Migration History Research Articles

A Comprehensive Analysis of 3 Moroccan Genomes Revealed Contributions From Both African and European Ancestries.

Genetic variations in the human genome represent the differences in DNA sequence within individuals. This highlights the important role of whole human genome sequencing which has become the keystone for precision medicine and disease prediction. Morocco is an important hub for studying human population migration and mixing history. This study presents the analysis of 3 Moroccan genomes; the variant analysis revealed 6 379 606 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and 1 050 577 small InDels. Of those identified SNVs, 219 152 were novel, with 1233 occurring in coding regions, and 5580 non-synonymous single nucleotide variants (nsSNP) variants were predicted to affect protein functions. The InDels produced 1055 coding variants and 454 non-3n length variants, and their size ranged from -49 and 49 bp. We further analysed the gene pathways of 8 novel coding variants found in the 3 genomes and revealed 5 genes involved in various diseases and biological pathways. We found that the Moroccan genomes share 92.78% of African ancestry, and 92.86% of Non-Finnish European ancestry, according to the gnomAD database. Then, population structure inference, by admixture analysis and network-based approach, revealed that the studied genomes form a mixed population structure, highlighting the increased genetic diversity in Morocco.

Fen Plantation: Commons, Calvinism, and the Boundaries of Belonging in Early Modern England

AbstractIn the first half of the seventeenth century, several foreign plantations were established on wetlands drained during a wave of ambitious state-led projects across eastern England. The lines of solidarity and separation forged by this little-known episode in the history of migration pose important questions about how emergent notions of nationhood intersected with local and transnational, religious and economic communities. This article investigates the causes and consequences of the settlement of Calvinist refugees on drained commons in Hatfield Level. It argues that fen plantation expands understanding of the relationship between English agricultural improvement and imperial expansion in the British Atlantic, as migrant communities acted in the service of empires and states while forging transnational Protestant networks. As Calvinists and cultivators, however, the settlers were met with hostility in England. While the crown encouraged foreign plantation as a source of national prosperity, Laudian church authorities identified it as a threat to religious conformity, the state, and society, muddying depictions of English governors as guarantors of refugee rights. Local efforts to violently expel settlers from Hatfield Level, meanwhile, were rooted in fen commoners’ defense of customary rights, as parallel communities sought to enact rival environmental and economic models. The settler community interpreted these experiences through the lens of transnational Protestant adversity, entangling their quest for religious freedoms with their remit as fen improvers. Moving beyond dichotomous arguments about xenophobia, this article traces the transnational imaginaries, national visions, and emplaced processes through which collective identities and their sharp edges were constituted in early modern England.

The recent history of migration to Russia: main sources and plots. On the materials of the board meetings of the Federal Migration Service 2004-2016.

The recent history of migration to Russia: main sources and plots. On the materials of the board meetings of the Federal Migration Service 2004-2016.

Bigmouth Buffalo (Ictiobus cyprinellus) migratory behaviour and seasonal home range overlap are functions of geographic space in a fragmented riverscape

In temperate rivers, where environmental conditions vary seasonally, many fishes migrate among summer, spawning, and winter habitats. Dams disrupt these migrations, limiting access to habitat and potentially affecting populations. Bigmouth Buffalo ( Ictiobus cyprinellus) is a species of fish with at-risk populations in central Canada. The impact of dams on the extent of Bigmouth Buffalo migration and the overlap between summer and winter home ranges is unknown. Here, we assessed the migratory history of 80 Bigmouth Buffalo tagged with acoustic transmitters in the Red River (USA and Canada), a large binational waterway regulated by semi-passable dams. We sought to understand when and why Bigmouth Buffalo migrate, and how river use varies seasonally. Following more than 6 years of data collection, we found that the degree and probability of overlap between winter and summer home ranges varied by river section between barriers. Importantly, overlap was lowest in the longest continuous river section where well-defined migratory behaviours were observed. The results of this study reveal previously unknown details about Bigmouth Buffalo migration, demonstrate the consequences of river fragmentation on geographic space use, and highlight the importance of river connectivity to fish migration.

Inversion of Lateral Impact Load Migration History and Trajectory Location Method for Deck Structures Based on the Time‐Slicing Method

Inversion of Lateral Impact Load Migration History and Trajectory Location Method for Deck Structures Based on the Time‐Slicing Method

Archaeogenetics: Tracing ancient migrations from the Yellow River

Migration from the Yellow River homeland of Sino-Tibetan languages and people has impacted humans inEast Asia for more than 6,000 years. A new study of ancient DNA from southwest China reveals an important component of this migration history.

Migrationsgeschichte aus Kinderperspektive. Einsatzmöglichkeiten des Buchs «Verbotene Kinder: Die Kinder der italienischen Saisonniers erzählen von Trennung und Illegalität» von Marina Frigerio im Geschichtsunterricht der Sekundarstufe I

The article outlines a lesson unit on the topic of migration history for secondary level I which deals with biographical self-presentations of children of Italian seasonal migrants. Based on these individual cases from the context of Switzerland between 1950-1990, students develop an understanding of the effects of (seasonal) migration on families and especially on the children of migrants as well as their scope for action. In addition, students train their skills in analyzing testimonies of witnesses. With a research task about « forbidden children » in Switzerland today, they establish a connection to their present living environment.

Geolinguistic approach to migration history in the south-eastern edge of the Tibetosphere

Abstract This article examines the migration history of Tibetic language-speaking people in the south-eastern corner of the Tibetosphere, particularly the origin of Sangdam Tibetan, spoken in Kachin State, Myanmar, by adopting a geolinguistic approach with linguistic maps. It first presents the current research progress of geolinguistics in the region and then discusses phonological and lexical features to elucidate the dialect position of Sangdam Tibetan based on the data available in its adjacent areas, such as Eastern Tibet and Yunnan in China. In addition, this study highlights the geolinguistic method’s potential and difficulties in addressing migration history.

Phylogeny and ecological traits of the spider Argiope trifasciata (Araneidae) in Egypt clarifying the relationships with Afro-Eurasian and American populations

The orb-weaving spider Argiope trifasciata (Forsskål, 1775) was scientifically described in Egypt while it has been considered native to North America. The aim of this study was to analyse the phylogenetic relationships of the Egyptian population and shed light on its introduction and migration history. The COX1 gene (mtDNA) of 49 samples from Egypt and Cyprus was analysed with 168 additional COX1 sequences available in GenBank and BOLD originating from nineteen other countries. Selected ecological parameters were also studied in an Egyptian desert habitat for comparison with North American populations. We found that spiders oriented their webs in relation to the sun’s position (South and South-East) most likely to regulate their body temperature. The life cycle of A. fasciata in Egypt was found to be extended from what has been reported from other populations, partly possible because some individuals may survive throughout the winter. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the sequences from Egypt and Cyprus clustered with Afro-Eurasian populations. Thirty haplotypes were found in Egypt and Cyprus of which 21 were unique. The analysis further revealed that the nearest American COX1 sequence was separated by 18 mutations. The high COXI divergence (5.1%) as well as the low gene flow (Fst = 0.75) between Afro-Eurasian and American populations, indicated that A. trifasciata has not been recently dispersed from America to Africa and other continents, but the genetic isolation was estimated to have happened around 2.04 My ago. If these spiders represent unique species or subspecies will need further research.

The Vietnamese Migrant Community in Laos: Social Stratification and Diversity (1893–1945)

Abstract As Vietnam and Laos share extensive and contiguous borders, there is a long history of Vietnamese migrations into Laos. From 1893 to 1945, the French colonial administration of Indochina brought many Vietnamese people to Laos, who later formed a large Vietnamese community there. Given Laos's small population, the French colonial government had to rely on the Vietnamese labor force to build a new colonial regime and infrastructure and exploit its natural resources. Most of these immigrants came from the more populated areas in Tonkin and Annam. They worked in various roles such as civil servants, soldiers, workers, or coolies depending on the needs of the French colonial government and business. While qualified civil servants, including interpreters, secretaries, teachers, nurses, and soldiers, earned better salaries and welfare, free workers and coolies were subject to low social status and hard working conditions. This article describes how the colonial system of wages and occupations contributed to social stratification and diversity within the Vietnamese migrant community and shaped migrants’ diverse responses to French colonial rule.

The migration process: crisis adaptation or conscious choice?

Thinking of migrants brings to mind in the imagination people who leave their land, for an indefinite time, in search of conditions absent in their country of origin. It often becomes difficult to define them, as some are immigrants, some are migrants, and some are nomads or travellers. Migration brings to mind a movement of people between countries of departure and those of arrival, that is, a journey, mostly, into the unknown, the detachment of which also produces a feeling of nostalgia. The present work seeks to highlight the condition of the migrant who becomes one by choice, in some cases, and at other times is one by compulsion. Migration becomes an evolving phenomenon, prompting insiders to question themselves in order to observe, with a critical lens, the social reality of the host country, which changes rapidly in the interchange with migrants. It’s interesting to read the migration numbers provided by ISMU, UNICEF and UNHCR to understand how this phenomenon has evolved, including by virtue of the Covid-19 pandemic, the Afghan issue and, recently, the Russia-Ukraine war, in light of the economic crisis that characterizes Europe and whose repercussions have resulted in fluctuating migration inflows and outflows, with medium- to long-term consequences. In the history of migration, there are often stories of abandonment, family tragedies or other painful events from which migrants flee, hoping to find a better condition, creating a kind of “watershed” that separates the “before” from the “after” and especially from the “here” to the “there”.

Migration in Modern Serbia – Managing and Mediating Refugee Flows

This study outlines the socio-historical context of the movement of populations in a geographical area that roughly corresponds to contemporary Serbia, examining the migration flows in this area since the 19th century. It examines data on the migration management that Serbia undertook during the migrant and refugee crisis of 2015 and the events that followed. This analysis revealed an amalgam of the continuity and discontinuity of migration flows in Serbian society. Serbia has a relatively long history of external migration driven by economic and political circumstances, during which these two groups of drivers trade places based on their dominance. However, a new phenomenon has transformed the entire Serbian territory into a transit zone for migrants and refugees from the Middle East, Africa, and Central Asia attempting to reach the EU. Further, the study demonstrates how Serbian institutions manage these processes by providing various statistical data and commentary on these data.

CYCLICAL MIGRATION IN ALASKA NATIVE ELDERS AND ITS IMPACT ON ELDERS’ IDENTITY AND LATER LIFE WELL-BEING

Abstract This paper outlines a unique culturally driven cyclical migration of Alaska Native Elders. This Indigenous cyclical migration is distinct from other previously described mobility observations in that Elders spend extended time in more than one community. We describe the cyclical migration of Alaska Native (AN) Elders and its influence on the Elders’ identity, health, and well-being. Employing a life course perspective and social theory of migration, inductive content analysis was employed to identify themes related to Elders’ cyclical migration between rural and urban communities and the impact on their identity, health, and well-being. Interviews with 125 AN Elders were conducted across five regions of Alaska: Bristol Bay, Interior, Norton Sound, Aleutian Pribilof Islands, and Southcentral. AN Elders traveled between rural and urban communities to access resources and connections critical to their identities, health, and well-being. Urban Elders maintained a connection to rural villages because they perceive them as healthier places to age based on access to traditional practices, land, and the community. Rural Elders spent extended time in urban settings to access health care services, be closer to family, and to benefit from the lower costs of living. This study builds upon existing migration theories by introducing a cyclical pattern uniquely driven by AN identity, culture, and traditional practices. Findings illustrate how AN communities can support Elders who experience cyclical migration patterns to ensure they age successfully in both locations. Future recommended research should explore cyclical migration patterns among other Indigenous populations with histories of migration.

Self-reported Disability Among Recently Resettled Refugees in the United States: Results from the National Annual Survey of Refugees.

The prevalence rates and correlates of mental or physical disability among recently resettled refugees, who undergo strenuous journeys before arriving in the US, remain unknown, masking potential health disparities. Self-reported disability was measured by the 2018 Annual Survey of Refugees (ASR), and defined as having a physical, mental, or other health condition for more than 6 months that precluded one from working. Prevalence rates of self-reported disability and sample correlates were investigated using descriptive and logistic regression analyses. Of N = 4259 participating refugees in ASR (Mean Age = 28.2, SD = 17.2; 52.5% male), 2875 responded to the disability question and 21.4% reported disability. About 33.7% were born in the Middle East region, 29.5% had no formal education, and 35% had an income of less than $15,000. Age (OR = 1.06, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) [1.06,1.07], p < 0.001), region of birth (OR = 1.82, 95% CI [1.31, 2.51], p < 0.001), employment status (OR = 3.31, 95% CI [2.67, 4.11], p < 0.001), and receiving food stamps (OR = 2.09, 95% CI [1.66, 2.62], p < 0.001) were associated with self-reported disability. Disability levels among refugees recently resettled in the United States are comparable to national disability rates in the US. Our results suggest that multiple aspects of the refugee experience (i.e., demographics, socioeconomic status, contextual migration history) need to be considered to understand the risk for health outcomes. Future investigations of disabilities in diverse refugee populations over time and tailored public health interventions to mitigate potential risk factors are warranted to promote health equity.

Precarious lives, invisible deaths. A history of community funeral management among Moroccans in Catalonia

ABSTRACT Moroccan economic migration to Catalonia began in the mid-1960s and was consolidated in the early 1990s. The history of migration is usually reconstructed on the basis of associative, cultural and religious initiatives, as an expression of a collective identity. But this history is also the result of interaction with the receiving society. This article analyses the process of community funeral management among Moroccans in Catalonia, which represented one of the first expressions of their community configuration, but which at the same time reveals the negative consideration that their presence would arouse in Catalan society. The study of the archives of the Moroccan Consulate in Barcelona allows us to reconstruct the first funerary initiatives, but also some of the situations of early racism that were already occurring throughout the 1970s and 1980s.

The Paradox Of Indigeneity And Question Of Identity Of The Adivasi Community Of Assam

The Adivasi in India and Assam are traditionally known as the first people or indigenous people since pre-historic (stone) age migrating in different periods of time from different regions. However, Adivasi were among the first group of people to arrive in India before any other communities such as the Aryans, Dravidians, and Mongolians etc. The schedule tribe’s status for the Adivasi in Assam which has been a longstanding struggle in India offers certain rights –based legal benefits in the form of political representation, reservation and socio-economic subsidies. The most common perception against granting Schedule Tribes status to the Adivasi in Assam is their migratory history, however, in the tea gardens the fact that they came into the state as indentured labourers to work and their contribution to the economy of the state of Assam has been substantial. The Adivasi of Assam, branded as the Tea Garden Tribes, generally prefer to be called as Tea Tribes. Embracing Adivasi nomenclature is a deliberate move on the part of the tea tribes to assert their tribal identity as also to represent their collective demand for indigenous rights, including the recognition for achieving the status of ‘Schedule Tribe’. The paper is a modest attempt to address this debate.

Preliminary microchemical analyses of North-western Persian Gulf hilsa shad otolith trace elements: Indications of complex migratory behavior and stock structure

Hilsa shad (Tenualosa ilisha) is an important anadromous fish species, supporting significant commercial and subsistence fisheries throughout south Asia. Otolith Sr:Ca and Ba:Ca profiles were used along with age data to examine the migratory history of hilsa shad from two major river systems in the northwestern Persian Gulf (Karun and Zohreh). In addition, elemental ratios (Sr:Ca, Ba:Ca, and Li:Ca) were analyzed using principal component analysis to investigate regional population structure. Variation in movement patterns was observed, though all fish analyzed had spent some time in freshwater, and most otolith signatures suggested a double downstream marine/upstream freshwater migration. There were however differences among rivers: the majority of fish from Zohreh River showed a single downstream/upstream migration through their life cycle, while Karun signatures were more complex, with multiple migrations and potential estuarine or freshwater residence. When comparing stock structure during the marine phase, the otolith signatures of Zohreh River fish showed greater separation while others tended to overlap, indicating that Zohreh fish were likely to have reared in a different location than the others. Although comprising a relatively small sample size, our results provide some preliminary insights into the life-history and stock structure of Persian Gulf hilsa shad, informing the management needs of this important fishery, and suggesting further more detailed investigations of migration and stock structure are warranted.

The Aspiration to Stay: A Global Analysis

There is growing interest from both policy and academic communities in understanding why people do not migrate. This article offers the first global analysis of the aspiration to stay, defined here as the preference to stay in one's country of residence. We make use of the unique Gallup World Polls which provide information on aspirations to stay (as opposed to migrating abroad) as well as on individual characteristics and opinions for 130 countries worldwide between 2010 and 2016. We find staying aspirations are far more common than migration aspirations across the globe and uncover important “retain factors” often overlooked in research on migration drivers — related to social ties, local amenities, trust in community institutions, and life satisfaction. Overall, those who aspire to stay tend to be more content, socially supported and live in communities with stronger institutions and better local amenities. We further explore differences in the relative importance of retain factors for countries at different levels of urbanization, and for different population groups, based on gender, education, rural/urban location, migration history, religiosity, and perceived thriving. Our findings contribute to a more holistic understanding of migration decision-making, illuminating the personal, social, economic, and institutional retain factors countering those that push and pull.

Migratory encounters, common idiom, and the king: The relationship between two Roma groups from Poland in transnational social space

Roma ethnicity presents scholars with plenty of conceptual and methodological challenges, which in the light of the increased mobility of that largest European minority after EU enlargements has additionally perplexed academics and policymakers alike. This article presents our fieldwork data derived from encounters and conversations with Roma individuals in Poland and England. Our approach to this issue is rooted in the emic perspective, examining how Roma people navigate and cope with their own heterogeneity. By focusing on the relationship between two Roma groups from Poland, namely Polska Roma and Bergitka (or Carpathian) Roma, we shed light on Roma’s practical approaches to their group identity. We explore what is at stake when boundaries are encountered, negotiated, and occasionally bridged, in particular when it comes to gender and conflict resolution strategies. In the article, we account for the two groups’ interconnections through the history of migrations and current modes of transnational living. We show how, interestingly, nationality or common country of origin may become the binding factor. This article was published open access under a CC BY licence: https://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0 .

Internal Migration and Labor Market Outcomes in Indonesia

We study the labor market effects of domestic migration in Indonesia on the employment outcomes of the natives and the migrants. To address the endogeneity of migrants’ settlement decisions, we use the information on the historical migration patterns from the Indonesian censuses to construct an internal migration version of the Bartik shift-share instrument. The instrument, used widely in the study of international migration, is based on the observation that even within countries, migrants tend to move to regions with a large migrant population from their region of origin. However, if the migration patterns are unchanged over time, past migration may affect current labor market outcomes directly, violating the exclusion restriction. To overcome this, we use a multi-instrument approach that lets us account for the long-term effects of migration separately. We find that internal migration is associated with an increase in migrant employment and a decrease in native employment. Less-educated natives in loweducation regencies are most-affected. The findings suggest that policies aiming to minimize the adverse effects of internal migration should aim at improving the human capital of natives.