Historical Digression Research Articles

Реалии программно-целевого подхода в развитии сельских территорий

The article contains a brief historical digression using a program-oriented approach to rural development in the post-reform period. The characteristics of the State program of the Russian Federation "Integrated rural development" with an assessment of financial support are given. The directions of improving the program-target approach in terms of modern rural development are proposed.

Development of the scientific and pedagogical school of the department “Ground Transport and Technological Complexes”

The scientific article reflects the main stages of the historical development of the scientific and pedagogical school of the cycle “Technology of structural metals. Materials Science”, which is one of the areas of the department “Ground transport and technological complexes”. Employees of the department made a significant contribution to solving practical problems in assessing the effectiveness of existing technological processes for restoring the tread surface profile of wheel pairs of wheels, the proposed processes of face milling and turning when restoring the wheel rim profile, including the use of preliminary induction annealing to improve machinability, optimization of cutting conditions wheels based on linear and nonlinear programming methods. A large amount of research and implementation work has been carried out to improve the repair technology and increase the reliability of the wheel-motor unit of rail crews of railway rolling stock. Issues related to surfacing operations during repairs and increasing the wear resistance of deposited surfaces were considered.At the same time, the teachers of the department conduct training sessions on disciplines at a high methodological level, without which it is impossible to imagine a modern engineer.Over the years of work of the cycle “Technology of Structural Metals. Materials Science” a large number of textbooks, teaching aids, guidelines and manuals on laboratory work and course design, as well as collections of scientific papers, articles and monographs on the main areas of research work were published.The historical digression presented in this article gives an idea of the scientific potential of the department accumulated over many years, which can serve as a reliable basis for further development of new scientific directions.

Classification of chronic gastritis: historical digression and current state of the issue. A review

For more than a century, physicians have noted the relationship of chronic gastritis with the development of gastric cancer, which prompted great interest in the study and systematization of chronic gastritis in order to better understand the prognosis and develop approaches for cancer prevention. The accumulated knowledge about the etiology, pathogenesis and morphology of gastritis has made it possible to coordinate the general ideas about gastritis in the classifications used by practicing physicians today, and the systems developed and implemented into practice for assessing atrophy/intestinal metaplasia (OLGA/OLGIM) undoubtedly can help the doctor in determining the tactics of curation of the patient.

Individualization of Legal Objects by the Example of Goods: A Historical Digression

Individualization of Legal Objects by the Example of Goods: A Historical Digression

American approaches to the post-crisis world order

The article attempts to analyze American approaches to building a world order that would meet the interests of Washington in the post-crisis era. According to the current US National Security Strategy (2022), the modern world order is characterized by a sharp escalation of contradictions between the US and countries such as Russia, China and Iran, while each of these centers of power has its own vision of a just international order, which generates the energy of conflict and leads to the use of force below the level of open hostilities. After a brief historical digression about the causes of the current crisis, the author proceeds to the study of the American vision of the international system, then analyzes the strategy by which the United States will seek to ensure a post-crisis settlement on its own terms. The article substantiates the conclusions about the causes of the current crisis; about the US strategy that will allow Washington to solve the tasks facing it at the present stage; about American approaches to the post-crisis world order.

High School Sustainable and Green Chemistry: Historical–Epistemological and Pedagogical Considerations

In this paper, a distinction is first made between environmental, sustainable, and green chemistry; the last two are then examined in relation to the more general problem of environmental education. A brief historical digression on the Science, Technology, and Society movement attempts to dissect reasons why chemistry is seen by the general public as a problem, not as a decisive resource for the realization of the ecological transition. Although sustainable and green chemistry can be decisive in overcoming the insularity of chemical disciplines in high school, it is not well-embedded in educational practices. This situation is slowly changing thanks to the implementations of systems thinking in teaching practice, showing interconnections between the molecular world and sustainability. Historical and epistemological studies provide an all-encompassing framework for the relationship between chemistry and the environment in a broad sense, giving a solid foundation for educational projects. Specific operational goals can help chemical educators in supporting real learning, as well as an examination of the fundamental axes of sustainable and green chemistry, according to the criteria of Scientific and Technological Literacy. Finally, the results of some research carried out in secondary school are presented. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the interdisciplinary-systemic approach in teaching chemistry as well as in guiding future green careers and reducing the gender gap, preparing high school students in the best possible way to face the challenges of an increasingly interconnected and complex world.

Forgotten pioneers of erector spinae plane block: historical digression

One of the newest methods of interfacial blocks is the erector spinae plane (ESP) block, which is considered to have been first described by Forero in 2016. Given its simplicity and safety, the ESP block is used for postoperative analgesia during surgery on the abdominal organs, chest, breast, and spine and in the treatment of chronic pain. This study aimed to describe the historical aspects of the origin of the blockade of back-straightening muscles and the possibilities of its application in clinical practice. Articles published from January 2023 to April 2023 in PubMed (MEDLINE), Cochrane Library, and RSCI databases were searched by two independent researchers. The date of the last search was April 10, 2023. A total of 546 studies were identified, of which 68 were included in the review. Analysis and synthesis methods were used to construct the conclusion based on the information obtained. The history of the blockade of back-straightening muscles began in 1994 when Professor B.M. Rachkov and Professor V.M. Kustov received a patent Method for treatment of pain in the pathology of the spinal cord and spinal column. The blockade technique proposed by M. Forero was nearly identical to the RachkovKustov method with respect to the direction of needle insertion and the injection site of the local anesthetic solution. The mechanism of action of the ESP block has not been definitively established. Data on possible complications and side effects of the ESP block are presented. Therefore, we have every reason to state that the Russian scientists Professor B.M. Rachkov and V.M. Kustov discovered the blockade of back-straightening muscles and not the Canadian Professor M. Forero. Further studies are needed to determine specific indications and evidence of the efficacy of the blockade of back-straightening muscles in comparison with other regional methods of anesthesia.

The features’ analysis of modern economic crises

As evidenced by the historical digression, economic crises are an integral element in the development of the world economy. The overproduction of goods was considered as the main cause of crises, that is, the volume of products produced by aggregate suppliers exceeded aggregate demand. The significant expansion of exports has led to the internationalization of not only world trade, but also the production of goods and the creation of new supply chains, which caused the vulnerability of the entire chain of enterprises connected technologically in many countries. The aim of the work is to study the dynamics of economic crises, to identify their causes and consequences for the world economy. The paper examines the economic crises that have occurred in different countries and the change in their nature. The methods of comparison and statistical analysis were used as research tools in the work. As the analysis carried out in the work has shown, economic crises from partial, covering individual countries, turn into global ones. Moreover, the depth and scale of economic crises are increasing despite the created mathematical tools and a significant increase in computing power. The analysis allows us to draw conclusions about the further regionalization of world trade and production. In addition, these processes are objective and do not depend on the current distribution of economic potential.

Switzerland's good offices in light of the American hostage-taking in Iran (1979-1981)

Switzerland's neutrality during the Cold War allowed it, without joining any of the opposing blocs, to take an active part in international politics. This, in particular, was reflected in the so-called good offices and a series of protective mandates of Switzerland in Iran. The article presents a brief historical digression into the process of development of diplomatic relations between Switzerland and Iran. The purpose of the article is to determine the role of Swiss diplomacy in negotiations on the release of American hostages in Iran (1979-1981). The study was carried out on the basis of declassified archival documents, a significant part of which is being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time (documents of the US State Department and the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs devoted to the settlement of the crisis with American hostages). This determined the scientific novelty of the study. The use of the historical-genetic method allowed us to study the genesis of bilateral relations between Switzerland and Iran before the 1979 Islamic Revolution. A narrative (descriptive-narrative) method was used to describe Switzerland's diplomatic services to the United States in Iran after the 1979 Islamic Revolution. Through the structural and functional method, it was possible to identify the mechanisms of Swiss diplomacy during secret meetings between the American and Iranian sides and the execution of the protective mandate to represent the interests of the United States in Iran. The historical-retrospective method helped to evaluate the results of Switzerland's "good offices" in Iran from the perspective of time distance.

Innovation project as a transformation process

In order to develop the economy and achieve the goals of the strategic development of the state, more and more attention is paid to the management of innovations and projects implemented on their basis. Since 2005, the main directions of the state policy in the field of science and innovation development have been approved in Russia, and since then the concept of innovation project, which combines two terms innovation and project, has become especially significant for the development of science and the Russian economy. The article provides a brief excursion into the historical formation of the term: the thoughts of the ancient Greek philosophers who became the founders of the term Aristotle, J. Schumpeter, who invested in the term the meaning of innovation, innovation, as well as creative activity, as a result of which manufacturers create a new product or service, are considered. unknown to the population or the market, or endow already known objects with new properties. The paper determines that an innovative project is a complex process, which, in turn, can be considered from three positions: as new knowledge, from the point of view of introducing innovations into practice, and as the dissemination of innovative experience in various areas of public life. This paper presents a historical digression into the concept of an innovative project. analysis of theoretical approaches to the definition of the term innovation project: a review of the definitions given by domestic and foreign authors in their research is presented, the role of innovation in modern economics is studied. Particular attention is paid to the study of the definition, essence, criteria for innovative projects in the framework of the International Standard for Project Management ISO 21500:2012. In addition, the paper considers the stages of implementation of innovative projects at the enterprise, as well as the content, characteristics, classification and features of the implementation of innovative projects within the framework of enterprises in modern economic conditions. An overview is presented on the innovation project management model, as well as statistical indicators of the implementation of innovative projects in industries and the reasons why enterprises initiate their start.

Discussion about the article by Busygin A.E. «Russian state educational policy: in what degree it corresponds to the formation of new social reality?»

The article presents a discussion about the article by Doctor of Economics, professor Andrei Evgenievich Busygin on the problem of the evolution of higher education in Russia since Soviet times, organized by the editorial board of the journal. In connection with the possible turn of the Russian higher education system from the Bologna process to the more familiar Soviet system, it is important to think over and evaluate the possible risks, pros and cons with a historical digression into this problem. Now the topic of the development of the higher education system is relevant and in demand, it is especially acute for the younger generation and representatives of higher education

История и типология нотолинейных певческих манускриптов: репертуар и внешний вид богослужебных нотных книг

This article examines the notolinear handwritten collections that existed in the church singing practice of Russia from the second half of the XVII century to the revolution. A brief historical digression is given that characterizes the external features of manuscripts in the XVII, XVIII, XIX centuries, describes the change in notation in singing books. The classification of handwritten singing collections is proposed. The characteristics of the most important singing centers of Moscow, St. Petersburg and the province are given. The question is raised about the importance of ownership records, allowing to trace the ownership of the manuscript to a particular temple, the owner, to determine the time of creation of the manuscript. We are talking about the repertoire preserved in the singing collections of different historical periods.

Istoriya razvitiya ledovyh vidov sporta v kitajskoj provincii Hejlunczyan

The article provides a historical digression in the field of ice sports research in the Chinese province of Heilongjiang. The paper presents the main stages of ice sports, reflects the features that influenced the formation of the modern ice sports industry in Heilongjiang Province, and also pays attention to the cooperation of Heilongjiang Province and the Russian Federation in the development of ice sports.

Intra-European Unions and Their Role in the Settlement of International Conflicts

The formation of the Lublin Triangle occurred on July 28, 2020. The historical value of the issue of actualizing the mediation role of the Lublin Triangle lies in the stated purpose of this Agreement - to resolve issues of political, economic and social cooperation. In order to achieve this goal, military units of the participating countries have been created for rapid response in a threat situation, cooperation has been established with other intra-European unions and associations - the Bucharest Group, the Minsk Group, for greater integration of Ukraine along the path chosen by it into the European Union and NATO. The article makes a historical digression into the era of the conclusion of the Union of Lublin and analyzes the perepetias of the entry of modern Ukrainian territories into the Commonwealth during its union with the Principality of Lithuania. Ukraine's attraction to alliances with its Western neighbors finds its historical continuity in the conclusion of this Agreement and has prospects for more successful implementation for the participating countries, creating new problems and challenges for Russia, the peoples that make up it, the integrity of their families, civil, cultural self-identification and determining the trajectory of life. This problem is relevant in the light of recent events in Europe. Key words: political, economical, military interaction, intermediary, commonwealth, union

Rukoprikladstvo (‘Manhandling’): from ‘Handwritten Signature’ to ‘Beating’

The article discusses the history of the semantic transformation of the compound word rukoprikladstvo (‘manhandling’) – from the meaning ‘handwritten signature’ in the business language of Medieval Russia to the meaning ‘beating’ in the modern common Russian language. The word rukoprikladstvo, derived from the stable combination ruku prilozhit (‘set one's hand to’), denoted the symbolic confirmation of an official text by placing a palm, previously smeared with ink, on a blank sheet, the reverse side of the document. The article stresses that the medieval idea of a Russian person about the state as a ‘house’ headed by a ‘father-sovereign’ left a peculiar imprint on the office work of pre-Petrine Russia. Thus, the reliability of the content of a business text was ensured, on the one hand, by the testimony of the closest relatives or respected people of the clan (‘poslukhi’) and on the other hand by the unwritten laws of Christian morality. Since the time of Peter the Great, who was oriented towards Western models of the ‘state machine’, many official formulas have forever moved into the national language, acquiring new meanings motivated by the original semantics of their lexical components. Without a historical digression into the ‘ritual’ features of this obligatory action when sealing a business transaction and, as a result, without considering the functioning of the combination ruku prilozhit' (’put a hand’) in the official writing of pre-Petrine and post-Petrine Russia, it is impossible to trace the meaningful evolution of the word ‘rukoprikladstvo’ to its modern meaning ‘inflict hand beatings’. The history of the expression ruku prilozhit' (‘set one's hand to’) and the word rukoprikladstvo – both in the command language and in common Russian life – testifies to the history of the Russian official language as a separate cultural phenomenon with its own unique destiny.

Formation and development of the Russian constitutional and sectoral legislation on the prohibition of seizure of power: a brief historical digression

Formation and development of the Russian constitutional and sectoral legislation on the prohibition of seizure of power: a brief historical digression

Legal Regulation of Insolvency (Bankruptcy): a Brief Historical Digression

The institution of insolvency (bankruptcy) is known to all modern legal systems, regardless of the specifics of the economic formation. The bankruptcy mechanisms implemented in the Russian Federation are not effective enough, while the number of bankruptcy cases is steadily growing. Further reform of the institution of bankruptcy in the Russian Federation implies the need to study the historical experience of legal regulation of bankruptcy both in foreign countries and in pre-revolutionary Russia. All the main methods of scientific cognition, in particular historical and comparative methods, were used in the preparation of the article. The article examines the origin and evolution of the institution of bankruptcy (bankruptcy law), identifies the beginnings of bankruptcy law in Roman law, touches on its development in the legal systems of Italy, France, Germany, Great Britain, USA, Russia. The concepts of non-payment and insolvency are analyzed, as well as the ratio of the institutions of enforcement proceedings and competition law. Conclusions are formulated about the exclusivity of bankruptcy in terms of economic consequences, the need to distinguish commercial bankruptcy from consumer bankruptcy, the importance of the criterion of good faith in relation to the debtor and creditors.

Environmental law and natural resource law: if “divorce” is relevante?

The article examines the problems of the environmental law structural system. The urgency of this issue has increased signifi cantly due to the repeated attempts of some researchers to justify the need to separate from the environmental law of its natural resource unit and create a new branch of law, along with environmental law, the subject and scope of which will be signifi cantly narrowed. A brief historical digression into the study of the relevant issue in Ukrainian science over the past 60 years was made. The connection between the evolution of legal thought and the development of environmental legislation at diff erent stages is substantiated. The views of modern supporters of such a question are analyzed. Attention is focused on the signifi cant disagreements of researchers in understanding the subject and system of the proposed new branch of law: some of them suggest a separation of utilization, on the one hand, and protection, on the other; others are talking about the allocation in some areas of diff erentiated regulation of relations for the utilization and protection of certain natural resources while leaving in the fi eld of environmental law regulation of integrated environmental relations; from time to time there are other approaches that never completely coincide with each other, even among supporters of the independence of natural resource law. It is emphasized that such inconsistency of researchers’ opinion only delays the process of systematization of environmental legislation, which is long overdue, especially from the standpoint of law enforcement. The relationship between the system of law and the system of legislation is studied in the context of preparation for the systematization of environmental legislation. The conclusion is made about the need to preserve the unity of the branch of law that regulates relations in the system «man - nature». Key words: environmental law; natural resource law; branch of law; system of law; system of legislation; systematization of environmental legislation

Коммуникативные и социолингвистические аспекты изучения названий российских коттеджных посёлков

The article discusses the dynamics of the existence and development of linguistic phenomena in modern Russia on the example of the toponymy of Russian cottage settlements, which have not been the subject of linguistic analysis so far. A new term is introduced to define this variety of toponyms (cotonyms). Based on the analysis of a large illustrative material, a classification of cotonyms influenced by Western languages (mainly English) is proposed. The prevalence and non-randomness of this phenomenon is emphasized. The relationship between cotonyms and the formation of the modern linguistic landscape, of which, according to the authors, they are a part, is established. It is argued that cotonyms can become visual material for the sociolinguistic characteristics of modern Russian society. The problem is being investigated, whether it is possible to consider the trend towards the presence of anglicisms in the names of Russian cottage settlements as a nationwide phenomenon. On the basis of analytical and statistical methods of research, it is argued that the use of foreign names for dacha (cottage) settlements has a non-ethnic (all-Russian) character. and a narrower sociolinguistic one, characteristic only of a part of the privileged (wealthy) strata of Russian society, Eurocentric in their mentality. A possible approach to cotonyms is proposed, on the one hand, as a logoepistemic unit that belongs to both culture and language, and on the other hand, as a “text”. A historical digression into the origin of some Russian toponips is given. Cotonyms of the post-perestroika period and dachonyms (the names of the dachas are the authors) of the Soviet period, which carry an ideological load, are compared. The issues of toponymic policy are touched upon. It is concluded that cotonyms are an important linguistic and cultural phenomenon of great communicative significance.

Somatic human rights in the process of biomedical research: analysis of scientific sources

It is determined that in order to create a reliable modern scientific foundation for understanding the essence of somatic human rights in the process of biomedical research, a historical digression into the specifics of research of a legal issue of constitutional and legal bases of consolidation of certain somatic rights, selection of certain research priorities and previously existing and current legislation was formed. This will highlight certain trends in the development of both legal doctrine and rule-making activities, the result of which is a radical improvement of current legislation of Ukraine, including codified content, to outline certain issues while clarifying ways to solve them in different historical periods. to avoid negative in the future and borrow positive experiences. Taking into account the historical experience of doctrinal research of certain legal phenomena, scientists say, allows to form a perfect modern scientific basis for improving the constitutional and legal status of a legal institution.
 It is pointed out that the history of formation and development of the mechanism of realization and protection of somatic human rights is an integral part of the historical and legal process. The study of positive experiences in this field, which has deep historical roots and is closely linked to socio-economic and political processes, is important for both theory and practice. An integral element of scientific intelligence of any level and direction is a thorough source base, critical analysis and systematization of which is the primary task of a true scientist. This is what makes it possible to carry out objective and impartial research in the field of jurisprudence, as modern scholars emphasize.