Historical Comparison Research Articles

Grouping sounds into evolving units for the purpose of historical language comparison.

Computer-assisted approaches to historical language comparison have made great progress during the past two decades. Scholars can now routinely use computational tools to annotate cognate sets, align words, and search for regularly recurring sound correspondences. However, computational approaches still suffer from a very rigid sequence model of the form part of the linguistic sign, in which words and morphemes are segmented into fixed sound units which cannot be modified. In order to bring the representation of sound sequences in computational historical linguistics closer to the research practice of scholars who apply the traditional comparative method, we introduce improved sound sequence representations in which individual sound segments can be grouped into evolving sound units in order to capture language-specific sound laws more efficiently. We illustrate the usefulness of this enhanced representation of sound sequences in concrete examples and complement it by providing a small software library that allows scholars to convert their data from forms segmented into sound units to forms segmented into evolving sound units and vice versa.

Automated geovisualization of flood disaster impacts in the global South cities with open geospatial data sets and ICEYE SAR flood data

Flooding is a highly destructive natural disaster affecting millions of people annually, causing substantial global economic losses. Especially in the Global South, vulnerable populations with limited resources for flood protection and recovery suffer the most. However, effective flood impact analysis and standardized geospatial data processing and visualization is lacking, hindering effective disaster risk reduction. This study employs Python to develop a standardized, automated analysis and visualization model to address flood impacts after a high magnitude event anywhere in the world by using global geospatial data sets.In order to test its applicability two relevant cases, with different locations and scales, were selected, (Bangkok, Thailand, and Tula de Allende, Mexico). In both cases the automated flood model efficiently processed flood extent and depth data from ICEYE SAR images, added the population estimates from the German Aerospace Center, and key infrastructure elements from OpenStreetMap. The output of the automated process is presented as web-based interactive maps, offering insights into flooding severity and impacts with minimal user input. This quick approach (processing time between 41 s and 10,5 min) facilitates timely responses by first responders, with great potential to aid and improve the efficiency of international humanitarian efforts.By leveraging global high-resolution geospatial data for local-level analysis, this study demonstrates the versatility and time-saving benefits of this automated analysis and visualization. Automated models standardize results, minimizing human errors, and enabling consistent historical flood data comparison. Even though the databases are gathered from trusted sources, additional evaluation of uncertainties of the results with field data should be considered in further development of this tool. Nevertheless, this research highlights the worldwide potential, and especially the Global South, of automated global geospatial analysis to improve disaster impact reduction by enhancing efficient response efforts.

Transformation of views on slavery in the Atlantic region: Aspects of economy, culture, and society

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the connection of the topic of slavery in the modern world with social rules, because it helps to understand the challenges and problems associated with racism, inequality, and social justice. In this regard, the purpose of the study was to explore the development of economic, cultural, and social life in the Atlantic region during the spread and after the abolition of slavery. The leading methods of investigating this problem are cultural and historical analysis, comparison, classification, synthesis, historical approach, deduction, and generalisation of results. The paper shows the content and functions of slavery; analyses the historical trends in the development of the slave trade, identifies its main factors; demonstrates the findings of modern historians and economists who considered aspects of changing views on slavery in different periods, dominant motives, features, nature and dynamics of the development of discriminatory attitudes in the Atlantic region; describes how slavery took root in America at the earliest stages of the European conquest; traces its characteristics, the origin of various systems, working conditions and exploitation; reveals changes in views on slavery as a negative way of building society; shows the interweaving of Atlantic slavery, the production of knowledge and colonisation, which influenced the development of the modern world; revealed a fair future through alternative anthropology solving complex issues and paying reparations; analysed in detail the development and changes in the economy, trade, social relations, and culture during the development of the slave trade; diagnosed that the cessation and eradication of slavery significantly affected the progress in the economic and cultural life of the United States and completed the period of expansion. The materials of the study are of scientific value for historians, economists, culturologists, and linguists who will be able to deepen research on the economic and cultural consequences of slavery, its impact on economic development, trade, literature, and art

Mortality Rates of the Spanish Flu and Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the Netherlands: A Historical Comparison.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been called the deadliest disease event in history. In this study, we compared the cause-specific mortality rate of the Spanish flu (1918-1920) with that of COVID-19 (2020-2022) in the Netherlands. During the periods of exposure, about 50 000 people died of COVID-19 and 32 000 people of the Spanish flu. In absolute numbers, COVID-19 seems to be deadlier than Spanish flu. However, the crude mortality rates for COVID-19 and Spanish flu were 287 and 486 per 100 000 inhabitants, respectively. Comparing age-standardized mortality rates, there would have been 28 COVID-19- and 194 Spanish flu-related deaths in 1918-1920, or 214 Spanish flu- and 98 COVID-19-related deaths in 2020-2022 per 100 000 inhabitants per year. Thus, taking the population differences into account, the Spanish flu would have been deadlier than COVID-19.

Effects of harvesting and an invasive mussel on intertidal rocky shore communities based on historical and spatial comparisons.

Intertidal rocky shores are the most accessible marine habitats and therefore heavily impacted by harvesting. In recent years, they have also been increasingly invaded by alien species, which compounds the effects of harvesting on rocky shore community composition and functioning. Recent survey data, combined with historical data from 1970, were used to assess temporal changes over the intervening period in rocky shore communities at two sites (Wireless Point and Wireless Island). Three kinds of changes emerged: (1) the appearance of alien species; (2) the effects of increased harvesting pressure; and (3) the direct and indirect effects of these changes on other species. A striking result was transformation of mid-shore zones on exposed shores by the appearance of the invasive Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, and the indirect effects of this on the demography and vertical zonation patterns of the granular limpet Scutellastra granularis. Adult limpets have become excluded by the mussel, whereas juveniles find a secondary home on the shells of the mussel and their abundance has increased. To further disentangle the effects of harvesting from those of alien invasions, a spatial comparison was made between two currently unharvested no-take sites (Scarborough South and Scarborough North) and two regularly harvested sites (Kommetjie and Wireless Point). Harvesting has substantially depleted the granite limpet Cymbula granatina and Argenville's limpet Scutellastra argenvillei. This has led to the proliferation of opportunistic seaweeds, such as Ulva spp. The dual effects of alien invasive species and over-harvesting have major ecosystem effects but do not necessarily diminish biodiversity because the alternative habitats that have developed provide opportunities for colonisation by additional species.

The assembly line at Ford and transportation platforms: A historical comparison of labour process reorganisation

AbstractThis paper provides a historical comparison of the introduction of the moving assembly line at Ford Motor factories in the early 20th century, with the development of transportation platforms in the 21st century. The paper pushes back against the argument that either of these cases was based upon technological innovation, arguing that in neither case was new technology developed, but rather existing machinery was made use of. The paper argues that each case was built upon the reorganisation of the labour process, to increase the control that capital held over the labour process, increase the intensity of work and increase the levels of exploitation and surplus value extraction that workers are subjected to. By demonstrating this, it removes the technological façade that contemporary platforms hide behind, showing that they do not represent a qualitative break from the past, but rather the repackaging of old forms of work intensification.

The Use and Outcomes of 3D Printing in Pediatric Craniofacial Surgery: A Systematic Review.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has demonstrated efficacy in multiple surgical specialties. As accessibility improves, its use in specific fields deserves further attention. We conducted a systematic review of the implementation and outcomes of 3D printing in pediatric craniofacial surgery, as none has been performed. A systematic review was conducted according to Cochrane and PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, and Clinicaltrials.gov were queried with combinations of the terms: "3D printing," "craniofacial," "surgery," and "pediatric." Original human studies containing patients <18 years old implementing 3D printing to aid in craniofacial surgery were included. Study selection, grading, and data extraction were performed independently by multiple authors. After screening 120 articles, 7 (3 case series and 4 case reports) were included, published from 2017 to 2022. All studies addressed patients with different disease processes including craniosynostosis, cleft lip/palate, and mandibular hypoplasia. 3D printing was used to create mock surgical models in 2 studies, intraoperative cutting guides/molds (CGs) in 6 studies, and cranioplasty implants in 2 studies. Two case series determined the accuracy of the CGs was acceptable within historical comparison, while 4 articles included subjective statements on improved accuracy. Five studies noted reduced operating time, 2 noted reduced intraoperative blood loss, and 1 felt the use of 3D printed materials was responsible for shorter hospitalization duration. No adverse events were reported. Despite the limitations of the current literature, all studies concluded that the use of 3D printing in pediatric craniofacial surgery was beneficial. Definitive conclusions cannot be made until further controlled research is performed.

Pricing in service industries: methods for justifying the cost of developing a design project

The subject of the study is the peculiarities of pricing in the service sector, in particular the process of justifying the standard cost of developing a design project in the domestic pricing system. The object of the study is methods for justifying the cost of developing a design project, used in domestic design practice both in the development of projects financed by public funds and projects financed by a private investor. The purpose of the work is a comparative analysis of domestic methods to justify the cost of developing a design project. The authors consider such aspects of domestic pricing methods as the mathematical apparatus, the price level, basic and current, the possibility of using the methodology to justify the value of the cost when replicating a project or its processing by making minor changes to the parameters, the level of qualifications of development specialists, etc. The research methods used are induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, the method of analogy, logical and historical analysis, scientific abstraction, comparison and classification, theorization, idealization, formalization, positive and normative analysis, verification. The practical significance of the research results lies in the analysis of existing methods of regulatory pricing in the field of design, in the formulation, within the framework of the study, of their advantages and disadvantages, in the development of directions for their improvement. The authors’ special contribution to the study of the topic of pricing in the field of design is the substantiation of the main direction for improving existing domestic methods – the symbiosis of methods of state regulation of pricing in design and recommendations developed by the professional community, which will improve quality by increasing the scientific validity of calculations and taking into account the specifics of the development of design projects.

History of the development of pedagogy and psychology in China and Kazakhstan

Relevance. Knowledge of the transformation process and the history of the development of pedagogy and psychology allows extracting the necessary information for the identification of key aspects in the creation of educational methods.Purpose. The purpose of this study is to analyze the historical development of pedagogy, including preschool, secondary, and higher education, as well as psychology, in China and Kazakhstan.Methodology. In this study, theoretical (analysis, synthesis, and comparison) and empirical methods of investigating information were used. The study is based on a comparative historical analysis using which it is possible to compare the features of progress and regression in the field of education in China and Kazakhstan. The study was conducted in three stages: the investigation and collection of information from historical sources, comparison and generalisation of research data.Results. The study identified distinct stages in the development of preschool, secondary, and higher education in China, reflecting the influence of Confucian ideas, Western methodologies, and shifts in political ideologies. In Kazakhstan, the evolution of education was marked by the initial dominance of Muslim schools, followed by the integration of Soviet educational models and, more recently, the introduction of open and distance education approaches. The analysis revealed significant differences in the historical trajectories of pedagogy and psychology in the two countries, with China demonstrating a more rapid and multifaceted development compared to Kazakhstan.Conclusions. The historical analysis of the development of pedagogy and psychology in China and Kazakhstan highlights the complex interplay between cultural, political, and global factors in shaping the education systems of these countries. The findings provide valuable insights for understanding the current state and future trajectories of education in these nations, as well as informing the development of educational policies and practices that adapt to the changing needs and demands of the modern world.

Nation Building Processes and Bilateral Relations Between China and Türkiye: Comparison of 20th and 21st Centuries

ABSTRACT Given that China and Türkiye are direct successors of former empires, i.e., the Qing and Ottoman Empires, they share common feelings of century-long Western humiliation, constrained maritime space, and unfinished territorial unification in modern times. However, the two countries chose divergent paths of modern national building, which result in their turbulent bilateral relations in the 20th century. While the old structural disagreements are not completely fading away, China and Türkiye have tended to build a more cooperative relations in 21st century as both of them struggle to adapt to the common challenges of neoliberal world order, which leads to more convergences than divergences in their second nation building process. Based on this historical comparison, this paper suggests that the nation building processes and its reflections on foreign affairs are the structural factor in China-Türkiye relations, which defined potential issues of cooperation and division between the two countries in different times.

Survey on the implementation status and reproductive outcomes of oocyte and ovarian tissue cryopreservation in Japan: Historical comparison with nationwide surveys.

To clarify the reproductive outcomes of fertility preservation (FP) treatment. We conducted a mailed-in questionnaire survey at institutions certified by the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology to investigate the number of oocyte cryopreservations (OC) and ovarian tissue cryopreservations (OTC) performed from December 2016 to the end of 2020. And, we conducted a detailed investigation of cases in which frozen specimens were used during the investigation period, and made historical comparisons with previous nationwide studies. Responses were received from 114 out of 150 facilities (response rate: 76.0%) for OC and 43 out of 51 for OTC (response rate: 84.3%). Breast cancer was the most common disease among patients whose FP specimens were used. During the study period, 1237 OCs and 198 OTCs were performed. In addition, 57 cycles of embryo transfer (ET) using cryopreserved oocytes and 12 cases of ovarian tissue transplantation (OTT) were performed. The mean age of patients who underwent ET using cryopreserved oocytes was 34.8 (±5.8) years, with a median age of 36 years. The pregnancy rate per ET using cryopreserved oocytes was 26.3% and the live birth rate (LBR) was 17.5%. Further, the LBR per patient was 43.3%, and the pregnancy rate following OTTs was 33.3%. Also, controlled ovarian stimulation using the random start method or the combination of aromatase inhibitors had no effect on pregnancy outcome. Implementation of both OCs and OTCs have markedly increased over time in Japan, with comparable reproductive outcomes as other reports.

Neurocognitive and psychosocial outcomes in survivors of childhood leukemia with Down syndrome.

The primary aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of a developmentally tailored neurocognitive assessment in survivors of childhood acute leukemia with Down syndrome (DS-leukemia). A secondary aim was to compare outcomes in the DS-leukemia group to a historical comparison group of individuals with DS and no history of childhood cancer. Survivors of DS-leukemia (n = 43; 56% male, mean [SD] age at diagnosis = 4.3 [4.5] years; age at evaluation = 15 [7.9] years) completed a neurocognitive assessment battery that included direct measures of attention, executive function, and processing speed, and proxy ratings of attention problems and executive dysfunction. Direct assessment outcomes were compared to a historical comparison cohort of individuals with DS and no history of childhood cancer (DS-control; n = 117; 56% male, mean [SD] age at evaluation = 12.7 [3.4] years). Rates of valid task completion ranged from 54% to 95%, suggesting feasibility for most direct assessment measures. Compared to the DS-control group, the DS-leukemia group had significantly lower completion rates on measures of executive function (p = 0.008) and processing speed (p = 0.018) compared to the DS-control group. There were no other significant group differences in completion rates. Compared to the DS-control group, the DS-leukemia group had significantly more accurate performance on two measures of executive function (p = 0.032; p = 0.005). Compared to the DS-control group, the DS-leukemia group had significantly more problems with executive function as identified on proxy ratings (6.5% vs. 32.6%, p = <0.001). Children with Down syndrome (DS) are at increased risk for developing acute leukemia compared to the general population but are systematically excluded from neurocognitive outcome studies among leukemia survivors. This study demonstrated the feasibility of evaluating neurocognitive late effects in leukemia survivors with DS using novel measures appropriate for populations with intellectual developmental disorder.

A comparative wordlist for investigating distant relations among languages in Lowland South America

The history of the language families in Lowland South America remains an understudied area of historical linguistics. Panoan and Tacanan, two language families from this area, have frequently been proposed to descend from the same ancestor. Despite ample evidence in favor of this hypothesis, not all scholars accept it as proven beyond doubt. We compiled a new lexical questionnaire with 501 basic concepts to investigate the genetic relation between Panoan and Tacanan languages. The dataset includes data from twelve Panoan, five Tacanan, and four other languages which have previously been suggested to be related to Pano-Tacanan. Through the transparent annotation of grammatical morphemes and partial cognates, our dataset provides the basis for testing language relationships both qualitatively and quantitatively. The data is not only relevant for the investigation of the ancestry of Panoan and Tacanan languages. Reflecting the state of the art in computer-assisted approaches for historical language comparison, it can serve as a role model for linguistic studies in other areas of the world.

Risks of digestive diseases in long COVID: evidence from a population-based cohort study

BackgroundIn the post-pandemic era, a wide range of COVID-19 sequelae is of growing health concern. However, the risks of digestive diseases in long COVID have not been comprehensively understood. To investigate the long-term risk of digestive diseases among COVID patients.MethodsIn this large-scale retrospective cohort study with up to 2.6 years follow-up (median follow-up: 0.7 years), the COVID-19 group (n = 112,311), the contemporary comparison group (n = 359,671) and the historical comparison group (n = 370,979) predated the COVID-19 outbreak were built using UK Biobank database. Each digestive outcome was defined as the diagnosis 30 days or more after the onset of COVID-19 infection or the index date. Hazard ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed utilizing the Cox regression models after inverse probability weighting.ResultsCompared with the contemporary comparison group, patients with previous COVID-19 infection had higher risks of digestive diseases, including gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction (HR 1.38 (95% CI 1.26 to 1.51)); peptic ulcer disease (HR 1.23 (1.00 to 1.52)); gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (HR 1.41 (1.30 to 1.53)); gallbladder disease (HR 1.21 (1.06 to 1.38)); severe liver disease (HR 1.35 (1.03 to 1.76)); non-alcoholic liver disease (HR 1.27 (1.09 to 1.47)); and pancreatic disease (HR 1.36 (1.11 to 1.66)). The risks of GERD were increased stepwise with the severity of the acute phase of COVID-19 infection. Even after 1-year follow-up, GERD (HR 1.64 (1.30 to 2.07)) and GI dysfunction (HR 1.35 (1.04 to 1.75)) continued to pose risks to COVID-19 patients. Compared to those with one SARS-CoV-2 infection, reinfected patients were at a higher risk of pancreatic diseases (HR 2.57 (1.23 to 5.38)). The results were consistent when the historical cohort was used as the comparison group.ConclusionsOur study provides insights into the association between COVID-19 and the long-term risk of digestive system disorders. COVID-19 patients are at a higher risk of developing digestive diseases. The risks exhibited a stepwise escalation with the severity of COVID-19, were noted in cases of reinfection, and persisted even after 1-year follow-up. This highlights the need to understand the varying risks of digestive outcomes in COVID-19 patients over time, particularly those who experienced reinfection, and develop appropriate follow-up strategies.

Measurement of Ambient Magnetic Field Noise for Through-the-Earth (TTE) Communications and Historical Comparisons

Measurement of Ambient Magnetic Field Noise for Through-the-Earth (TTE) Communications and Historical Comparisons

The shifting landscape of private healthcare providers before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons to strengthen the private sectors engagement for future pandemic and tuberculosis care.

COVID-19 pandemic changed many aspects of healthcare services and deliveries, including among private healthcare providers (i.e., private healthcare facilities [HCFs] and private practitioners [PPs]). We aimed to compare the spatial distribution of private providers and describe changes in characteristics and services offered during and before the COVID-19 pandemic, and explore the tuberculosis (TB) and COVID-19-related services offered by the private sector in Bandung, Indonesia. A cross-sectional study with historical comparison was conducted in 36 randomly selected community health centers areas (locally referred to as Puskesmas) in Bandung, Indonesia, during the COVID-19 pandemic from 5th April 2021 - 27th December 2021. Data pertaining to before the COVID-19 pandemic was abstracted from a similar survey conducted in 2017 (i.e., INSTEP study). We obtained latitude and longitude coordinates of private healthcare providers and then compared the geographical spread with data collected for INSTEP study. We also compared characteristics of, and services provided by private healthcare providers interviewed during the COVID-19 pandemic with those previously interviewed for INSTEP study. Differences were summarized using descriptive and bivariate analyses. From April-December 2021, we surveyed 367 private HCFs and interviewed 637 PPs. Compared to INSTEP study data, the number of operating HCFs was reduced by 3% during the COVID-19 pandemic (401 vs. 412 before COVID-19), although we observed increases in laboratory service (37.8% increase), x-ray service (66.7% increase), and pharmacy (18.1% increase). Among a subset of private HCFs managing patients with respiratory tract infection symptoms, a quarter (60/235, 25.3%) indicated that they had to close their facilities in response to the emerging situation during the COVID-19 pandemic. For PPs, the number of practicing PPs was reduced by 7% during the COVID-19 pandemic (872 vs. 936 before COVID-19). Interestingly, the number of practicing PPs encountering patients with TB disease increased during the COVID-19 pandemic (42.9% vs. 35.7% before COVID-19, p = 0.008). This study confirmed that the COVID-19 pandemic adversely impacted health care service deliveries in private sectors, largely marked by closures and shortened business hours. However, the increased service capacities (laboratory and pharmacy), as well as significant increase in the number of patients cared for TB disease by PPs during the COVID-19 pandemic, made a more compelling case to further the implementation of public-private mix model for TB care in Indonesia.

Comparison of hospitalization events among residents of assisted living and nursing homes during COVID-19: Do settings respond differently during public health crises?

COVID-19 and resulting health system and policy decisions led to significant changes in healthcare use by nursing homes (NH) residents. It is unclear whether healthcare outcomes were similarly affected among older adults in assisted living (AL). This study compared hospitalization events in AL and NHs during COVID-19 pandemic waves 1 through 4, relative to historical periods. This was a population-based, repeated cross-sectional study using linked clinical and health administrative databases (January 2018 to December 2021) for residents of all publicly subsidized AL and NH settings in Alberta, Canada. Setting-specific monthly cohorts were derived for pandemic (starting March 1, 2020) and comparable historical (2018/2019 combined) periods. Monthly rates (per 100 person-days) of all-cause hospitalization, hospitalization with delayed discharge, and hospitalization with death were plotted and rate ratios (RR) estimated for period (pandemic wave vs historical comparison), setting (AL vs NH) and period-setting interactions, using Poisson regression with generalized estimating equations, adjusting for resident and home characteristics. On March 1, 2020, there were 9,485 AL and 14,319 NH residents, comparable in age (mean 81 years), sex (>60% female) and dementia prevalence (58-62%). All-cause hospitalization rates declined in both settings during waves 1 (AL: adjusted RR 0.60, 95%CI 0.51-0.71; NH: 0.74, 0.64-0.85) and 4 (AL: 0.76, 0.66-0.88; NH: 0.65, 0.56-0.75) but unlike NHs, AL rates were not significantly lower during wave 2 (and increased 27% vs NH, January 2021). Hospitalization with delayed discharge increased in NHs only (during and immediately after wave 1). Both settings showed a significant increase in hospitalization with death in wave 2, this increase was larger and persisted longer for AL. Pandemic-related changes in hospitalization events differed for AL and NH residents and by wave, suggesting unique system and setting factors driving healthcare use and outcomes in these settings in response to this external stress.

Management and Microeconomics: A Historical Comparison between the British and the French Traditions

This article seeks to analyse the circumstances and the nature of the emergence of management research in economic analysis in the 1950s in Britain and France. The goal is also to look at the more recent shifts in the boundaries between these two social sciences; and to understand their analytical and methodological significance by taking into account the different historical and cultural contexts within which they were embedded.

Ֆալիբիլիզմի զարգացումը 19-րդ դարի պրագմատիզմի փիլիսոփայությունում / THE DEVELOPMENT OF FALLIBILISM IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF PRAGMATISM IN 19TH CENTURY

The primary goal of the article is to reveal the development of fallibilism and its main principles within the epistemological and scientific frameworks of various 19thcentury philosophers, with a particular emphasis on the pragmatist movement. To achieve its goal, the article seeks to address several key objectives: to scrutinize the epistemological, scientific, and other philosophical perspectives of numerous 19th-century thinkers who played a pivotal role in shaping and advancing fallibilism; to investigate the similarities and distinctions among the pragmatist philosophers who significantly contributed to the development of fallibilism; and to identify the main trajectories in the emergence and expression of fallibilism during this period. Many primary sources and articles were used in the research, employing a variety of methodological approaches including analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy, and historical comparison. The main conclusion of the research is that several 19th-century philosophers and scientists, notably Charles Peirce, William James, and John Dewey, played a critical role in articulating and advancing the core tenets of fallibilism. Their work highlighted the inevitability of perpetual doubt and error in the process of knowledge acquisition, underscoring the significant epistemological and methodological roles of fallibilism. This research demonstrates that the foundational principles of fallibilism were not only recognized in the 19th century but were also applied across various domains of knowledge, addressing social and political issues. Such insights are crucial for future investigations into the broader applicability of fallibilism beyond strictly epistemological contexts.

Historical Perspectives and Comparisons on the Use Plastic-Based Cements in Endodontics and Prosthodontics: Part 2 - Oxyphosphates.

Oxyphosphate of zinc was used for years to treat teeth by different approaches and procedures. Like oxychloride of zinc, success of the material depended on how well the procedures were conducted and largely on the mix of the material. This article aims to review the evolutionary history of this material with a view to its clinical uses, properties, procedures, applications, and successes when used in the management of decayed tooth structure and rebuilding of teeth. Perspectives proffered within focus cover 110 years from 1850 to 1960.