can be “normalized” only after a “new social order” has been established as a war order with the help of media propaganda. Genocide can be committed only if the perpetrators (and its advocates acting in the name of specific identity politics) believe that committing violence can be justified by a “higher cause.”

Конкурентні програми реформування власності: вітчизняна наукова спадщина кінця XIX – початку XX ст.

The article is devoted to the study and coverage of property issues in the economic thought of Ukraine at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. The purpose of the study is a retrospective generalization of the results of a critical and comparative analysis by domestic economists of the specified period of alternative property reform programs in the aspect of their theoretical validity and predictive expectations of socio-economic consequences. The results of a critical review by domestic scientists of the Marxist concept of property as a justification for the need for full socialization of the means of production are presented, in particular, the insufficiency of the labor theory of value for the economic justification of the ownership of the working class over the entire social product and the unsuitability of the Marxist theory of the capitalist system development for proving the historical necessity of liquidating a system based on private property. Scientific discussions surrounding various projects of land nationalization as a partial socialization of the means of production are analyzed. It was revealed that the majority of scientists refuted the accusations of private ownership of land and the landowner's right to land rent as insufficient moral justification and considered it inappropriate to carry out land nationalization in any form. The development of the concept of multifaceted forms of ownership as the basis for the effective functioning of the market economy in Ukrainian science is highlighted. The conclusion is substantiated that the development of the economic and legal foundations of a mixed economy, based on the principle of equal partnership of various forms of ownership as a guarantee of the practical realization of their best sides and improvement of the social division of labor, became an important achievement of Ukrainian economic science.

CONSUMER RIGHTS CONCEPT AND HISTORICAL REVIEW

The article aims to establish the concept of consumer rights and the need for protection based on the historical necessity of the origin of consumer rights and the review of the existing legal regulations in Georgia, the European Union and the EU member states. Accordingly, the paper discusses the issues of the origin of consumer rights, their development in the territory of the European Union and the former Soviet Union. In the article, there is a separate review of the current approaches to the concept of consumer and trader in the legislation of the European Union, EU member states and Georgia.

GPs in UK: From Health Gatekeepers in Primary Care to Health Agents in Primary Health Care.

After 75 years of reformed practice, general practitioners (GPs) in the UK have transformed from health gatekeepers who simply provide medical decision-making such as diagnostic and treatment services and referral services, to health agents who proactively provide more relevant health services such as immunizations, health monitoring and health management, etc. In order to discuss this transformation of the role of the general practitioner and the conditions for the evolution of the role, this study chose the documentary analysis method to provide a comprehensive overview of the legal and normative documents related to the general practitioner. Furthermore, this study uses a comparative analysis method to conclude the definition and role characteristics of GPs as health agents. This study summarises the general pattern of evolution of GPs into health agents. The transformation into a health agent relies on the interpersonal trust and rigorous institutional of society on the general practitioner system. The expansion of GPs' clientele and range of services, together with the motivation to proactively provide services, have combined to push for a "qualitative change" in the GP's role as health agent. The transformation of the role of the general practitioner to a health agent is a historical necessity. It responds to the evolution of society's understanding of health and the need for higher levels of health. Therefore, recognizing the role of GPs as health agents is important for optimizing the use of health care resources and improving the health of society by taking advantage of this role.

Modernization of Islam and Language Education in the Society 5.0 Era in the Perspective of Harun Nasution

This study aims to describe the thoughts of modernizing Islamic and language education in the Era Society; 5.0 Harun Nasution's perspective. This research is qualitative with a literature study approach. The research data is in the form of thoughts on the modernization of Islamic education in Indonesia from the perspective of Harun Nasution. Sources of data were obtained from several books by Harun Nasution. Data collection techniques with documentation. While data analysis with data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. The research results show that first, the modernization of Islamic education is a historical necessity, and its movement can be initiated in Islamic universities. Second, to strengthen the contribution of Harun Nasution's thought in modernizing Islamic education, he recommended two major agendas of change, namely academic tradition and institutional transformation. In the academic tradition, he emphasizes curriculum changes that are more dynamic and futuristic, as well as a philosophical and critical methodology of Islamic studies. Islamic and language education curriculum to always be dynamic and futuristic in welcoming the Era of Society 5.0. Meanwhile, the intended institutional transformation is the change from IAIN to UIN. Harun Nasution's big agenda for modernizing Islamic education is considered strategic to lead Muslims to become modern and rational human beings without leaving faith and Islam.

Personality and Society in the Theory of Self-Organized Criticality

Emerged in the domain of natural science, the theory of self-organized criticality (SOC) has spread to various fields over the past decades, achieving the status of an interdisciplinary paradigm. This article aims to answer three questions: Is SOC really a ubiquitous property of social reality? Does the SOC theory really substantiate the fundamental unpredictability and inevitability of social catastrophes? What contribution can the SOC theory make to clarifying the fundamental mystery of the relationship between human will and historical necessity? I performed a meta-analysis of the latest literature and summarized the results of my own case studies. So far, there is not enough empirical data to confirm that SOC is ubiquitous, although it has been proven that SOC is characteristic of many social systems—especially those in a borderline, transitional state. The SOC theory supports the idea that in some social systems for a fairly long time (even by historical standards), human will, act, and opinion can have a fundamental impact on the development of the whole of a system.

공공가치는 행정(학)의 정체성 위기 해결에 기여할 수 있는가?

This study is to explore the potential of public value theory in solving the identity crisis of public administration which was adopted as an alternative paradigm to new public management. Although the historical necessity of separating administration from politics in consequence helped to form public administration as a distinct field of study, unfortunately the politics-administration dichotomy has perverted the legitimacy and identity of public administration and has narrowed the scope of public administration discourse. Though the preceding similar and related concepts and theories to public value such as the public, publicness, administrative value, public service value, administrative ideologies and so on have played a leading role in identity discourse, they are limited in more fuller explication of public values. Now public value not only can integrate and look at those old concepts and theories in a new perspective, but also can expand the multi-disciplinary approach to public administration theory and practice. Lastly, reflective thoughts on the ligitimacy and status of public administration and future research agendas are suggested.

Modernist movements in Islam. Historical overview. 19th century

         This article provides a brief overview of the historical conditions of emergence of modernistic movemen in muslim world in 19 century.Also made an attempt to show difference between directions in which different branches of muslim modernists developed their ideas, such as secular direction and theological modernistic direction.Also touched the main subjects of discussion within modernistic discource such as taqlid, ijtihad, hijab and woman rights. The article reveals the historical causal relationship between the modernist wave that swept the Muslim world in the 19th century, when over the decades new thinking was formed trying to reconcile the Islamic faith and modern values, such as constitutionalism, and touched upon issues such as cultural revival, nationalism, freedom religious interpretation, scientific modernist studies, education, women's rights and a host of other topics, and the subsequent political constitutionalist movements of the early 20th century. The article touches upon the question of what inconsistencies Muslim modernists saw between Islam and modern values, what they saw for their reasons and what ways they saw ways out of the prevailing circumstances. There are also some fragmentary historical parallels with the Christian world, where constitutionalism also came through a series of revolutions and socio-political reforms, and examples of repression against dissent are given, showing that religious fanaticism is historically nothing characteristic of Islam, but is a part of history and other religions. Attention is also drawn to the fact that the negative part of the history of the Inquisitions and the persecution of dissent did not prevent the Christian world from successfully going through the process of modernization and an attempt is made to find the reasons for the lagging behind in this sense of a certain part of the Muslim civilization. The article also talks about when and what kind of historical necessity pushed the Muslim world to the active development of the ideas of modernism. A specific period is named, namely the first half of the 19th century, starting with the Napoleonic military campaign in Egypt, when the threat of complete domination of the Christian world hung over the main Muslim empires, and it is said about which Muslim intellectuals and statesmen of that time were prompted activities objective awareness of the fact that the Muslim world is lagging behind, who should be considered the fathers of Islamic modernism and what works of reformers are considered to be canonical.

L'engagement littéraire chez René Char

This study focuses on certain characteristics of literature commitment of the French poet René Char. For him, commitment in literature is not different from the meaning of freedom he calls for his people. René Char sees this commitment as an action that relates to political and historical necessity and as a field for human activity. The poet effectively took part in the resistance against German conquest, through writing prose poem full of opposition and revolt.

Inkulturacja w ujęciu Świętego Jana Pawła II

Inculturation is a concept introduced into the evangelizing mission by Saint John Paul II. It is a process aimed at embedding the Church in the cultures of mission countries, which consists in the mutual exchange of values and goods. To some extent, it is a novelty that by proclaiming the message of the Good News in a form readable for a given cultural circle, the Church herself takes over mainly what is valuable and useful for the common good. What was unthinkable in the pre-conscription times is mutual gifting and enrichment; both sides experience mutual self-esteem and joy from such a constructive transfer. That is why the Saint drew attention in his documents and numerous pilgrimages to many countries and cultural circles - so far not always overlooked or even neglected - to the historical necessity of such inculturation. Thus, he inaugurated the visionary era of the new evangelizing mission in the contemporary Church, precisely for this purpose, specifying its scope and conditions, rules and areas, so that it would be assimilated by the natives, above all - it retained the authentic wording in its formula, which would not affect the specificity and the integrity of the Christian faith. According to the Pope, inculturation understood and applied in this way should open the way to the Christianity of the third millennium, into which he was to introduce with his pontificate. Above all, by remaining faithful to his own message of the Good News, he made an important contribution to the work of opening the Church to the various cultures and lives of nations in which it will be welcomed and taken root. For the fully understood common good, the Church should be in this tangible way a harbinger of new evangelization and, credible by her missionaries, the “culture of life and love” that the modern world most needs. Keywords: the essence of inculturation; stages; rules; fields; evangelization dilemmas.

Between Algeria and the world: anticolonial connectivity, aporias of national liberation and postcolonial blues

ABSTRACT This article explores the lateral connections between the Algerian anticolonial struggle and other similar struggles in the colonial world. Such connections linked up Algeria to Vietnam, Black Panthers in the U.S., and Palestine, among others. Not only were these anticolonial connections crucial to the FLN's strategy, but this strategy and the Algerian struggle more generally were crucial in generating the Third Worldist momentum as Algiers became the ‘Mecca of Revolution'. I examine how, although the goal of anticolonial struggles was national independence, the terrain whether logistic, ideological and even strategic was decidedly translocal. The focus on anticolonial connectivity in the Algerian War becomes a pretext for engaging with a political paradox: while the decolonization process seeks the recovery of dignity by the colonized, the nation-state becomes both the condition for the instantiation of this ideal, and the straightjacket that contains and limits its full realization. Here I re-focus the discussion from ‘alternatives to nation-state' to the idea of historical necessity. I thus treat the anticolonial narrative in more complicated ways, seeing it both as a necessary tragedy and as a narrative of ‘crushed hopes.’

Язык в системе культурно-исторического формирования личности

Introduction. Language refers to the elements of culture. This is a socio-historical product that reflects culture, the system of social relations, traditions, ethnic history which as a special form of culture materializes spiritual culture. The dialectical connection between language and society lies in the fact that, having arisen as a historical necessity, language meets the requirements set for it by society, reflects its state. Each language is a means of expressing a particular culture. Language represents for those who own it the very existence of a certain culture, its living development, its continuity from generation to generation. Language has its own surroundings. The people who speak it belong to some race (or several races), that is, to such a group of mankind that differs in its physical properties from other groups. Language does not exist outside of culture, outside the socially inherited totality of practical skills and ideas that characterize lifestyle.

Research on the Zhuang Zi's Aesthetic Thought of Naturalism

As one of the representatives of Pre-Qin Taoism, Zhuangzi was amazed by the profoundness and mystery of his thought. Zhuang Zi's aesthetic advocation of natural inaction and Confucianism's aesthetic attitude of pursuing realistic function form two basic clues for the development of Chinese classical aesthetics. In Zhuangzi's aesthetic thoughts, the mysterious experience of "Tao" and the transcendent attention to the "true beauty" of Tao must be based on absolute superutilitarianism. Back to the present real society, this kind of aesthetic pursuit beyond personal persistence and desire is the most powerful ideological weapon to get rid of the extreme utilitarianism caused by human greed. However, the extreme naturalism thought in Zhuangzi's aesthetic thought, which changed from advocating nature to pursuing the primitive state of existence of man "living with animals and beasts", completely violated the historical necessity of human and human society development, and also lost the practical value of subject initiative and creativity. It is necessary to hold a critical attitude towards this extreme naturalistic aesthetic tendency.

Means of forming the imperial colonial narrative in the M. Karamzin’s story “Marfa-posadnitsa, or the Conquest of Novogorod”

The relevance of the study is determined by the need for post-colonial studies of Russian literature, in particular the historical prose by Mykola Karamzin, who was one of the first creators of the imperial colonial narrative in fiction. His story “Marfa-Posadnitsa, or the Conquest of Novogorod” has not yet been the object of such a study, the problem of the founding of Russian colonial policy on the pages of this literary work has not been covered in literary studies. Consideration of this issue is the goal of this research. In the comparative aspect, the text of Karamzin’s “History of the Russian State” in its part devoted to the Novogorod events of the 15th century is included to the analysis. The methodology of postcolonial studies and narratological analysis was used to implement the research objectives. As a result of the study, the following means of forming the imperial colonial narrative in the story were determined: the evaluative author’s words, speeches of historical characters-politicians, rhetorical techniques, and the method of depicting events and their participants. The position of the author-narrator is aimed at supporting the conquering policy of the Moscow principality, the annexation of Novogorod is justified by the “higher” goals of creating a powerful empire and is presented as an objective historical necessity. The imperial colonial discourse is vividly illustrated by the speech of the Moscow prince’s ambassador, which is a model of political demagogy, the use of manipulative technologies, and the intimidation of citizens. The two-valued connotation of Marfa’s image contributes to establishing the author’s necessary accents. On the one hand there is heroization, a comparison with Cato, and on the other is a conscious simplification of the motives of Marfa’s struggle as a leader of the people’s resistance. Obviously, the writer creates a certain field of mistrust towards the heroine by emphasizing her manipulation of the feelings of the crowd as a good orator. Thanks to the motives of the useless sacrifice of Marfa and the people of Novgorod, prophecy, “the will of Providence”, Karamzin forces the reader to think about the inevitability of the fall of the Novgorod Republic. The prospects of the research are the re-reading of Russian imperial literature in the context of post-colonial studies, further debunking the means of myth-making and colonial narrative in the corpus of its texts of different periods.

О некоторых вопросах развития классно-урочной системы в условиях трансформации современной школы

The article analyzes the impact that the processes of the society digitalization have on the traditional classroom-based system in the general education. Historical parallels between industrial revolutions and the stages of formation of this system are considered. Its significant characteristics are compared with new educational goals. The study shows that he development of modern digital educational tools significantly expands opportunities for individualization and improvement of the quality of education. It is noted that the role of a teacher in a modern school system needs to be reconsidered. The historical necessity of the evolutionary transformation of the classroom-based system through the integration of advanced digital technologies, tools and pedagogical approaches is substantiated. The conclusion is made about the importance of systemic changes at all levels of education for its successful modernization and adaptation to the realities of modern digital society preserving, at the same time, the best traditions of the national education.

ASPECTS OF POLITICAL THEOLOGY OF EUSEBIUS PAMPHILI (CAESAREA)

Eusebius of Caesarea (Eusebius Pamphili) is an important landmark of Christian historiography. His writings (Historia Ecclesiastica, De vita Constantini and De laudibus Constantini) are invaluable for those studying the reign of Constantine. Moreover, De vita Constantini is the main source for understanding the religious policy of Constantine. The era of Constantine posed a challenge to the Church to redefine herself in association with Christianized emperor. Constantine for Eusebius embodied unity and universalism both in political and ecclesiastical spheres. For Eusebius, it was a historical necessity that the Roman Empire and the Church cooperate in concord for the sake of humankind. On the other hand, Eusebius Caesarea has always been an object of scholarly dispute. One question that often arises is - Did Eusebius propagate Constantine’s “political theology”? Aim of this paper is to analyze Eusebius of Ceasarea’s paradigm for relationships between the Church and Empire

A Dedication to Classics Scholarship

Abstract Classics scholarship was discontinued during China’s pre-modern era and in the recent century or more its value has yet to be recognized and rehabilitated. The paper examines the issue in four segments, with the expectation to provide a contribution to its revival. (a) A tentative exegesis of classics scholarship. The Chinese word jing (“classics,” “canons,” or “sutra”) refers to the constant Dao (Way); it may also serve as a verb meaning “to regulate” or “to govern.” The same is true with classics scholarship, which denotes the study of Confucian classics. Of the Six Classics, The Book of Songs, The Book of History, and The Book of Rites form the kernel of canonical Confucian texts. (b) The rise and fall of classics scholarship and its historical lessons. In ancient China, classics scholarship underwent six stages of development, before it suffered two fatal blows, respectively during the New Cultural Movement (early 20th century) and during the “Cultural Revolution” (1966–1976). History has taught us that classics scholarship can be used but not overexploited. (c) Rationalism and tradition. Tradition is by no means the enemy of reason. Whereas the Western Enlightenment thinkers pitted tradition against reason, Chinese classics scholarship, exhibits historical reason, which is exemplified by the historical necessity of all of its specific traditions. (d) The significance of contemporary classics scholarship. China’s cultural genes are deeply rooted in classics scholarship. The two major concepts of classics scholarship: Ren and Li complement each other, bringing harmony and unity to Chinese society. Classics scholarship should involve study of ancient texts, phonology, semantics, as well as history, and undertake the mission to resist unilateralism and clash of civilizations.