Migration History Research Articles

Escaping Empire

Abstract: This article explores the flight of indigenous communities from Philippine lowlands into mountain spaces, a frequent and widespread response to Spanish colonization in the seventeenth century. During this period, indigenous zones of refuge were not exceptional but present in almost every part of Luzon and the Visayas. The shared history of flight and resistance frustrated the ambitions of Spanish missionaries and military commanders for much of the colonial period and beyond. In the uplands, indigenous communities made use of local geographies and ecologies to bolster their resistance and maintain their autonomy. In dialogue with recent scholarship on colonial frontiers and indigenous hinterlands, this article challenges the perception of a colonial dominance that spread inexorably across the archipelago in the seventeenth century. It offers a new perspective on the history of colonization and confronts the perceived upland-lowland divide that has typified Southeast Asian historiography, demonstrating that upland and lowland spaces had shared histories of resistance, migration, and trade throughout the colonial period.

MIGRATION FROM TURKEY TO GERMANY: INTEGRATION POLICY AND THE GERMAN LANGUAGE

The aim of this article is to assess the extent to which German integration policy with particular regard to the German language has been adopted and modified over time, in the context of Turkish migration to Germany. For this purpose, first the history of migration from Turkey to Germany is outlined, focusing on key events such as the recruitment agreement in the 1960s, the recruitment stop and the ‘return assistance’ in the 1970s and 1980s, the rise of racism in the 1990s and 2000s, and the emergence of the ‘New Turkish Wave’ in the 2010s and 2020s. Subsequently, German integration policy and the role of the German language within it will be traced through different phases: the absence of an integration policy in the 1960s and 1970s, Germany’s status as an ‘immigration country that does not want to be an immigration country’ in the 1980s and 1990s, the transition from immigration law to integration policy in the 2000s, and the era of ‘welcome culture’ and concrete integration policy in the 2010s and 2020s. Finally, it will be determined to what extent the integration policy of the Federal Republic of Germany, especially with regard to the German language, adapts the lifeworld of Turkish migrants currently living in Germany and thus facilitates their successful integration into German society.

Using social-ecological models to explore stream connectivity outcomes for stakeholders and Yellowstone cutthroat trout.

Despite growing interest in conservation and re-establishment of ecological connectivity, few studies have explored its context-specific social-ecological outcomes. We aimed to explore social and ecological outcomes to changing stream connectivity for both stakeholders and native fish species impacted by habitat fragmentation and nonnative species. We (1) investigated stakeholder perceptions of the drivers and outcomes of stream connectivity, and (2) evaluated the effects of stakeholder-identified connectivity and nonnative species scenarios on Yellowstone cutthroat trout (YCT) populations. Our study was conducted in the Teton River, Idaho, USA. We integrated two modeling approaches, mental modeling and individual-based ecological modeling, to explore social-ecological outcomes for stakeholders and YCT populations. Aggregation of mental models revealed an emergent pattern of increasing complexity as more types of stakeholders were considered, as well as gaps and linkages among different stakeholder knowledge areas. These results highlight the importance of knowledge sharing among stakeholders when making decisions about connectivity. Additionally, the results from the individual-based models suggested that the potential for a large, migratory life history form of YCT, in addition to self-preference mating where they overlap with rainbow trout, had the strongest effects on outcomes for YCT. Exploring social and ecological drivers and outcomes to changing connectivity is useful for anticipating and adapting to unintended outcomes, as well as making decisions for desirable outcomes. The results from this study can contribute to the management dialogue surrounding stream connectivity in the Teton River, as well as to our understanding of connectivity conservation and its outcomes more broadly.

Genetic diversity and ancestry of the Khmuic-speaking ethnic groups in Thailand: a genome-wide perspective

The Khmuic-speaking populations are believed to be the descendants of one of the earliest groups to settle in Mainland Southeast Asia. In Thailand, there are two agricultural Khmuic-speaking ethnic groups, the Khamu and Lua (Htin). These peoples primarily reside in scattered locations along the mountainous Thailand–Laos border in Nan province. In this study, we conducted genome-wide SNP analysis on 81 individuals from three Khamu and two Lua villages in northern Thailand. Our findings revealed that both the Khamu and Lua groups possess genetic structures that are distinct from other ethnicities in Southeast Asia, indicating a unique history of migration and settlement. Within the Khmuic group, the Khamu populations living in different locations exhibited similar genetic structures and displayed genetic affinities only with some hill-tribes and Tai-Kadai (Kra-Dai)-speaking groups in Thailand, suggesting potential intermixing or cultural exchange. Furthermore, the Lua people displayed a distinctive population structure, which could be attributed to the founder effect and endogamous marriage practices. Additionally, we discovered a relationship between the Khmuic-speaking populations in Thailand and a Neolithic ancient sample obtained from the Tham Pha Ling archaeological site in Laos. This study provides new insight into genetic substructure within the Khmuic-speaking people and their potential relationship to the indigenous inhabitants of Mainland Southeast Asia.

Importance of including individuals of Latin American ancestry in genetic studies of feeding and eating disorders

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of psychiatric disorders have focused primarily on individuals of European ancestry, excluding other ancestries, including Latin American populations. We explore representation of Latin American populations in psychiatric genetics, with a focus on eating disorders. Latin America is “admixed,” representing the rich migration history from Africa, Europe, and Asia. Early GWAS technology and analytic strategies performed best in European-ancestry populations. New technology and statistical methods are designed to be inclusive of the genetic richness of admixed populations. Failure to include Latin American and other underrepresented ancestries in genetic studies could lead to incomplete or faulty conclusions about genetic and environmental contributions to psychiatric disease. This raises ethical questions and has critical scientific repercussions, as GWAS findings may not fully replicate across ancestries, ultimately exacerbating health disparities. We review efforts to accelerate genetic research by the Latin American Genetics Consortium (LAGC); highlight strategies to increase transparency and willingness of Latin American individuals to participate in research; and efforts to build capacity throughout Latin America. Achieving these goals advance etiological understanding of psychiatric disorders and assure that future treatments will serve people across all ancestries.

A spatio-temporal approach to population diversity: Immigration and rural areas in France

This article provides a spatio-temporal analysis of population diversity in French rural areas between 1975 and 2015 by considering the weight of the immigrant population and the variety of countries of birth of this population. It is based on a quantitative and longitudinal analysis of detailed data from the 1975, 1999, 2008 and 2015 population censuses. The originality of this article lies in a global approach to the different types of migration and the analysis of the trajectories of local territories over time. With this approach, the article shows that diversification trajectories have been dominant in the French countryside for the past forty years, but also that they have varied in pace and intensity according to the economic and demographic characteristics of the territories and their migration history. Taking into account these temporalities of social change is therefore essential to inform local public action on social integration.

Perhaps there were northern refugia in LGM? The phylogeographic structure of the thermophilic tree Carpinus betulus in the Carpathian region

Carpinus betulus L., the hornbeam, is a component of lowland and highland forests in Europe. By examining the postglacial migratory history of thermophilic tree species, the study aimed to unravel their putative glacial microrefugia in the Carpathian region. The present study points to the two distinct genetic AFLP groups of C. betulus in the Carpathian region that represent different genetic lineages based on Bayesian analysis. They differed in Nei's gene diversity index h, and the analysis of molecular variance AMOVA showed a percentage variation of the populations between the groups of 13.74 %. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of 368 AFLP tree samples confirmed the presence of two genetic groups. Ninety-five populations underwent principal component analysis (PCA) to show the main correlations between genetic diversity indices and bioclimatic/climate variables (WorldClim and Carpatclim). The generalized logistic model (GLM) showed the significance of Nei's genetic index h in delimiting genetic groups. The results of population-genetic and multivariate analyses determined that the two genetic groups nowadays are spatially diffused and do not show a clear geographic pattern, pointing to a genetic melting pot. We found ecological links between genetic diversity and bioclimatic characteristics, especially the precipitation in the coldest quarter – Bio19. The refugial Maxent model indicates a significant contribution of the Bio7 variable (both linked with a continental type of climate) to the occurrence of the species during the LGM in Europe. We suggest the relict character of hornbeam populations in a specific climatic-terrain niche in the northern part of the Carpathian Basin.

US migration history and depressive symptoms among older mexican adults.

To explore the association between US migration, chronic conditions (diabetes, stroke, heart attack, cancer, and hypertension), and mental health (depressive symptoms, and depression). We assessed average changes in depressive symptom scores as well as depression over time and their link with migration experience controlling for health and sociodemographic factors among older Mexican adults (50+) using 2012, 2015, and 2018 waves of the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS). Non-migrants had higher average depressive symptom scores and prevalence of depression (5+ score) in 2012 and 2015, but there was no significant difference in either measure in 2018 or on changes over time. Although there were no significant differences in average depressive symptoms and depression over time by migration history, this study highlights some differences in 2012 and 2015. Comparing groups across migration histories allowed the researchers to examine how life course differences impact mental health outcomes.

A sub-Saturn mass-radius desert for planets with equilibrium temperature

The sample of exoplanets from the NASA Exoplanet Archive with equilibrium temperature ≤ 600 K and with low uncertainty for both mass and radius measurements is found to have a desert in the mass-radius distribution consistent with predictions from the core-accretion scenario. This sub-Saturn mass-radius desert is almost completely barren of any planets with both a mass > 20 M⊕ and a radius in the range 4.0–7.5 R⊕ for the sample of planets with Teq ≤ 600 K. In contrast, the sample of planets with Teq > 630 K includes a large fraction of planets with mass-radius values that fall into the Teq ≤ 600 K sub-Saturn mass-radius desert. The difference between the two populations may result from differences in migration history in the core-accretion scenario.

The History of Migration from the Russian Empire to Argentina at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries

The History of Migration from the Russian Empire to Argentina at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries

From fossil trader to paleontologist: on Swiss-born naturalist Santiago Roth and his scientific contributions

Roth’s explorations, the resulting collections many now allocated in La Plata, Zurich, Geneva and Copenhagen, and his significant contributions in geological—especially stratigraphic—and paleontological topics, are a paradigmatic case for the global history of paleontology and for the Swiss migration history in Latin America. His work included the discovery of a diverse megafauna from the Pampean region, of sites and strata in Patagonia of paleontological significance, and the recognition of a group of endemic ungulate mammals, Notoungulata. Roth’s discovery of a human skeleton associated with a glyptodont carapace is one of the first reports of the coexistence of humans with the extinct fauna of the South American Quaternary. Roth became a renowned scholar at the Museo de La Plata, which was a leading scientific institution in the nation-making of Argentina, particularly in the expansion of the Patagonian frontier. He also kept strong ties with his native Switzerland, where late in his adult life he obtained some formal training and tried to attract other Swiss nationals to work in natural sciences in Argentina. His biography sheds light about the circumstances of his scientific collection and career in the interstices between amateur and professional science, modernity and imperialism at the turn of the twentieth century.

The role of migration networks in the development of Botswana's generalized HIV epidemic.

The majority of people with HIV live in sub-Saharan Africa, where epidemics are generalized. For these epidemics to develop, populations need to be mobile. However, the role of population-level mobility in the development of generalized HIV epidemics has not been studied. Here we do so by studying historical migration data from Botswana, which has one of the most severe generalized HIV epidemics worldwide; HIV prevalence was 21% in 2021. The country reported its first AIDS case in 1985 when it began to rapidly urbanize. We hypothesize that, during the development of Botswana's epidemic, the population was extremely mobile and the country was highly connected by substantial migratory flows. We test this mobility hypothesis by conducting a network analysis using a historical time series (1981-2011) of micro-census data from Botswana. Our results support our hypothesis. We found complex migration networks with very high rates of rural-to-urban, and urban-to-rural, migration: 10% of the population moved annually. Mining towns (where AIDS cases were first reported, and risk behavior was high) were important in-flow and out-flow migration hubs, suggesting that they functioned as 'core groups' for HIV transmission and dissemination. Migration networks could have dispersed HIV throughout Botswana and generated the current hyperendemic epidemic.

Geographical variation in cardiovascular disease mortality in Norway: The role of life course socioeconomic position and parental health.

Despite substantial geographical variation in cardiovascular (CVD) mortality within countries, little is known about whether this variation can be explained by individuals' life course socioeconomic position (SEP) or differences in family history of premature CVD deaths. Cox proportional hazards models were used to investigate the association between the county of residence at ages 50-59 and CVD death in Norwegians born between 1940 and 1959 and survived to at least age 60, using national data. Individual life course SEP and family history of premature CVD death reduced the geographical variation in CVD mortality across Norwegian counties, but some significant differences remained. Furthermore, CVD risk varied by residents' migration histories between two counties with distinct CVD and socioeconomic profiles.

Determinants of Hispanic and non-Hispanic Workers' Intent to Work Past Age 65: An Analysis From the Life Course Perspective.

Background: The average retirement age in the United States (U.S.) has increased over the past few decades. However, the rate of increase for Hispanics is lower than that for non-Hispanics. For Hispanics, the decision to retire later may be more influenced by their migration history and context rather than health or finances. Objective: This study aims to explore the differences in the determinants of intentions to delay retirement (i.e., work beyond the age of 65) between Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites in the U.S. Methods: A pooled sample was generated from all waves of the Health and Retirement Study (1992-2014), including a unique record for each non-institutionalized individual aged 55-61 who was employed. All eligible Hispanics (n = 3,663) were included, while a random sample of non-Hispanic Whites (n = 3,663) was selected. Logistic mixed models were conducted for each group, and a Two-fold Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis was used to explore differences between the groups. Results: The results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to plan to postpone retirement. Furthermore, significant differences were found between Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites regarding their intentions to delay retirement, specifically related to socioeconomic indicators such as individual earnings, amount of debt, level of education, and parents' level of education. The differences between the groups were primarily influenced by the amount of debt, having a defined benefit plan, and parents' level of education, reflecting the cumulative disadvantage experienced by Hispanics over their life course. Conclusion: Most existing research on the topic has focused on middle-class Whites, while few studies have examined race or ethnicity as the primary focus or explored the extent to which commonly identified predictors of delayed retirement apply to different ethno-racial groups. This is significant because Hispanics and other disadvantaged groups tend to experience financial insecurity during retirement, which directly impacts their health and well-being.

Asian tauiwi and tangata whenua: Māori-Asian relationships and their implications for Aotearoa New Zealand’s constitutional future

This article traces the history of migration by Asian peoples to Aotearoa New Zealand and examines how their relationships with Māori has evolved and been influenced by the social, economic and political climate. Although Asian and Māori communities have often been pitted against each other by mainstream narratives, they share many common values and are natural allies – including in constitutional transformation. Despite perceptions to the contrary, there is strong compatibility between recognising te Tiriti and supporting Aotearoa’s ethnically and culturally diverse population. I argue that honouring te Tiriti is a foundational step towards addressing injustice and supporting all those who live in Aotearoa.

Cities and migration

ABSTRACT As a prelude to the following essays on nine cities selected as strategic research sites, this introduction traces, in summary fashion, the linkages between migration and the development of the capitalist world economy, including, the rise of cities and their development. The history of migration during these five centuries encompasses the movement of European settlers to the new colonies, followed by three centuries of trans-Atlantic slave trade leading in turn, to deliberate labour recruitment in three continents and, eventually, to the contemporary self-driven flows of both labourers and refugees. A final diagram summarizes this evolution and seeks to situate the origin and development of the nine selected cities within it.

Will the gap ever be bridged? A cross-national comparison of non-native students’ educational achievements

A crucial element in evaluating the success of immigrant integration policies is to compare the school performances of immigrant students with that of natives. According to large-scale international assessments, immigrant students tend to underperform their native peers even after controlling for socioeconomic conditions, with relevant differences depending on countries’ migration histories. This article analyses the evolution in the skills gap between native students and students with an immigrant background by comparing traditional (France, Germany, and the United Kingdom) and new immigration countries (Italy and Spain) using data collected from the Program for International Student Assessment survey from 2009 to 2018. We model students’ learning outcomes in mathematics and reading in a multilevel setting by clustering students at the high school level. This approach allows us to compare countries’ relative performances concerning the immigrant integration process by accounting for the role played by high schools and students’ backgrounds. Results show that the differences between native and immigrant students in both sets of countries are narrowing but still present.

Chinese Heritage Language Maintenance in the Context of Superdiversity

Situated in the context of migration trends toward superdiversity in Anglophone countries, this study conceptualizes Chinese heritage language (CHL) learners as complex social beings with increasingly diverse language repertories, migration histories, and socioeconomic statuses. Failing to understand such diversity in language maintenance and language shift may lead to oversimplifying the process of Chinese language maintenance and consequently perpetuating educational inequities in overseas Chinese education. The study analysed questionnaire data from 56 CHL learners who identified as dialect speakers in a New Zealand university. Findings show that CHL learners are indeed a linguistically and socioculturally diverse group. There is a clear shift towards English among participants as they approached adulthood, with some also speaking non-Chinese languages like Khmer. While Chinese dialects remain prevalent within their homes, younger generations exhibit a decrease in the number of Chinese dialects spoken. Surprisingly, Mandarin, despite being the primary language resource for Chinese education, is underutilized and tends to remain at a low proficiency level. This study concludes by offering implications to policymakers and Chinese curriculum developers to provide genuine support for maintaining and learning the Chinese language within the increasingly diverse Chinese diaspora.

How Linguistic Data Can Inform Archaeological Investigations: An Australian Pilot Study Around Combustion Features

Abstract We present an interdisciplinary collaboration whereby linguistic data are explored with the aim of gaining new insights on archaeological features to enrich investigations of the past. Archaeology on its own relies on a very discontinuous record and here we argue that a fuller use of linguistic resources can offer more nuanced insights of the cultural context, and thus a more comprehensive reconstruction of both archaeological histories in general and archaeological features specifically. Languages, as complex human artefacts, often develop vocabularies that reflect speakers’ need to communicate about everyday objects and actions. Therefore, it makes sense to turn to lexicographic and semantic data as sources of additional clues about various aspects of the past. To date, this kind of collaboration has either focused on aspects of culture that leave little trace in the archaeological record or on aspects of material culture that informs wider histories of migrations and contacts. Collaboration has also, more often than not, had the goal of answering linguistic rather than archaeological questions. The novel approach we propose here is a focus on a domain which does leave a substantial trace in the archaeological record and that falls in the realm of mundane aspects of the universal human experience – i.e. domestic fire use – with the aim of gaining a more nuanced and culturally grounded understanding of archaeological features and their investigation. This article is a demonstration in principle for the potential of this approach, illustrated here with a pilot study of combustion features on the Australian continent. Having collected fire-related words in a sample of dictionaries of Australian Indigenous languages, we explain how and why the information they encapsulate can support archaeological studies.

How a history of migration affects individuals’ political attitudes

ABSTRACT Migration has become an important and polarising issue on the political agenda, in particular since the migration movements to Europe in 2015. What attitudes migrants bring to the host societies is relevant for the stability of modern democracies in general and for political representation in particular. Several studies investigate differences in attitudes and preferences between migrants and non-migrants, on the one side, and within the heterogeneous group of migrants on the other. These (differences in) attitudes among migrants are often related to the dominant patterns of political attitudes in the countries of origin. We contribute new insights to this literature using novel survey data from Germany covering subsamples of respondents with an Italian, Russian and Turkish migrant background. We argue and show empirically that migrants’ positions on contentious issues like migration, the order of society, and welfare state policy are shaped not only by the cultural background of the migrant’s society of origin, but also by personal characteristics like the status of a first- or second-generation migrant and their religious orientation in terms of denomination and religiosity.