Historical Classification Research Articles

Functionally Graded Materials Manufactured by Direct Energy Deposition: A review

This research review paper primarily covered definition, brief historical development, classifications, advantages, disadvantages and applications of metallic Functionally Graded Materials (FGM’s). The FGM’s are classified based on conventional and Additive Manufacturing (AM) methods. Based on the literature most of the FGM’s are manufactured by Direct Energy Deposition (DED) process. But in case of materials consideration for FGM’s fabrications, 68% of stainless steels are processed by Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) and only 28% using DED. The secondary focus is on recent research work on FGM’s processed by DED using stainless steels and nickel based super alloy powders. At last hybrid AM, 4D printing, sustainability of AM, Industry 4.0, and future prospects of FGM’s are discussed.

Historical background and classification features of the architectural and spatial organization of young people labor training

Historical background and classification features of the architectural and spatial organization of young people labor training

Student Leadership Development as a new trend of Higher Education in Kazakhstan

In this paper, some specific issues of student leadership development in Kazakhstan universities were consid-ered. The authors draw attention to the fact that leadership development is now becoming an integral part of the undergraduate and graduate educational programs. This paper reviews different leadership approaches and theories to analyze the question of student leadership development and gives the historical classification of leadership studies in the USA. Likewise, in the paper, a brief review was given to the experience of Toraighyrov University in implementing a specific leadership development program, which is designed with taking into account the cultural, professional and educational uniqueness of the region. The researchers of the article offer another alternative way for leadership skills development — creation of a leadership school in the form of non-government organization. Based on the theoretical research conducted by the authors, the main ways of formation of leadership qualities and necessary skills due to several objective and subjective circumstances were identified.

Historical classification of ridge and furrow cultivation at selected locations in Northern and central Germany using a multi-dating approach and historical sources

Ridge and furrow cultivation was a type of ancient agricultural technique once widespread in Northern and Central Europe. The age of this cultivation technique has been a controversial topic since the 19th century, and its start date remains unresolved to this day. The prevailing opinion is that ridge and furrow cultivation began in the 12th century, while some authors have argued that the technique could be much older, dating back as far as the Roman Period. In the research presented here, the authors addressed the ages of ridge and furrow cultivation samples, using a comprehensive dating program. For this purpose, a combination of dating methods (optically stimulated luminescence dating (OSL), radiocarbon dating (14C), and ceramics classification), and a historical survey (evaluation of historical written sources and maps, and studies of abandoned villages near study sites) were carried out at nine, well-preserved ridge and furrow sites, located in the Altmark and the SW Harz foreland regions of Germany. The results of OSL, 14C, and ceramics classifications showed different ages, which varied depending on the study site. The beginnings of some ridge and furrow cultivations dated back to the High and Late Middle Ages, as has often been assumed, while six ridge and furrow sites were dated earlier (to at least the 7th and 8th c. AD). This early dating was supported by the literature, and could provide indications of the still relatively unknown cultivation techniques practiced during the Early Middle Ages. The later cultivation phase dated forward up to Modern Times (19th century AD), proposing a long establishment record for this cultivation technique. The benefits of the multi-dating approach have been demonstrated, and its results represent a further step towards the reconstruction of German agricultural history.

КЛАСИФІКАЦІЯ ЗАСОБІВ НАРОДНОЇ ФІЗИЧНОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ

Classification funds of folk physical culture. Onoprienko O. N, Onoprienko O. V. Physical culture is an important part of national culture – the whole set of achievements in the creation and rational use of special tools, methods and natural conditions for the purposeful physical improvement of man. The purpose of the article is to classify the means of folk physical culture on various grounds. Objectives of the article: classification and systematization of folk physical exercises of historical, theoretical and methodological nature, to determine which types of motor activity should be attributed to the means of folk physical culture; to analyze the peculiarities of their formation and development within different ethnic groups; to explore the main directions of folk physical culture. The article determines what types of motor activity should be attributed to MFPC, analyzes the features of their formation and development within different ethnic groups, offers various approaches to the classification of folk physical exercises of historical, theoretical and methodological nature. The need for more detailed study of the peculiarities of the functioning of means of folk physical culture among the Ukrainian people, as well as approaches to the generalization and systematization of folk physical exercises for their effective use in working with student youth. In studying means of folk physical culture, scientists have classified them on various grounds. All classifications can be divided into historical, theoretical and methodological depending on the purpose for which they were built. In some historical classifications, the authors tried to link means of folk physical culture with different spheres of life of a nation, and in others - with the age of the performers. In theoretical classifications, the authors mainly tried to list the entire palette of basic types of movement, scientifically described in the modern theory of physical education and sports, emphasizing the variants of motor skills (skills) characteristic of traditional physical education of each ethnic group. Some methodological classifications can be successfully used to solve the main problems of physical education of schoolchildren, and others - for their proper organization in PE classes.

ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS OF THE MEDIEVAL LIVONIAN ORDER

The main purpose of the presented work is a cultural and historical analysis of the evolution of the cul-tural development of medieval Livonia on the example of monuments of defense architecture. The task is to conduct an art analysis of the existing variety of architectural forms of medieval castle complexes of the 13th and 16th centuries, located in different regions of Latvia and Estonia, which have undergone expansion by the feudal Germany, Denmark and Sweden. Creation of architectural and historical clas-sification of castle forms that were in the regions of the medieval Livonian Order of State in the Baltics. As a result of the analysis, the author summarized the historical diversity of the existing architectural and artistic forms of feudal castles of medieval Latvia and Estonia. The common and special in the ar-chitectural forms of castles on the basis of the introduction to this north-eastern region of Europe bor-rowed customs of European castle-building and architectural traditions of the monastic order of the Cistercians of Burgundy has been revealed. It is determined that the castle of the Order of Livon, the fortified residence of medieval bishops in Livonia and Estland, privately owned castles was a whole space, synthesized in the natural environment, social order, system world understanding of the knights-monks of the Order of Livon, which was directly reflected in the architectural forms of castle complexes of the 13th - 16th centuries. taking into account the existing pan-European and local architectural, de-fense and cultural differences. The study makes a significant contribution to the theory and history of art. A new scientific direction has been developed - the history and typology of the castle architecture of medieval Latvia and Estonia.

Periodontal phenotype: A review of historical and current classifications evaluating different methods and characteristics.

To review the historical and current periodontal phenotype classifications evaluating methods and characteristics. Moreover, to identify and classify the methods based on periodontal phenotype components. Several gingival morphology studies have been frequently associated with different terms used causing confusion among the readers. In 2017, the World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions recommended to adopt the term "periodontal phenotype". This term comprises two terms, gingival phenotype (gingival thickness and keratinized tissue width) and bone morphotype (buccal bone plate thickness). Furthermore, gingival morphology has been categorized on "thin-scalloped", "thick-scalloped" and "thick-flat" considering the periodontal biotype. However, by definition, the term phenotype is preferred over biotype. Periodontal phenotype can be evaluated through clinical or radiographic assessments and may be divided into invasive/non-invasive (for gingival thickness), static/functional (for keratinized tissue width), and bi/tridimensional (for buccal bone plate thickness) methods. "Thin-scalloped," "thick-scalloped," and "thick-flat" periodontal biotypes were identified. These three periodontal biotypes have been considered in the World Workshop but the term periodontal phenotype is recommended. Periodontal phenotype is the combination of the gingival phenotype and the bone morphotype. There are specific methods for periodontal phenotype evaluation. The term periodontal phenotype is currently recommended for future investigations about gingival phenotype and bone morphotype. "Thin-scalloped," "thick-scalloped," and "thick-flat" periodontal phenotypes can be evaluated through specific methods for gingival thickness, keratinized tissue width, and buccal bone plate thickness evaluation.

Modern Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs and Their Classification. Part I: First-Line Drugs

The historical classification (1993) of anti-tuberculosis drugs included three (I-III) lines that were subdivided into five groups (2006). The duration of treatment of drug-sensitive (DS) tuberculosis (TB) with first-line drugs is 6 – 12 months; of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB with second-line drugs, 18 months and longer. The Directly Observed Treatment Short course (DOTS) and DOTS-Plus therapies are measures of world TB control. Based on the need for more effective treatment of MDR and XDR TB, the classification of 2016 introduced six groups (A-C and D1-D3) in connection with the development of new anti-TB drugs. The present review presents first-line preparations and their new derivatives possessing activity against DS and drug-resistant (DR) M. tuberculosis strains.

Long-Term Vehicle Speed Prediction via Historical Traffic Data Analysis for Improved Energy Efficiency of Connected Electric Vehicles

Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) are expected to provide enhanced safety, mobility, and energy efficiency. While abundant evidence has been accumulated showing substantial energy saving potentials of CAVs through eco-driving, traffic condition prediction has remained to be the main challenge in capitalizing the gains. The coupled power and thermal subsystems of CAVs necessitate the use of different speed preview windows for effective and integrated power and thermal management. Real-time vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications can provide an accurate speed prediction over a short prediction horizon (e.g., 30 s to 60 s), but not for a long range (e.g., over 180 s). Therefore, advanced approaches are required to develop detailed speed prediction for robust optimization-based energy management of CAVs. This paper presents an integrated speed prediction framework based on historical traffic data classification and real-time V2I communications for efficient energy management of electrified CAVs. The proposed framework provides multi-range speed predictions with different fidelity over short and long horizons. The proposed multi-range speed prediction is integrated with an economic model predictive control (MPC) strategy for the battery thermal management (BTM) of connected and automated electric vehicles (EVs). The simulation results over real-world urban driving cycles confirm the enhanced prediction performance of the proposed data classification strategy over a long prediction horizon. Despite the uncertainty in long-range CAVs’ speed predictions, the vehicle-level simulation results show that 14% and 19% energy savings can be accumulated sequentially through eco-driving and BTM optimization (eco-cooling), respectively, when compared with normal driving (i.e., human driver) and conventional BTM strategy.

<p><strong>Lithobieae and Eriocnemeae: two new Neotropical tribes of Melastomataceae</strong></p>

Several genera in the Melastomataceae mostly endemic to southeastern Brazil have not been assessed for their tribal placement in a phylogenetic context. Most workers have placed the monotypic diminutive herb Lithobium in the Microlicieae, but some classifications have assigned it to either the Sonerileae or Bertolonieae. Another monotypic genus, Eriocnema, has been included in the Bertolonieae, Sonerileae, or Microlicieae. Physeterostemon contains five species, and has not previously been assigned to any tribe. Ochthephilus, a monotypic genus endemic to Guyana, was assigned to the Merianieae, but lack of fruit and seed data, and a paucity of collections, have impeded phylogenetic assessment. To assess the placement of these genera, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of 91 species representing 73 genera from across the Melastomataceae, including 24 of the 27 putative close relatives of Lithobium, Eriocnema, Ochthephilus, and Physeterostemon and seven gene regions, i.e., the nuclear ribosomal external and internal transcribed spacer regions, and the plastid regions accD-psaI, ndhF, psbK-psbL, rbcL, and rpl16. Lithobium groups as sister to a clade comprising all non-Olisbeoideae, Pternandreae, Henrietteeae, and Astronieae tribes. A new tribe, Lithobieae, is thus created to accommodate this placement. The capsular-fruited Eriocnema, Ochthephilus, and Physeterostemon form a clade that is sister to the berry-fruited Miconieae and widely separated from tribes with which they have been associated in historical classifications. Thus another new tribe, Eriocnemeae, is created. Lectotypes are designated for E. acaulis and L. cordatum.

UX design in online catalogs: Practical issues with implementing traditional knowledge (TK) labels

At the center of the evolving debates of open access and intellectual property in memory institutions is a long history of excluding Indigenous Peoples from conversations concerning the access and use rights to their belongings. In recent decades many memory institutions challenged prevalent historical and current classifications of Indigenous Peoples in online catalog records. Most recently the Library of Congress (LC) adopted a new cataloging practice called Traditional Knowledge (TK) labeling as a way to return control over access and use of Indigenous materials to their rightful Indigenous owners. The advent of this emergent digital rights tool disrupts previously held assumptions about the purpose of rights statements in catalog records as well as challenges the existing balance between the rights of Indigenous communities and the interests of public access. The adoption of TK Labels in the LC’s “Ancestral Voices” digital collection brings serious practical implementation issues to light that deserve further consideration before memory institutions invest in this new digital access rights metadata standard. Although TK Labels are a technological opportunity that provide more space for community-based relationships within memory institutions, this paper suggests that the practical implementation of TK Labels in Ancestral Voices falls short of its promise to return authority to the Passamaquoddy people. Rather, TK Labels raise more logistical and technical questions about the effectiveness of the TK labeling framework and purpose of re-cataloging records describing Indigenous materials.

Is deflation costly after all? The perils of erroneous historical classifications

SummaryI estimate average economic activity during periods of inflation and deflation while accounting for measurement errors in 19th century prices. These measurement errors lead to underestimation (overestimation) of economic activity during periods of inflation (deflation). By exploiting multiple deflation indicators, it is possible to recover the true relationship; the shortfall of US industrial production growth during periods of deflation ranges from −4.5 pp to −7.6 pp, instead of −2 pp. I also find a negative relationship between deflation and real activity in the UK. I then examine the cross‐country variation in the estimates for eleven countries. The patterns are consistent with stronger biases for countries with more serious measurement errors in prices.

Periprosthetic fractures: basics, classification and treatment principles

Periprosthetic fractures (PPFx) are becoming an increasingly important topic in orthopedics and trauma surgery due to the rising number of endoprosthetic joint replacements. The recently published unified classification system (UCS) has replaced numerous historical classification systems and can be applied to all PPFx regardless of the bone or joint involved. The treatment of PPFx requires individual therapeutic concepts taking patient-dependent and patient-independent factors into consideration. The conservative treatment of PPFx is only justified in exceptional situations. In contrast, the choice between operative treatment and deciding between osteosynthesis or revision arthroplasty is particularly based on the assessment of the implant stability. In order to achieve fracture consolidation and also a good functional outcome, knowledge of the basic biomechanical principles of operative (osteosynthesis or endoprosthesis) treatment of periprosthetic fractures is necessary.

Image Processing Techniques for Analysis of Satellite Images for Historical Maps Classification—An Overview

Historical maps classification has become an important application in today’s scenario of everchanging land boundaries. Historical map changes include the change in boundaries of cities/states, vegetation regions, water bodies and so forth. Change detection in these regions are mainly carried out via satellite images. Hence, an extensive knowledge on satellite image processing is necessary for historical map classification applications. An exhaustive analysis on the merits and demerits of many satellite image processing methods are discussed in this paper. Though several computational methods are available, different methods perform differently for the various satellite image processing applications. Wrong selection of methods will lead to inferior results for a specific application. This work highlights the methods and the suitable satellite imaging methods associated with these applications. Several comparative analyses are also performed in this work to show the suitability of several methods. This work will help support the selection of innovative solutions for the different problems associated with satellite image processing applications.

Origin and semantics of Canadian toponyms

The article deals with the study of Canada’s place names and the features of revealing their linguistic and cultural specificity. The relevance of such research is determined by the lack of comprehensive studies of Canada's toponymic system, and the need to delineate the creation and origin of such names. The author traces the individual place names and analyzes the place names that are typologically united on the basis of the lexical-semantic meaning of the structural-morphological system and investigated within one area.Based on historical and linguistic classifications it is determined that the development and transformation of place-names in contemporary Canada is done according with the strict principles. Analyzing the form and the content, we can identify the source of the origin of the place name as well as ththe nature of the occupations of the people who created it. The main features of the Canadian toponymic system – descriptiveness and transparency – were laid by the indigenous population, the Indians of the North American continent. The names transferred from Europe reflect the religious beliefs of the newcomers, their loyalty to their nobles and patrons, the type of their occupation and preferences. According to the classification proposed by Yaroslav Rudnitsky, it is stated that the historical, geographical, ethnographic conditions characterise different place names.Transparency and descriptiveness of names derived from the autochthonous toponymic landscape; a large number of redefined geographical terms in place names, which provides a clear distinction in place names; a considerable number of anthropotonyms and transposed names formed by emigrants help to trace and understand the patterns of habitats nation distribution across the territory of modern Canada.

Genetic Relationship among Languages: An Overview

This paper reviews the basic concepts of historical linguistics and the comparative techniques used by various linguists who studied Indo-European and American languages to determine a shared ancestry among languages. This paper also evaluates the major concepts of historical linguistics and the well-grounded theories and classifications that have guided and shaped the modern linguistic classification practices. For over one and a half century, historical linguists have been deducing the origins of different languages. Genetic classifications have been proposed for languages from all parts of the world and thus far, 142 language-families have been identified. Although all of these classification schemes are controversial in terms of their validity and reliability but with the progress in the field of bioinformatics, the problems in linguistic reconstruction have been greatly resolved. Therefore, the historical classification schemes that have been proposed earlier are being radically revised as further progress is made. It is suggested that, to develop further understanding of the typical pattern of language diversification and genetic classification of languages, more recent studies based on sophisticated bioinformatics and statistical techniques for linguistic data analysis should be reviewed.

Multimodality Assessment of Cystic Renal Masses

Renal cysts are a common imaging finding, often incidental. Ultrasound, CT and MRI are the main modalities responsible for renal cyst detection and characterization. These modalities often play a complementary role in modern radiological practice, each of them with strengths and limitations. In view of a recently proposed 'multimodality' update to the historical Bosniak classification, this article provides a general overview of the current imaging approach to renal cysts, and outlines some of the diverse pathologic entities responsible for renal cyst formation.

APT attack detection algorithm based on spatio-temporal association analysis in industrial network

The advanced persistent threat (APT) is the foremost threat to industrial network security today, and traditional feature detection based industrial intrusion detection systems arc often unable to detect the latest APT attacks. Existing researchers believe that theft of sensitive data is one of the important goals of APT attacks. In order to accurately identify the stealing behavior of the APT attack, a spatio-temporal association analysis is proposed to detect the APT attack in industrial network, which includes association rules mining, historical data retrieval and feature classification. Firstly, FP-Growth Algorithm on APT attack’s temporal features, spatial features and category features is adopted to mine the association rules. And then, the relation between APT attack’s features is analyzed, and the rules are explained semantically in combination with the features of APT attack historical data retrieval method based on Bloom filter algorithm. Finally, a multi-feature spatial weighted combined SVM classification detection algorithm which is used to detect abnormal APT attack session flows. Experiments show that our proposed algorithm has a good ability to detect hidden APT attacks, and the multi-feature spatial weighted combined SVM classification detection algorithm has higher detection accuracy and lower false alarm rate than traditional single classification detection, and it is also safe for industrial control security. In addition, our proposed algorithm uses less space and could judge whether the data is in the current data set rapidly.

Reporting of acute pancreatitis by radiologists-time for a systematic change with structured reporting template.

Acute pancreatitis has a wide array of imaging presentations. Various classifications have been used in the past to standardize the terminology and reduce confusing and redundant terms. We aim to review the historical and current classifications of acute pancreatitis and propose a new reporting template which can improve communication between various medical teams by use of appropriate terminology and structured radiology template. The standardized reporting template not only conveys the most important imaging findings in a simplified yet comprehensive way but also allows structured data collection for future research and teaching purposes.

Evaluation and Treatment of Borderline Dysplasia: Moving Beyond the Lateral Center Edge Angle.

The purpose of this manuscript is to 1 define the features associated with borderline acetabular dysplasia and 2 review current status of diagnostic algorithms and treatment options for borderline dysplasia. Acetabular dysplasia is a common cause of hip pain secondary to insufficient coverage of the femoral head by the bony acetabulum. Historical classification of acetabular dysplasia has utilized the lateral center edge angle (LCEA); values above 25° are normal and below 20° are considered pathologic. Borderline dysplasia describes hips with LCEA between 20 and 25o; treatment of these patients is controversial. While many studies utilize LCEA in classification of borderline dysplasia, isolated reliance on measurement of lateral femoral head coverage to define severity of undercoverage will continue to mislabel morphology. Thorough assessment of the characteristics of mild acetabular undercoverage is necessary for future studies, which will allow effective comparisons of results between hip arthroscopy and periacetabular osteotomy.