Historical Growth Research Articles

Urban DNA: Morphogenetic Analysis of Urban Pattern

Urban pattern is the result of a dynamic transformation process, which can follow two different trajectories: planned interventions generally produces clear geometrical patterns in large areas, however, unplanned transformation process needs more time and has relatively smaller and partial effects on the urban pattern but creates more complex urban patterns. Highly complex spatial structure of urban pattern governed by local and global forces should be analyzed via advanced methods that corresponds the complexity of the pattern. Analyses of the dynamic structure of the multidimensional urban system shows the necessity of using advanced methods and several parameters together. The aim of this paper is developing a new method to analyze and represent highly complex urban pattern via evaluating geometrical, topological, and mathematical parameters to evaluate essential characteristics of cities. Physical space is analyzed by ‘geometrical parameters’, ‘topological parameters’, ‘parameters related to use and perception’ and ‘parameters related to complexity’. Calculation results gives two main information about urban structure: Firstly, values gives information about spatial characteristics and diversity of urban pattern. Secondly, the spatial distribution map of changing urban pattern reflects the unique structure of settlements, which resembles DNA of living creatures. In this paper, Istanbul was selected as case study area because of the rich historical background and dynamic urban growth process resulting various types of settlements including historical settlements, old villages, unplanned development, squatter areas and gated communities with different densities. As the proposed model shows essential morphological characteristics of urban pattern as a morphological DNA, outputs of this model has a potential to be used in different areas such as comparative analysis of geometrically different cities, analyzing irregularities in urban pattern, controlling growth and density by controlling parameter values, creating urban sub-systems by combining components in different scales.

How Does Venture Capital Experience Affect Portfolio Firm's Long-Run Performance?

This study examines if and how does venture capital’s experience, as measured by venture capital age, specialization and historical investment influence post-IPO performance and growth of firms. We find that venture capital experience has significant positive effects on long-run performance measures, even after controlling for venture capital selectivity. In addition, we find that VC-backed firms exhibit better corporate governance mechanisms. Those firms have significantly higher probability of allocating ownership to senior executives than non-venture backed firms and are able to better align the interests of the executives and the shareholders. In addition, venture backed firms are associated with more independent directors, and have less duality and ownership concentration problems. Identification concerns are addressed by using instrumental variables. Our work supports the bulk of value that VC adds is the result of VC monitoring and involvement in corporate governance. Hence, we contribute to the literature on corporate finance and corporate governance in emerging markets by examining the impact of institutions.

Population growth, accessibility spillovers and persistent borders: Historical growth in West-European municipalities

Lack of cross-border transport supply has repeatedly been blamed for the fact that national borders limit spatial interaction and, consequently, the growth of border regions. This study applies an accessibility approach to investigate for most municipalities in ten countries in mainland West Europe if foreign transport supply is lagging behind, and if population growth in these municipalities has been affected by the limits that national borders have imposed on market access. To do so, data describing historical population changes and road networks between 1961 and 2011 have been used. The results show that in the study area, cross-border transport accessibility was not at a disadvantage in 1961 and has since then grown even more than domestic accessibility. However, municipal population growth has depended almost exclusively on domestic market access. Processes of economic international integration in the study area are found to coincide with the growth of cross-border accessibility, but do not have a clear coincidence with the effects of cross-border accessibility on population growth.

An ideal disorder? Autism as a psychiatric kind

In recent decades, attempts to explain autism have been frustrated by the heterogeneous nature of its behavioral symptoms and the underlying genetic, neural, and cognitive mechanisms that produce them. This has led some to propose eliminating the category altogether. The eliminativist inference relies on a conception of psychiatric categories as kinds defined by their underlying mechanistic structure. I review the evidence for eliminativism and propose an alternative model of the family of autisms. On this account, autism is a network category defined by a set of idealized exemplars linked by multiple levels of theoretically significant properties. I argue that this network model better captures the empirical phenomena, the historical growth of the category, and the ways the category has been shaped by social norms and interests. Finally, I defend a realist interpretation of network categories against the challenge from eliminativists.

Understanding pro-environmental intentions through growth, competitiveness, and concern

The effects of market liberalization and the social institutions contained within are increasingly necessary to understand. The purpose of this paper is to expand this understanding by examining neoliberal institutional variables (i.e., belief in economic growth and individual competitiveness) on pro-environmental behavior. To study this, we use two countries: one that has recently experienced high economic growth (China) and one that has recently experienced low economic growth (Japan), as a moderator variable. Further, environmental concern is proposed to mediate the moderation. The proposed conditional mediation is supported. Findings suggest that citizens with a desire for additional economic growth, in countries with large historical growth, have high environmental concern. Further, citizens with high individual competitiveness, in low historical growth countries, have low environmental concern. However, citizens with high environmental concern have high environmental intentions, regardless of current country growth. Implications for management and sustainability are then given.

Quantifying the relative availability of high-tech by-product metals – The cases of gallium, germanium and indium

There are considerable concerns about the supply security of certain high-tech elements produced as by-products. To determine in how far these concerns are justified by the actual availability of these elements, we compare the supply potentials for three particularly relevant examples – gallium, germanium and indium – to current and historic production volumes. Our assessment is based on detailed estimates of the amounts extractable from various raw materials given contemporary market prices and technologies. While the estimate for gallium is taken from a previous publication, the estimate for germanium is recalculated from an earlier estimate of recoverable germanium in reserves and resources, and the estimate for indium is compiled as part of this article.We find that the supply potentials of all three elements significantly exceed current primary production. However, the degree to which this is the case varies from element to element. While both the supply potentials of gallium and germanium are ~10 times higher than primary production, the supply potential of indium is ~3 times higher.Differences also exist in historic growth trends, with indium showing the fastest growth rate of the utilised supply potential. This makes it the most likely of the three to reach its maximum production level in the future. Based on these considerations we propose a new quantitative indicator for the future availability of by-products, time-to-maximum extraction as a by-product (TMEB), and show its utility in discriminating between the different supply situations of the three by-product elements.

Evidence of secular trend in mandibular pubertal growth.

During puberty, mandibular growth follows a growth curve comparable to somatic growth. This study aimed to review the relationship between mandibular pubertal peak height velocity (PHV) and skeletal age, and to investigate the possibility of a secular trend. Retrospective analysis was performed of two historical craniofacial growth studies (Denver Growth Study; observational time: 1943-1965, and Zurich Growth Study; observational time: 1982-1984) of healthy untreated subjects. Two mandibular growth measures (Articulare-Pogonion [Ar-Pg], Condylion-Pogonion [Co-Pg]) were retrieved from cephalograms (n: 990) and corresponding skeletal age based on hand-wrist radiographs. Mandibular growth velocity was related to skeletal age, PHV was established by use of cubic smoothing splines and variability was calculated by bootstrap resampling for every growth study and gender separately. Sexual dimorphism in mandibular growth was apparent in both cohorts. In subjects of the Denver Growth Study, mandibular PHV occurred at a more advanced skeletal age than in subjects of the Zurich Growth Study. This trend was more pronounced in males, for whom PHV of Co-Pg shifted from 14.4 to 13.8 years and of Ar-Pg from 14.6 to 13.7 years. This tendency was more subtle in females: PHV of Co-Pg shifted from 12.7 to 12.4 years and of Ar-Pg from 12.6 to 11.8 years. Mandibular growth appears to be subject to a secular trend. When related to skeletal age, this secular trend seems to be more accentuated than the established secular trend for somatic pubertal growth.

Balancing Historical Roots and Future Growth: China’s Foreign Policy

Whereas many know about China’s economic growth in recent years, the most people have little understanding regarding how the country’s historical roots and political structure have contributed to development. Through an analysis of relevant literature, this article examines China’s historical roots and political structure as they affect its foreign policy decisions that have contributed to shaping the country’s national development. It is suggested that a deeper understanding of this relationship will help Western nations interpret China’s current and future policy decisions in order to forecast the potential significance of its global influence over the next decade.

Large historical growth in global terrestrial gross primary production.

Growth in terrestrial gross primary production (GPP)-the amount of carbon dioxide that is 'fixed' into organic material through the photosynthesis of land plants-may provide a negative feedback for climate change. It remains uncertain, however, to what extent biogeochemical processes can suppress global GPP growth. As a consequence, modelling estimates of terrestrial carbon storage, and of feedbacks between the carbon cycle and climate, remain poorly constrained. Here we present a global, measurement-based estimate of GPP growth during the twentieth century that is based on long-term atmospheric carbonyl sulfide (COS) records, derived from ice-core, firn and ambient air samples. We interpret these records using a model that simulates changes in COS concentration according to changes in its sources and sinks-including a large sink that is related to GPP. We find that the observation-based COS record is most consistent with simulations of climate and the carbon cycle that assume large GPP growth during the twentieth century (31% ± 5% growth; mean ± 95% confidence interval). Although this COS analysis does not directly constrain models of future GPP growth, it does provide a global-scale benchmark for historical carbon-cycle simulations.

Between Habbakuk and Locke: Pain, Debt, and Economic Subjectivation inParadise Lost

AbstractReaders of Paradise Lost have argued that the epic registers England’s nascent imperialism negatively through its associations of trade with Satan. This essay rethinks Paradise Lost’s relation to empire by tracing its involvement in the making of an early modern subjectivity that is constitutively informed by an awareness of debt, debit, and credit. That profane mode of thought later finds more enthusiastic expression in the early English novels of Daniel Defoe and others, but it begins to take shape in Milton, who derives it from none other than religious sources such as scripture, atonement theology, and nostalgia for purgatory. Despite its voiced misgivings about British commercialism, Paradise Lost thus participates in England’s historical growth from peripheral island to sprawling world empire.

Philanthropy and the Third Sector in Korea: Overview, Extent, Activities, and Impacts

This is a part of a major work undertaken by the Asia Pacific Philanthropy Information Network (APPIN. This segment on Indonesia is divided into two sections. The first section provides an overview of philanthropy (including zakat and sadaqa), the third sector (including waqf or Muslim foundation), historical growth, policy environment, and the laws related to incorporation and tax treatment of the third sector. The second section provides an overview of an activity-based classification, identifying various fields internationally where non-profit organizations are active. The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project developed the International Classification of Non-Profit Organisations or ICNPO. We used this classification to explore the variety of third sector activity in each country, but we extended the ICNPO to include trading co-operatives. Traditionally, philanthropy in Indonesia has been spontaneous and un-planned occurring within the family or neighborhood. Different community or occupational groups used to have their own informal bodies like Subak in Bali organised to ensure sustainability of water supply from common-pool resources. There also have been organized philanthropic activities in a hamlet or a village for protecting and creating public goods. There also have been self-reliant community organizations (LSMs) working to improve social and economic conditions as well as the welfare of local communities through community participation. Most importantly 500,000 or so arisan groups participated by housewives, employees, or young men for mutual savings, called pre-cooperatives, facilitate significant amount of savings to meet many financial needs of the members. Besides the above philanthropic activities, religion-based philanthropy is also practiced in Indonesia. For example, Muslims (85% of the population in Indonesia) provide zakat ul mal, zakat ul fitr, sadaqa, etc in charity. There are 623,829 mosques; 41,874 Protestant churches; 12,406 Catholic churches, 68,861 Hindu temples; and 7,424 Buddhist monasteries available for religious practices and educations in Indonesia (as of 2000). These organizations collect funds, build religious facilities, provide religious educations, and promote religious ethics and morale values. The re-emergence of democracy in 1998 resulted in many changes in the government’s policy and strategies. The Ministry of Justice and Human Rights issued a new law on foundation in August 2002. The newly created NGOs (mostly as foundations) are demanding and undertaking stronger roles in the on going political and democratic reform activities. Thus the identity of the Indonesian NGOs is being established as civil society organizations fighting for democracy. Some civil society organizations played considerable advocacy and consciousness raising roles in Indonesia for decades. For example, Nahdatul Ulama (NU), the largest Muslim organization in Indonesia, with millions of members, 330 branch offices, 6,000 traditional boarding schools or Pondok Pesantren, and 21,000 schools throughout the country has been an influential civil society organization since the beginning of the 20th century. Muhammdiyah, as the oldest Islamic non-profit organization in Indonesia, followed a similar path. Both the organizations, following the revival of democracy moved to national politics. The NU established its own political party, the Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa (PKB, or National Awakening Party) in 1999. One of the charismatic leaders of Muhammadiyah founded a political party, Partai Amanat Rakayat Nasional (PAN, or National Mandate Party) in 1999. These two newly formed political parties provided a president and the speaker of the parliament, respectively, to reinforce influence of the civil society organizations in Indonesian politics.

Comparative analysis of hemoglobin S and normal populations based on beta-Globin Like Gene Cluster Haplotype Variation in Denizli, Turkey; Historica l- Geographical perspectives and mutation age estimation

Aim: Our study aimed to understand the genetic origin of Hb S based on comparative analysis with normal population haplotype data in the Denizli province of Turkey. Materials and Methods: We performed data obtained from previously published articles. We studied DNA samples from 12 unrelated patients with heterozygous abnormal hemoglobin S (Hb S) and 59 unrelated healthy subjects from published articles. The association of population genetic parameters such as haplotypes, diversity, differentiation, HWE and demographic analysis for two populations were performed by latest version of the Arlequin software (ver. 3.5). Results: Our results show that normal and Hb S populations have different genetic parameters based on haplotype diversity through the history. The obtained results are highly associated with frequency haplotype [+ ---+ + +] (20.8%) in the Hb S population and the Mediterranean haplotype I [+ ----+ +] (14.4%) in the Normal population. According to historical population growth and mutation age parameter of τ values for normal and Hb S populations dated approximately 42,000 to 26,000 ybp, respectively. Conclusions: Historically, two populations exhibit different genetic parameters and unimodal growth distribution. Our results are consistent with the Hb S mutation which occured in this region about 26,000 years ago.

Synthetic Emeralds Grown by W. Zerfass: Historical Account, Growth Technology and Properties

Synthetic Emeralds Grown by W. Zerfass: Historical Account, Growth Technology and Properties

On the obsolescence of human beings in sustainable development

In 1956, the Jewish-German philosopher Günther Anders developed a philosophical anthropology on the technological and moral challenges of his time. Anders suggested the societal changes that arose with the industrial age opened a gap between the capability of individuals to produce machines and their ability to imagine and deal with the consequences caused by this capability. He argues that a ‘Promethean gap’ manifests in academic and scientific thinking and leads to an extensive trivialization of societal issues. In the face of climate change, Anders’ philosophical anthropology contributes substantially to our attempts to fight climate change with innovation. Anders’ description of ‘apocalyptic blindness’ helps us to explain why we cannot help pairing our belief in historical progress and growth with our ideas on social and environmental justice. With that said, this paper contributes to the debate on humanity ‘after sustainability’ by calling to mind Anders’ historical theory on the outdatedness of humankind and his thoughts on our lack of imagination.

Urban Solid Waste Management in Itanagar Municipal Area of Arunachal Pradesh – An Application of Contingent Valuation Method

Urbanisation is a phenomenon which is a part and parcel of economic development. Simon Kuznets (1966) in his Nobel Prize winning work on measurement and analysis of historical growth of national income of developed countries identified high rate structural transformation as one of the six basic characteristics of modern economic growth. Urban development is no doubt a natural outcome of economic development but it has a number of adverse effects. For example, the rapid urbanization may lead to the rapid growth of slum settlements, informal sectors as well as environmental problems like solid waste accumulation etc. The management of Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) in most of the urban areas is a serious concern for many of the developing countries which requires immediate attention of both Government and the public. The paper attempted to estimate the per capita waste generated in Itanagar municipality area based on primary data. Itanagar, The capital of Arunachal Pradesh is a newly growing town in hilly area. This paper also attempted to estimate the willingness to pay among the respondents of Itanagar municipality area. A contingent valuation method (CVM) was used to identify the determinants of willingness to pay (WTP). Interestingly, the result showed that educational attainment of the respondents, income of the households, years of living in the place and environmental awareness were positively and significant affects the maximum willingness to pay (WTP) for an improved solid waste management in the study area. Finally, the paper suggests a few policy measures based on field survey.

A universal model for growth of user population of products and services

AbstractWe consider a network of interacting individuals, whose actions or transitions are determined by the states (behavior) of their neighbors as well as their own personal decisions. Specifically, we develop a model according to two simple decision-making rules that can describe the growth of the user population of a newly launched product or service. We analyze 22 sets of real-world historical growth data of a variety of products and services, and show that they all follow the growth equation. The numerical procedure for finding the model parameters allows the market size, and the relative effectiveness of customer service and promotional efforts to be estimated from the available historical growth data. We study the growth profiles of products and find that for a product or service to reach a mature stage within a reasonably short time in its user growth profile, the user growth rate corresponding to influenced transitions must exceed a certain threshold. Furthermore, results show that individuals in the group of celebrities having numerous friends become users of a new product or service at a much faster rate than those connected to ordinary individuals having fewer friends.

Trump, Trade and Virginia

The founding of the Virginia Colony in the New World by the Virginia Company reflected the British Empire’s notion that enlightenment would come through trade. By the post-World War II era this notion was unequivocally adopted by U.S. policymakers.This belief in the linkage between trade and the spread of liberal values has been the cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy for over 75 years. It was the underpinning of the architecture of the United States’ international trade and investment rules-based system that has evolved since the adoption of the Bretton Woods system, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and subsequently, by the World Trade Organization (WTO). It resulted in the historical growth of liberal democracy in the United States and elsewhere globally. Donald Trump was elected, in large part, by those who now felt marginalized by globalization. Globalization and the liberal economic order is now under challenge by him and his trade policy pronouncements.The challenge now is for the U.S. to put in place immediately a broad range of domestic policies regarding trade adjustment assistance, public and private reinvestment into infrastructure, and global tax reform to recapture the billions of offshore dollars being hoarded by U.S. multinationals. Both federal and state governments, with a broad outward-looking mindset, need to aggressively engage collectively the global system. This entails having complimentary domestic social and economic policies ensuring a competitive home front.Blustering away at globalization, walking away from the TPP, withdrawing from NAFTA or the WTO, and from leadership in the global trading system are not good for developing viable U.S. policies for trade, geostrategic relations or promoting state economic development.

Lake whitefish ( Coregonus clupeaformis ) energy and nutrient partitioning in lakes Michigan, Erie and Superior

A concurrent decrease in lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) condition and Diporeia spp. abundance in Lake Michigan has spurred investigations into possible links between the two phenomena. We examined female lake whitefish δ13C and δ15N stable isotopes, growth, reproductive investment, dorsal muscle total lipid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) contents from lakes Erie, Michigan and Superior to determine whether differences in food source were correlated with measures of stock success. Stocks with higher somatic growth rates and mean reproductive potential had higher energy stores in terms of percent total lipid. Stocks with low muscle lipid concentration also had smaller egg sizes as egg number increased. Diet varied among stocks as evidenced by δ13C and δ15N stable isotope analyses; however, muscle total lipid and DHA were not correlated to apparent Diporeia spp. prey use. When compared to stocks from lakes Erie and Superior, Lake Michigan stocks had lower growth, reproduction, and lipid stores. While stocks in Lake Michigan with access to declining Diporeia spp. populations may still feed on the amphipod, it appears that they are unable to consume the quantities necessary to maintain historical growth and reproduction. Stable isotope analyses of lakes Erie and Superior stocks, with higher growth rates and lipid values, indicated different feeding strategies with no indication of reliance on Diporeia spp. While differences in prey resources may have an effect on lake whitefish stocks, differences in Diporeia spp. abundance alone cannot explain differences in lake whitefish condition observed among the Great Lakes included in this study.

Trend Growth Durations & Shifts

Policymakers and investors often conceptualize trend growth as simply a medium/long term average growth rate. In practice, these averages are usually taken over arbitrary periods of time, thereby ignoring the large empirical growth literature which shows that doing so is inappropriate, especially in developing countries where growth is highly unstable. This paper builds on this literature to propose an algorithm, called iterative Fit and Filter (iFF), that extracts the trend as a sequence of medium/long term growth averages. iFF separates important countryspecific historical episodes and trend growth durations - number of years between two consecutive trend growth shifts, vary substantially across countries and over time. We relate the conditional probabilities of up and down-shifts in trend growth next year to the country's current growth environment, level of development, demographics, institutions, economic management and external shocks, and show how both iFF and the predictive model could be employed in practice

Age, Growth, and Mortality of a Trophy Channel Catfish Population in Manitoba, Canada

AbstractThe Red River of the North (Red River) is managed with a unique set of regulations aimed at conserving the age structure and size structure of a trophy Channel Catfish population. Although these regulations have been in place for >20 years, current population dynamics have not been evaluated postregulation. Our objectives were to (1) document dynamic rate functions (i.e., growth and mortality), age structure, and size structure of Channel Catfish in the lower Red River, and (2) compare current population dynamics with historical conditions in the lower Red River and other populations. We documented a maximum age of 27, and ages greater than 20 were common (7%). We estimated an annual mortality rate of 0.19, which was similar to mortality estimates for Channel Catfish in the Red River from the USA. Growth rates for individuals ages 3–10 were similar among our study, historical growth estimates, and upstream estimates. Conservative harvest regulations appear to be preserving the desired age structure and size structure of Channel Catfish in the lower Red River, and this study may provide insight into unique management possibilities for other systems.Received March 11, 2016; accepted August 1, 2016 Published online October 28, 2016