Historical Material Research Articles

Computer English Teaching in Summer Learning Programs As Foreign Language

Language is the mode of identity and recognition. Summer learning programs are essential in helping children and young people interact and develop solid ethical bonds in different communities. Current issues related to the linguistic and philosophical nature of socio-ethical vocabulary in terms of diachronic are discussed in the article. Based on the analysis of a large amount of historical and philosophical material, the authors present their interpretation of the formation stages of the vocabulary of ethics as an integral part of the general philosophical vocabulary. However, each time and in each country, the interpretation of ethical concepts and norms, and therefore terms, was of a concrete historical and purely national character. In view of the objectives of this article, we consider it necessary to give a brief overview of the ethics of antiquity and the Middle Ages in order to understand and consider the specific role of ethics in science and practice of later historical eras. The authors hope that adopting pre-communicative activities as a part of the teaching method will be more effective in learning English as a foreign language.

Unveiling the Silent Narratives: A Multidimensional Analysis of the Stellenbosch University Faculty of Theology Building and its Impact on Teaching Church History

This article delves into the intricate history, contextual significance, and contemporary implications of the building housing the Faculty of Theology at Stellenbosch University. Over decades, the edifice has garnered attention for its historical and architectural attributes, underscoring its role in the broader narrative of Stellenbosch, a significance predating and exemplifying colonial history. In addition to the architectural and spatial dimensions, the myths and symbols associated with the building are explored, adding layers to its complex history. The intersection of these historical elements with its current use within Stellenbosch University prompts a compelling inquiry into whether and how the structure influences teaching and research, particularly in the domain of church history. The article engages with the history of the building that houses the Stellenbosch University Faculty of Theology and attempts to find out if elements of this complex history finds expression in the different church history modules taught in its confines. The authors first work through historic and current source material that share information of the histories of the mentioned building and then work through the course content and foci of the different church history modules, attempting to find teaching links. The authors further engage with broader contextual debates related to visual redress and the contextualisation of symbols in the vicinity of the building. As such this article aims to address the pivotal question: Do the historical backdrop and current realities of the building shape the teaching of church history within its walls?

Discourses Related to the Activities of Local Offices in the 16th—18th Centuries (The Case of Upper Silesia)

A method of discursive analysis of archival official texts offers a comprehensive view of historical material, much more in-depth than stylistic analyses. The subject of this description are Polish-language official records created in Upper Silesia between the 16th and 18th centuries, illustrating a certain stage of the formation of institutional legal discourse, present in the Polish communicative space since the Middle Ages. The surviving collections represent various types of discourse, determined by the intentions of the people approaching the office and by the role assumed by the institutional entity both in a specific event and in the formulation of a legal written document. The article outlines the two most common discourses in the collections studied: 1. the chancery discourse, that was aimed to produce documentation that would ensure the approaching parties the right to dispose of property in accordance with the established agreements and financial transaction; 2. the judicial discourse, that involved resolving disputes between community members and ensuring public order. The written forms documenting the actions of the court served a mainly informative and reporting function, and their role was extremely important in the current legal system, as they formed the basis for possible appeal proceedings.

The role of administrative categories in the globalisation of a psychiatric concept: Case studies of autism in Japan

This paper explores how what I call ‘administrative categories’ have been adopted by the Japanese government and experts in autism support and what roles these categories have played in local settings. Since support practices for children and adults with autism began in the 1950s in Japan, the Japanese government and people engaging in autism support have used Japanese-specific administrative categories, instead of relying on a medical concept of autism, such as ‘severe moving disabilities’ (SMD), ‘emotional disturbance’, and ‘extremely disruptive behavioural disorders’ (EDBD).To understand the emergence of these three autism-related administrative categories in Japan, historical materials published from the 1950s to the 1990s by Japanese authors (doctors, psychologists, teachers, educationalists, welfare workers, government officials, and parents) and interview data with 19 leading experts of autism in Japan were collected and analysed thematically.The analysis revealed that the governmental ministries aimed to focus on establishing administrative support by avoiding engaging in aetiological debates among doctors, and to describe the political agenda more vividly. Administrative categories filled the gap between local interests and international medical concepts, enabling the concept of autism to be rooted in Japan's administrative systems. Three roles of administrative categories were identified: i) separation from medicine, ii) describing local problems, and iii) claimsmaking to wider actors and the public.I concluded that looking purely at medical and specifically diagnostic concepts limits our understanding of the formation of practices regarding disabilities, and thus more focus should be placed on categorisation practices outside of medicine. In addition, to the literature on the globalisation of Euro-American psychiatric concepts, this study contributes to our knowledge of a form of locality that has not been central in the exploration of the influence of globalisation on local settings and the relationships between the local and the global.

Painting the Past in the 19th Century: Materials, Methods, and Perspectives in Watercolour Replicas

This study focuses on the material characterisation of a collection of 19th-century watercolour replicas that reproduce ancient Egyptian mural paintings and illuminated decorations from medieval manuscripts. Non-contact analyses, including macro-X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and fibre-optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS), were employed to examine the composition of the painting materials, particularly the pigments. The findings are contextualised through archival research into 19th-century technical sources on historical painting and illuminating practices, as well as contemporaneous pigment catalogues that reported commercial prices. Ultimately, this research aimed to explore whether 19th-century artists engaged with historical material practices beyond mere visual representation in their depictions of historical subjects. The results obtained from the replicas of medieval illuminations are groundbreaking, as they challenge prevailing scholarly assumptions. Notably, the use of pigments such as minium and ultramarine blue, which were held in high regard during the Middle Ages, along with the use of chalk in the preparation of the support, suggest that, in an industrialised world where engagement with material culture was increasingly driven by commercial profit, some academic circles still sought to explore and preserve selected historical material practices in the art of painting.

Alois Riehls Blick auf Friedrich Nietzsche und sein Verhältnis zu Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche

Abstract Alois Riehl’s View of Friedrich Nietzsche and His Relationship with Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche. Alois Riehl and Friedrich Nietzsche were contemporaries – both were born in the same year, 1844. But the philosophical paths they followed could hardly be more different. Nevertheless, Riehl recognized Nietzsche as one of the most important thinkers of his time. He was one of the first academic philosophers to devote a detailed analysis to Nietzsche’s writings. And Riehl saw in Nietzsche’s work a complementary counterpart to the scientific philosophy that he developed in his Philosophical Criticism. At the heart of the present paper is a speech given by Riehl on October 15, 1903, on the occasion of the reopening of the Villa Silberblick and the unveiling of Max Klinger’s bust of Nietzsche. The argument is divided into three parts. First, it reconstructs the background to these events historically in light of the friendly relationship between Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche and Riehl, as well as Riehl’s hesitation to give a speech. Second, Riehl’s ambivalent attitude in his reception of Nietzsche is analyzed through a close reading of his text. Third, the paper concludes with a final look at the specific event of October 15, 1903, based on historical material.

Undisclosed facts in Friedrich Wegener's links with Nazism.

Friedrich Wegener was the author of a comprehensive description of a disease that was named Wegener's granulomatosis. In 2010, its name was changed to granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), the reason being that Wegener's links to Nazism were revealed. The research was conducted between May 2021 and August 2023 and was based on the historical method (understood as defining the subject of research, critical analysis of collected historical source materials, and historiographical synthesis) using the methods of direct and indirect inference ascribed to the historical method. Wegener and his wife were members of numerous Nazi organizations. He was rewarded for his stance by the German Reich. Together with his family, he lived in very comfortable conditions for the standards of the time, unattainable for the average person. He described himself as a frontline combatant in the Nazi invasion of Poland. Friedrich Wegener's links with Nazism were more extensive than has hitherto been known. The links involved his professional and private life. They testify to his membership in numerous Nazi organizations, as well as his active involvement in the activities of various institutions and communities of the German Reich and his overt expression of support for Hitler. Wegener's numerous accolades from the German Reich providing him with professional, material and personal benefits were proof of his links with the Nazi movement. Wegener's association with Nazism helped him to advance his career, and to attain a high social status and quality of life, both before the outbreak and during the Second World War.

RENARRATING THE ISLAMISATION OF THE MALAY-INDONESIAN ARCHIPELAGO IN 13th-19th CENTURIES

This article aims at re-presenting the Islamisation of the Malay-Indonesian archipelago from the 13th to 19th century, focusing on the narrative of intellectualism and activism conducted inter-relatedly during the very act of religious proselytization. The background of this research arises from the need to understand the complexity of Islamisation in the archipelago, on the one hand, and the negligence of such narrative in the historiography of islamization, on the other. Taking this as the basis of narrative, this article will re-explain the major phases in the Islamization of the archipelago by paying attention both to the political variable and, particularly, the intellectual-historical aspects. This paper uses the historical-descriptive method by collecting and analyzing relevant historical materials. The selected data will be re-narrated within the framework of intellectualism and activism in the Islamization process. This research also uses the comparative method to compare the phases of Islamization in various regions of the archipelago, thus providing a more complete picture of the dynamics that occurred in the 13th to 19th centuries. The expected purpose is to go beyond the political-historical perspective that currently dominates the historiography of Islamization and marginalizes the proselytizing aspect which is an intertwining of intellectualism and activism in that process.

Фактор историзма в преподавании уголовно-исполнительного права на юридическом факультете университета: инновационный подход к историческому аспекту

The author analyzes new forms of patriotic education of students of the law faculty of a classical university. In the process of teaching the academic discipline “Criminal Law of the Russian Federation”, it is recommended to analyze the norms of national law and the practice of its application relevant for the period of the Second World War. We can also recommend a broader study of the historical material of this academic discipline. To implement such innovative proposals, it is necessary to comprehend existing educational (work) programs in this discipline from new points of view.

Android Application as an Innovative Learning Media: Increasing Students' Historical Empathy Through the History of the Balinese Kingdom

The lack of digital learning media makes it difficult for students to study anywhere. This research aims to analyze Android-based media applications for the history of the Balinese Kingdom that are suitable for learning media for class X high school Hindu and Buddhist Kingdoms material. This research method is research and development (R&D) with a 4-D approach. The subject of this research is class X SMA. The validation process involves experts in the field of materials and media. Data collection methods through interviews, surveys, questionnaires and literature studies. The data analysis technique uses quantitative descriptive analysis. The research results show that the Android-based media application for the history of the Balinese kingdom based on Hindu and Buddhist kingdom material is very suitable for use as an alternative learning media to increase historical empathy. By using augmented reality (AR) technology, students can explore historical sites in realistic 3D, allowing them to experience the atmosphere of the past more realistically. Learning media using Android-based applications can provide a more exciting and relevant approach for students, increase historical empathy, and expand the accessibility of learning materials. This research implies that the use of technology such as augmented reality (AR) and multimedia interaction makes historical material more exciting and easier to understand and allows students to engage emotionally and deeply with the material being studied.

IMPROVING HISTORY LEARNING OUTCOMES THROUGH THE THINK PAIR AND SHARE TYPE COOPERATIVE LEARNING MODEL IN CLASS XI IPS 1 SMAN 2 MEDAN

This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Think Pair and Share cooperative learning model in improving history learning outcomes in class XI IPS 1 SMA Negeri 2 Medan. The research method used was a pre-experiment with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The research sample consisted of 30 students randomly selected from class XI IPS 1. The instrument used was a test of history learning outcomes before and after the intervention. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The research results show a significant increase in history learning outcomes after implementing the Think Pair and Share cooperative learning model. These findings indicate that the model is effective in improving understanding and retention of historical material. The practical implication of this research is that a cooperative approach can be an effective alternative to improving history learning outcomes in high schools, especially at SMA Negeri 2 Medan. Future research can explore the influence of other factors that can influence the successful implementation of the cooperative learning model. Through collaboration between researchers, educators, and other stakeholders, continued efforts to integrate cooperative learning models into curricula and instructional practices can strengthen the positive impact of this approach. In this way, we can continue to improve the quality of history education and prepare students to become citizens who are skilled, critical, and knowledgeable about their history and cultural heritage.

Exploration of Oral History in Ethnomusicological Research

Oral history, which collects historical materials by means of oral interviews, is an important auxiliary means for ethnomusicological research. Marked by the First Symposium on Oral History of Music in 2014, the academic community has launched a series of discussions and elaborations on its concepts, methods, norms, meanings, and other dimensions, and a series of academic achievements have been born. In this paper, we will combine relevant theses to explain how music oral history as contemporary history can achieve “intertextuality” in ethnomusicological research, emphasize its humanistic attributes, and summarize our reflections on the basis of existing academic experiences.

ЖАЛАЛ-АБАДДАГЫ КЫСКА МӨӨНӨТТҮҮ ПАДАГОГИКАЛЫК ОКУУ КУРСУНУН ТАРЫХЫ

This scientific article provides a scientific analysis of the history of a short-term pedagogical training course in the Jalal-Abad region, opened in 1923, and issues of education, public enlightenment in a historical context. The geographical scope of the article presented to the scientific community is the Jalal-Abad region, the time frame of which covers the period from 1923 to 1926, and examines historical events that contributed to the elimination of illiteracy and the development of education in the Jalal-Abad region. Historical facts are archival data of the National State Archive of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the State Archive in the capital, archival data in the Osh region and Jalal-Abad region, V.F. Trunov's data for 1887-1997 and other historical and source materials are presented. As a result of archival research, it was found that in 1923 there was a short-term pedagogical course in the Jalal-Abad region, opinions were added about a number of obstacles, shortcomings and prerequisites for the development of the historical process of education. In conclusion, the article emphasized the need for scientific study of the history of the educational direction in this area.

A Comparative Study of the Divorce Systems of the Tang Dynasty and Japan at the same Era

The system of divorce, which is a very important part of the marriage system, also formed a complete system and developed to its peak in the feudal era of the Tang Dynasty. In the process of economic, cultural and political exchanges between the Tang Dynasty and other countries, the divorce system of the late Asuka Period, the Nara Period and the early Heian Period in Japan, which corresponded to the Tang Dynasty, had a certain influence. This paper mainly combines the historical material "Tang Laws and Regulations" and Japanese "Pension Laws", "Household Marriage Laws" and other laws to carry out theoretical research, literature research method, and comparative research method. In the process of transplantation of Chinese law, it also reflects the different social ideologies of two different countries for the divorce system, and it produces a certain difference for the maintenance of harmonious family relations, social stability, and the sense of well-being of the divorce system to different.

Fugitive Archives: Architecture, Police Photography, and Decolonial Futures

ABSTRACT This paper examines underexplored police photographs of Chinese migrants in Korea under Japanese colonial rule, with a focus on architectural spaces. In 1940, a secret anti-Japanese association known as Ildonghoe was established by a group of Chinese migrants in the Korean city of Incheon. Following the arrest of its members in 1943, Japanese colonial authorities documented with photographs locations and objects related to the organization’s activities. This investigation serendipitously created a photographic archive of architectural spaces in and around Incheon’s Chinatown, many of which have since disappeared. The paper sheds light upon these police photographs as an “accidental archive,” a repository of historical materials that gives rise to unintended outcomes with critical information about certain events, places, and moments. The paper pays particular attention to the peculiarity of police photographs as a form of happenstance yet significant documentation capturing historical moments that might otherwise remain elusive. Reading against the grain of colonial archives, this paper shows how the Ildonghoe photographs invite viewers to envision a different narrative of the racial relations forged under colonial rule and imagine decolonial futures that have yet to come.

Modelling the Mechanical Effect of Salt Weathering on Historical Sandstone Blocks through Microdrilling

The durability of sandstones of historical building materials and geoheritage landforms is a major issue that requires an assessment methodology to follow salt weathering evolution. The building blocks of monuments support decorative carvings and reliefs that are outstanding testimonies of human activity. An evaluation based on quasi- and non-destructive testing is a reliable and generally accepted way of testing and inspecting historical building materials. Compression tests were performed on specimens of similar building sandstones extracted close to those of from St. Leonard’s Middle Ages Church, and microdrilling tests were carried out on adequate blocks of this monument. The locations of the latter tests were determined using the results of low-pressure water absorption tests, which contributed to finding a link between the sandstone specimens and the building blocks of the monument. This innovative methodology was used to generate simulated stress–strain diagrams of the building blocks of this church based on drilling strength results, avoiding the cutting of specimens from the façades with the sizes needed to ensure the mechanical validity of the results. A good agreement between the predicted and experimental stress–strain curves was achieved. The stress–strain curves of sound stones from historical building blocks and of their weathered envelopes are shown. The evolution of weathering profiles can be followed through the analysis of stress–strain diagrams, allowing an assessment of structural stability, which is essential to the study of the durability of historical building sandstones. This innovative methodology allows the adequate conservation of monuments and is a contribution to the knowledge of sustainable cultural tourism.

IMPLEMENTATION OF ACTIVE LEARNING METHODS IN INCREASING STUDENT INTEREST AND UNDERSTANDING IN HISTORY LESSONS AT SMAN 14 MEDAN

This research aims to explore and analyze the implementation of active learning methods in increasing students' interest and understanding in history lessons at SMAN 14 Medan. Active learning methods are used as the main approach to presenting historical material to students. Research was conducted by collecting qualitative and quantitative data from students involved in the active learning process. The research results show that the implementation of active learning methods is effective in increasing students' interest in history lessons and increasing their understanding of the material being taught. These findings underline the importance of using interactive and participation-based learning methods to strengthen the learning process in schools. The implications of this research provide a basis for the development of more effective learning strategies in the context of history learning in high schools. However, the implementation of active learning methods depends not only on the type of activity carried out but also on the teacher's pedagogical skills in designing and implementing interactive learning. Therefore, continued support for developing teacher skills in using active learning methods is the key to success in improving the quality of history learning at SMAN 14 Medan. Thus, this research provides a valuable contribution to our understanding of the importance of active learning methods in increasing students' interest in and understanding of history lessons. Continuous efforts are needed to expand the use of these methods and overcome challenges that may arise in their implementation, so as to create more meaningful and valuable learning experiences for students in understanding their historical heritage.

ANALYSIS OF CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES FOR HISTORY TEACHERS IN INTEGRATING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TO SUPPORT LEARNING AT SMAN 14 MEDAN

This research aims to analyze the challenges faced by history teachers in integrating information technology into the history teaching process, as well as identify effective strategies to overcome these challenges. The research method used is interviews and observations of a number of history teachers who have actively used information technology in their teaching. The research results show that some of the main challenges faced by history teachers include limited access to technology, uncertainty in selecting appropriate digital content, and a lack of adequate training in the application of technology. However, the research also identified several effective strategies that history teachers have used to overcome these challenges, including ongoing training and professional development, collaboration between teachers to share resources and experiences, and adapting curricula to account for technology integration. The implication of this research is the need for greater support from schools and the government in providing adequate access to technology and contextual training for history teachers so that they can effectively integrate information technology into history learning. The implementation of the strategies adopted by history teachers at SMA 14 shows their commitment to overcoming the challenges of integrating technology in history learning. In the face of limited access to technology, teachers have been active in utilizing training and professional development to improve their skills in using technology. Collaboration between teachers also provides a platform for sharing experiences and ideas for facing common challenges. Curriculum adjustments are the main basis for ensuring that history learning remains relevant and interesting for students in this digital era. By utilizing technology in lesson plans and developing interactive learning materials, teachers have created a dynamic and student-oriented learning environment. The impact of this strategy can be seen in increasing students' understanding of historical material and their skills in using technology.

APPLICATION OF A CONTEXTUAL APPROACH IN HISTORY LEARNING TO ENCOURAGE STUDENTS' CRITICAL THINKING AT SMA NEGERI 1 MEDAN

History education has an important role in shaping students' understanding of the past and its relationship to the current context. However, challenges arise in teaching history in a way that encourages students to think critically and relate learning to contemporary realities. This research aims to explore the application of a contextual approach to history learning at SMA Negeri 1 Medan in an effort to strengthen students' critical thinking skills. The research method used is a case study using interviews, observation and document analysis as data collection techniques. The research results show that the application of a contextual approach to history learning has succeeded in activating students to think critically, increasing their involvement in the learning process, and strengthening the relationship between historical material and the current social, cultural and political context. The implication of these findings is the need to continue to encourage innovation in history learning approaches to produce a generation that is critical, informed, and able to relate learning to the realities they face.

Тема катынского расстрела в романе Елены Катишонок Джек, который построил дом

The article presents an analysis of the thread of Yelena Katishonok’s novel Jack Who Built the House (2021), related to the theme of the Katyn massacre. In exploring the context and method of incorporating historical material into a literary text, we proceed from the basic concepts of the “New Historicism”. In the narrative about the fates of modern heroes, the writer weaves a thread related to the history of Poland, namel the arrests of Polish officers in 1939, the Katyn massacre, the formation of the Polish Anders’ Army on the territory of the USSR and the commemoration of the victims in Katyn after the war. The fate of the character associated with this thread, Stanislaw Warzynski, is in many ways the biography of a Polish artist who survived in Katyn, Józef Czapski. Katishonok depicts not only memories of historical events, but above all the efforts of several generations to commemorate the victims.