Historical Basis Research Articles

THE DANGEROUS OUTSIDER: HISTORICIZING AND INTERROGATING THE NON-NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION TREATY (NPT)

The Non-Nuclear Proliferation Treaty (NPT) which is one of the world’s most widely adopted security conventions, which also proved to be one of the most controversial treaty. Its provisions define the core bargain between those few Nuclear weapon states and numerous Non-Nuclear weapon states. The paper examines the NPT and undertakes an excursus on the dangers posed to the international nuclear control effort by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK). Using secondary sources of information, the paper examines the NPT by tracing its historical basis. This enabled the study to interrogate the NPT, in spite of its major achievements, questions and criticisms are being raised about the implementation of the NPT and its overall strength. The past years have seen a series of efforts by multilateral institutions to enforce the treaty by combining restrictive measures and proposals for long-term arrangements. These efforts have not yielded results so far. The existing Nuclear Weapon States (NWS) are not required by the treaty to give up nuclear weapons but rather to negotiate in good faith. This has questioned the credibility of the nuclear states to press others to drop their nuclear ambitions. More ominous still, is the risk of the qualitative escalation of proliferation of nations following North Korea’s withdrawal and series of test. The findings of the study reveal that the potential danger posed by North Korea are in threefold; firstly, if there is war in the Korean peninsula it could use nuclear weapons against its neighbors. Secondly, North Korea could help other states build a nuclear reactor that could produce materials for nuclear weapon. And lastly, North Korea’s nuclear programme could breakdown the international regime intended to stop the spread of nuclear weapons. The paper concludes that the case of North Korea has proved that arms control by example is an important adjunct to specific nonproliferation treaties and cooperative measures. Although it cannot by itself stop states or leaders determined to violate an international agreement or tacit understanding, it can enhance the moral authority of the major powers to press others to drop their nuclear ambitions. 
 Efanodor-Obeten, O. H. | Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Edo University Iyamho, Edo State, Nigeria

Social and Interpretation Codes of Female Hairstyles in the Aegean Art

The aim of this study is to identify the specific features of artistic, aesthetic, ceremonial and social aspects of the female hairstyle of the Aegean world on the basis of art analysis of frescoes of the Crete-Mycenaean civilization.Research methodology. The following methods of scientific cognition have been used in the article: the method of historicism (for the study of the artistic-aesthetic, ceremonial and social aspects of a female hairstyle in the context of the specificity of the Cretan-Mycenaean art); typological method (contributed to the determination of the features of the hairstyle according to the woman’s belonging to a certain age group); method of comparative analysis (aimed at identifying common and distinctive elements of female hairstyles of Minoan and Mycenaean culture, as well as understanding of their interpretive codes); method of art analysis (to determine the stylistic features of the female hairstyle of the Aegean world), method of theoretical generalization (to summarize the study).Results. A long-standing women’s hairstyle is not only a representative means of expressing beauty, but also a complex system of semantic elements, peculiar visual indicators that play an extraordinary role in the process of personality image formation.Artistic analysis of the Minoan and Mycenaean women’s hairstyles revealed that in addition to directly artistic and aesthetic function, hairstyles should be positioned as a symbol of belonging to a certain age (child, teenager, young girl, adult woman, elderly woman) or social group, as well as important element of ritual.Novelty. The specific aesthetic, ritual and social aspects of the female hairstyle of the Aegean world are studied. On the basis of art analysis of frescoes of the Cretan-Mycenaean culture, social and interpretative codes of the Minoan (Cretan) and Mycenaean women’s hairstyles are determined.The practical significance. Material statistics may be used in theory and practice of the Peruvian mystery; article historical, factual and theoretical basis for the development of food, due to the specific needs of women’s critically-minded customers.

BENCANA DAN PERUBAHAN IDENTITAS DESA BULAK 1971-2000an

This article discusses the history of the disaster that struck the Bulak Village in the area of Jepara, Central Java, Indonesia in the 1971-2000s period. Disasters that continue to occur in the village of Bulak force villagers to move to the new village location. The new village was named after Desa Bulak Baru as a sign that the name of Desa Bulak Baru was not part of the expansion of the old village, but as a collective memory of the name of their previous village. To see that change, the writer sees it in the lens of migration in the local definition, namely village bedol. Bedol Desa is a term for the people of the villages in Java who migrate. The study of village bedol events in the perspective of social history studies. In 1981 a village bedol event occurred in Bulak Village, Jepara Regency. The destination of the bedol desa is the location Desa Bulak Baru. Naming that includes a change of identity, but does not eliminate the old name as the historical basis of a Bulak Village. The method used in this study is the historical method, which includes: (1) heuristics or source tracking, (2) source criticism to verify the information obtained, (3) analysis, and (4) historiography or historical writing.

Рецепція Біблії у символіці українського поетичного бароко

For the poets of the Baroque period, the Bible became a means of artistic expression of their feelings, their vision of the earthly, the real, and the divine, their understanding of the place of God in human life and the place of a human in the universe. Old Ukrainian literature actively used quotations from the Bible, its images, plots, and symbols. The symbols of Baroque poetry were ambiguous, arbitrary, and contradictory, like the epoch in which this poetry was created. The objectives of the article are: to determine semantic content of biblical symbols in the Ukrainian Baroque poetry, to offer reinterpretation to their meanings in the Ukrainian poetic discourse of the Baroque period, to clarify the stylistic functions of symbols. The symbolic images of the Ukrainian poetic Baroque have deep philosophical and biblical roots. Several semantic groups can be singled out here: 1) names of objects (bowl, cross, door, mirror, candle); 2) names of creatures (bird, wings, wolf, lamb, hen, shepherd); 3) names of plants (garden, vine, rose, lily, grass, flower); 4) astral names (sun). However, symbols appear on a certain national and historical basis and presuppose the common experience of the writer and the reader. A vivid example of this, in our opinion, is the symbol of a garden (in Ukrainian “sad”, rhyming with two other commonly used words, “vynohrad” and “vertohrad”). The symbolic perception of a garden is recorded in the Bible in the Song of Songs, in the Book of the Prophet Isaiah, and in the Gospel of St. John. In Baroque literature, the symbol of a garden has acquired an extraordinary semantic development. The garden was also called “vertohrad” – a word well known to the readers of the time. Therefore, poets calling their works “vertohrad” / “vynohrad” or using this image turned to the ideas that readers had already formed: Ñìеðòü, ÿê óæ, â òîì ñÿ ìëàäîì êðûåò âеðòîãðàäh - æ³é îïàñíî, ñе òè ãðîá â ñеì ïðеäëеæèò ñàäh (Українська (Крекотень) 37). Undoubtedly, for the contemporaries of the Baroque poets who knew the Bible and its image system well, biblical and artistic symbols meant more than for us, the people of the beginning of the XXI century, and therefore their artistic and aesthetic value was more significant. However, they are valuable components of the Ukrainian language worldview not only in the XVI–XVII centuries, but also in our historical path in literature and language. In this aspect, it will be promising to trace the durability of use of the analyzed symbols with established meanings in later poetic texts, and to follow the reinterpretation and the emergence of new meanings of symbols.

Факторы и сущность коренных структурных изменений в аграрном секторе южных областей Узбекистана

This article describes the material and technical condition of agrarian reforms in Uzbekistan and the use of the experience of developed countries in the agrarian sector in the reforms as well as the historical basis of modern methods of training specialists in the agricultural sector.

Remembering Kamuzu: The Ambiguity of the Past in Malawi’s Central Region

There is now a well-established literature on the relationship between memory and politics in southern Africa, but little work has looked at memory and politics in Malawi. Based on ethnographic fieldwork, this article argues that nostalgia for former President Hastings Kamuzu Banda in Malawi’s Central Region is not only a product of dissatisfaction with politics in Malawi in the present but also a consequence of the way in which Kamuzu ruled the country in the past. Kamuzu cultivated a political culture that made the hardships that people experienced under him appear to have more proximate, personal causes. The ambiguity fostered in this respect enables people in rural Lilongwe district to remember Kamuzu with fondness more than two decades after his fall. In making this argument, the article demonstrates how paying close attention to personal experiences and life histories can shed new light on the historical basis of popular memory.

The Historical Justification For Prohibiting Dangerous Persons From Possessing Arms

In District of Columbia v. Heller, the Supreme Court deemed certain firearm regulations “presumptively lawful”—including “longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons . . . .” The Heller Court did not elaborate on why such laws were presumptively lawful, instead promising to provide a “historical justification” for such laws when a better opportunity arises. Two years later, the Court again referenced these presumptively lawful regulations in McDonald v. City of Chicago, but did not use the opportunity to elaborate on the historical basis for the regulations. Thus far—over a decade since the Heller decision—the Court has not yet provided that historical justification. In the meantime, lower courts have been inundated with challenges to these presumptively lawful measures. The federal law prohibiting felons from possessing firearms has been the most challenged law under the Second Amendment post-Heller. This Article surveys English and American history to discover what historical justification the Supreme Court was referring to. Part II examines what the Supreme Court has said about firearm prohibitions on felons. Section A explains why felon bans are presumptively lawful, Section B explains why the presumption of lawfulness is rebuttable, and Section C explains why any prohibition on felons must be rooted in history and tradition. Part III explores the history of laws prohibiting categories of people from possessing arms. Section A explores disarmament efforts throughout England’s history. England had a long tradition of disarming dangerous persons, especially those disloyal to the government. Section B surveys laws from colonial America. Consistent with English tradition, colonial disarmament efforts focused on those perceived as posing a dangerous threat, including Loyalists to the British Crown, slaves, freedmen, and Native Americans. Section C summarizes the proposals from the ratifying conventions of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania. All three proposals are most reasonably read as allowing only dangerous persons to be disarmed. Section D provides examples of when prohibited persons could have their arms rights restored in the founding era. Unlike the lifetime bans that typically apply today, prohibited persons in the founding era could often regain their rights once they were no longer perceived as dangerous. Section E focuses on the nineteenth century, in which slaves, freedmen, and tramps were regulated most severely. Section F surveys the increasingly prevalent prohibitions in the twentieth century. The majority of these applied to noncitizens and are examined in Section F.1. The others applied to violent criminals and are examined in Section F.2. Part IV addresses the theory embraced by some scholars and courts that the Second Amendment was understood in the founding era to protect only “virtuous” citizens. Section A examines how the “unvirtuous” citizen theory developed despite lacking historical foundation. Section B explores historical laws that expressly permitted unvirtuous citizens to retain their arms rights. Many founders believed a virtuous citizenry was necessary for self-government, but no law ever limited the right to keep and bear arms to virtuous citizens, and no founding-era source indicated that the Second Amendment was intended to be so limited. In conclusion, this Article finds that there is no tradition of banning peaceable citizens from possessing firearms. The historical justification the Supreme Court relied on to declare felon bans “presumptively lawful” must be the tradition of disarming violent and otherwise dangerous—not merely unvirtuous—persons. Thus, prohibitions on violent felons may be presumptively lawful under Heller, but prohibitions on nonviolent felons contradict the original understanding of the Second Amendment.

Понятия «христианской империи» в историософии Ф. И. Тютчева

The article is devoted to Fyodor Tyutchev’s understanding of the special role of Russia as a country that still retains true Christianity as its spiritual and historical basis. The mission of Russia, according to the poet, is to maintain order on earth and the execution of higher laws, to avoid the onset of the realm of lawlessness. The work shows the process of Fyodor Tyutchev’s comprehension of the inseparability of the destinies of the priesthood and the monarchy, the inseparability of ecclesiastic and imperial history of Russia. The poet believed that Orthodoxy gives meaning to the activities of the state — the denial of Christianity and the imperial-state building based on it legitimises the sinful state of human nature. Calling Russia the heiress of Byzantium, Fyodor Tyutchev comes to the conclusion that it has become the mouthpiece of the fate of one big tribe and of the best, intact and healthy half of the Christian Church. The poet and thinker noted that the fluctuations of the Christian foundations and the slipping from them of the individual, state, society, all mankind into pre-Christian paganism (characteristic for the time of Fyodor Tyutchev) can lead to dire consequences. The author of the article analyses Fyodor Tyutchev’s thoughts on the crisis of the 19th century civilisation, the spiritual essence of which lies in the rejection of the freedom represented by Christianity and in state of enslavement by the autonomous human self and by the undeified political power.

Magic Mirrors and the (Im)-Possibility of Cross-Cultural Encounters in Salaman Rushdie’s The Enchantress of Florence

Magic Mirrors and the (Im)-Possibility of Cross-Cultural Encounters in Salaman Rushdie’s The Enchantress of Florence Nejib Souissi (bio) Reminiscent of the Arabian Nights in its fabulous atmosphere and the overall mediation of reality through fantasy, Salman Rushdie’s The Enchantress of Florence is a “‘historical novel’ that mirrors contemporary sensibilities and apprehensions” (JoAnn Conrad 433). Although set in the hyper-real cities of Mughal Sikri and Italian Florence in the wake of the Renaissance, the novel nicely captures cultural hybridity as an imaginative alternative to the islands of insularity and exclusivity that still entrap humans in our present-day world. The main protagonists, namely Lady Black Eyes, Mogor dell’ Amore, Akbar the Great, and Argalia the Turk, who hail from the discrepant East and West, interact intimately, crystallizing a large-scale allegory of cosmopolitanism. As harbingers of better versions of reality, Rushdie’s characters stretch our imagination to conjure up trajectories that could bridge the gap between presumably distant places and different histories. Apparently, far from being fantastic or strictly utopian, this wide-sweeping vision used to have a historical basis in early modern cross-cultural mobility and exchange, although often taking coercive shapes. From this perspective, Rushdie’s ambitious project consists of mining the historical origins of a possible rapprochement between disparate cultures in a genealogical gesture of retrieval and appropriation that strives to reinvent a different tradition from parochial nationalism. Central among the tropes through which he interprets the world are migration and hybridity, seeking to trace lines of flight out of clear-cut frameworks. Sketched out in these broad terms, Rushdie’s cosmopolitan paradigm falls into line with Johannes Fabian, who castigates the myth of isolated culture gardens by citing Ernest Bloch in the following suggestive lines: The very process of history is broken up into Gardens of Culture or “Culture Souls.” These are as unrelated to each other as they are without connection to Man and human labor (which is the pervading matter of history) or to nature. . . . Quite artfully, historical relativism is here turned into something static; it is being caught in cultural monads, [End Page 41] that is, culture souls without windows, with no links among each other, yet full of mirrors facing inside. (Fabian 44–45; emphasis added) This configuration of inertia and disconnection conveys a picture of windowless cultures fenced off from each other by insurmountable walls of division that ostentatiously boast inward-facing mirrors. Such cultural narcissism, it should be noted, cannot but wreak havoc in the global village we all inhabit today. As Homi Bhabha reminds us: “So long as a firm boundary is maintained between the territories, and the narcissistic wounded is contained, the aggressivity will be projected onto the Other or the outside” (149). To prevent the explosion of identity politics on the world scene that could escalate into the indiscriminate violence of the word or the sword, it appears that narcissistic mirrors should be fractured, or else that the mirrors simply resume some of their fairy-tale magic to usher in Other-worlds. As such, it would be possible for people hailing from distant places in the world to step through the looking glass and explore the marvelous cultural diversity that lies in store for them beyond the imaginary dividing lines, as Rushdie’s fiction attests. The following analysis of Rushdie’s The Enchantress of Florence shall therefore examine the mirror as a surface of symmetry between the twin cities canvassed in the novel, namely Mughal Sikri and Renaissance Florence, in such a way as to bear out the convivial assumption that the “curse of the human race is not that we are so different from one another, but that we are so alike” (EF 311). However, as cross-cultural contact is never straightforward and mirrors are invariably magical in Rushdie’s fiction, the next move will be to examine how double figures are capable of rebounding duplications, inverted images, and myriad interconnected subjectivities. Such engagement with identities at the shifting margin between cultures is aligned with transnational theories that attempt to liberate our vision from ethnocentric ideas and defeat the violent politics of identity. Indeed, whether a reference is made to Bhabha’s...

Индия и Китай: игра с ненулевой суммой

The article is devoted to studying the Indian attitude to the economic growth and increasing of political influence of China. The author analyzes the history of Sino-Indian relations, arguing that it is historical experience that determines the Indian attitude towards China. He notes the ambiguity of the historical experience: on the one hand, Indian and Chinese civilization have been coexisting side by side for at least two thousand years, and on the other, India has distrust of China after the 1962 war. This historical experience forms an ambiguous Indian position: India considers China as an eternal neighbour, but at the same both states claim to be the regional leader. The author considers three areas of clash of Indian-Chinese interests – South Asia and the Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia and Africa. In the immediate neighborhood, India is unhappy with any intervention by China; in Southeast Asia, India and China are competing for influence, trying to strengthen their relations with ASEAN. In Africa, Indian and Chinese companies do not compete, but cooperate. The author comes to the conclusion that in all three zones, India is more or less tolerant of the growth of China’s economic presence, while taking very painfully any attempts at military and political expansion. India itself avoids actions that could lead to an aggravation of relations with China, preferring to increase economic influence and act with soft power and, if necessary, use its political and cultural influence to bring the pro-Indian politicians to power. The article also considers the evolution of the Indo-Pacific concept, which was conceived as a project to contain China, but is gradually turning into a historical and economic basis for expanding Indian influence to the east. The author concludes that India is committed to the format of ‘contest-and-cooperation’ and will refrain from participating in any anti-Chinese blocs as well as from an alliance with China in the near future.

Педагогические условия освоения традиционной музыкальной культуры Сирии будущими учителями музыки России

The article analyses ways to solve the problem of identifying pedagogical conditions for the development of traditional musical culture of Syria by future Russian teachers of music. To this end, the authors provide a theoretical rationale for the hypothesis, according to which the mental characteristics of the traditional musical culture of Syria are its „dialogue” in the ratio of ancient origins and influences, both Arab and European. The historical and theoretical basis for the development of the traditional musical culture of Syria by future Russian music teachers is periodization, which allows to consider Syrian vocal and instrumental music as an independent and original phenomenon on the map of musical cultures of the peoples of the world. Taking into account that the purpose of the study is not only a theoretical justification and testing the model of mastering by the future Russian music teachers the traditional musical culture of Syria, but also experimental testing of the model developed by the authors. The article describes the tasks and content of the statement, forming and verification stages of empirical research. On the basis of obtained results, the author makes a number of conclusions, noting that: the national image of Syria and its traditional musical culture is defined by the historically formed system of values, both related to Arab Islamic civilization and brought European influences. The model of study is represented as a structure of interconnected components: target, meaningful, revealing peculiarities of implementation of civilization, paradigm-pedagogical, intonation, and cultural approaches and reflexive. Implementation of the model implies the study by students of historical and theoretical aspects of formation and development of the traditional musical culture of Syria on the basis of cultural approach; comparative analysis as a way for future Russian teachers to understand the ethnonational nature of Syria ‘s traditional musical culture in the context of a paradigm-pedagogical approach; the interpretation and reflection of national self-awareness, as a way to allow learners to gain insights into the characteristic ethnic-intonation of Syria ‘s traditional musical culture based on an intonation approach.

Friendship and Hospitality: The Jesuit-Confucian Encounter in Late Ming China by Dongfeng Xu (review)

Dongfeng Xu. Friendship and Hospitality: The Jesuit-Confucian Encounter in Late Ming China. Albany: State University of New York Press, . Xi, . Paperback $., ISBN . Friendship and Hospitality: The Jesuit-Confucian Encounter in Late Ming China, authored by Dongfeng Xu, focuses upon On Friendship, the first text written by Matteo Ricci (–) in classical Chinese to procure friendship and hospitality from Confucian literati. All chapters are accordingly tasked to study certain aspects of the text. Chapter  illuminates the Ignatian spirituality underlying the Jesuit missiology of accommodation, and highlights the problematic idea of the human “self” versus God in the Ignatian spirituality. Chapter  canvases how Ricci adapted both pagan and Christian writings of friendship to the Confucian culture of the time. Chapters  and  attend to the Confucian side of the encounter, and analyze respectively the historical, cultural, and textual basis of the so-called Confucian Sino-centrism which Ricci tried to accommodate, and the varying ways in which Confucian literati responded to the Jesuits. Chapters  and  investigate the impact of Ricci’s new world map on the Ming empire, and present one significant component of Ricci’s mission that remains underexplored by the scholarship to date, viz., the auxiliary, yet decisive role of Western science and technology in the mission. Despite having exhibited such a panoply of historical details surrounding the text of On Friendship, the central argument of the book is not as historical as it appears to be. Hovering over all historical investigations of the encounter are postmodern philosophical theories of “the other” and “the difference” constructed by Levinas and Derrida. Throughout all the chapters of this book, Xu utilizes these postmodern theories as the sword of Damocles to scrutinize, critique, and, in more than a few cases, condemn the absolutist self-concepts of Jesuits and Confucians evidenced by their historical encounter, which concepts the author unrelentingly characterizes as “narcissistic” (p. ), “Machiavelian” (p. ), “chauvinistic” (p. ), or hegemonic (p. ). The final conclusion of the book is dialectical, and complies with the spirit of deconstruction heralded by those cited postmodern thinkers: on the one hand, Xu argues, notwithstanding the Jesuit accommodation of Confucian culture was undergirded by their narcissistic devotion to the absolute truth of Christian belief, the actual unfolding of Ricci’s Reviews©  by University of Hawai‘i Press mission proves the opposite. In other words, for any kind of rapport to take place, Jesuits had to take in the difference of the accommodated alterity, and hence, had to admit that there exists something impossible and unruly beyond the presumed totality of Christendom. On the other hand, Confucians did utilize a variety of intellectual tactics to absorb the evidently advanced Western science and technology brought in by Ricci’s mission, and tried to maintain the complete truth of Confucianism. However, the reformation of the calendar mandated by Ming emperors (chapter ) and the response of some Confucian literati to revive the ancient theistic Confucianism (pp. –) particularly prove that the other takes an equal, if not predominant, role to the self in any hospitality offered by a cultural host. Although the twofold conclusion confirms that the values of the other, as uncovered by postmodern theories, is a de facto result of the historical encounter, Xu highlights that amid the process of the encounter, the absolutist One self-concepts of Jesuits and Confucians have led to “the oppression and repulsion of many deemed to be different and other to the ideal of the One” (p. ). The author therefore urges readers to take precautions against the seemingly inviting and charming idea of “one history, one culture, or one civilization” which is “completely free from or exclusive of alterity,” since the strife that arises from the desire of constructing such an idea is “dangerous and detrimental” (p. ), and causes “so many troubling moments for the missionary friendship promoted by the Jesuits and the hospitality displayed by the Confucians” (p. ). If the postmodern theories are treated as tenable interpretive lenses, I appreciate that the author’s consistent utilization of them succeeds to reveal certain aspects of the encounter history which has not yet been sufficiently studied. The following are some examples. First, the author carefully analyzes the concept of human self versus...

Charity as a historical and spiritual-moral basis for the development of social work

Charity as a historical and spiritual-moral basis for the development of social work

Geneva convention's additional protocols: Its historical, legal aspects

Modern armed forces and indeed individuals are employed in a wide range of operations that range from peacetime riot control to outright international armed conflict. Classifying these various scenarios to determine the applicable international law is rendered difficult by both lack of clarity inherent in the law or the political factors that tend to enter the decision making process. The Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols came into being to salvage the situation. This paper therefore discussed the Historical and legal basis of the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols and concludes that beautiful as the provisions may be, their efficacy has been hampered by implementation problems.

«Дейін» шылауының тарихи-этимологиялық негіздері

«Дейін» шылауының тарихи-этимологиялық негіздері

Vivir y pensar la construcción de la sociedad anarquista desde la realidad mesoamericana, ayer y hoy

The communal life of the Mesoamerican communities has been the historical basis of indigenous resistance against Spanish colonialism and then against Mexican colonialism. This way of life and mentality was considered by the magonistas in the 1910s as the powerful historical experience that would be the basis for the free reconstruction of society after the triumph of the anarchist sector in the Mexican revolution that they organized in exile from the United States. But they did not value communality as a form of resistance to achieve the liberation of capitalist colonialism, because they supposed dead a way of life that is still alive today in communities of places like Oaxaca.

“Wake up Germany!”: the Development of the German National Idea in Literature and Journalism of the Thirty Years War (1618—1648)

In the 17th century a new round of development of the national idea began in the German lands of the Holy Roman Empire. It was due to influence of the Thirty Years' War (1618—1648). Poets and writers of the Baroque era became the “wake-ups” of the nation. They were perceived the Thirty Years' War as a national disaster that affected all Germans without exception. The poets from the era of the Thirty Years War have constantly called their native lands “our Fatherland is Germany” and contracted their poorer situation with a number of positive moral features, which, in their opinion, constituted a “German national character” or a “German spirit”. Writers used as a historical basis for their constructions and relied on the well-known ideas about Germany and the Germans formulated in Tacitus' Germany. German poets claimed that the Germans were “God's chosen people” (this phrase became a leitmotif in many literary monuments of the era) and the German nation is “the most daring, most noble and most ancient nation under the sun” — as Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen wrote.

Saberes, Produção Associada e bem viver: A Festa de Troca de Sementes Crioulas em comunidades tradicionais camponesas da baixada cuiabana - MT

Este texto tem como objetivo apresentar uma breve discussão acerca da existência da produção associada e agroecológica, da singular cultura do trabalho e da vivência de alguns princípios do Bem-Viver, que dão fundamento histórico para a instituição da 'Festa de troca de sementes crioulas', nas comunidades tradicionais camponesas da baixada cuiabana. Temática essa que vem sendo discutida pelo Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Trabalho e Educação (GEPTE) do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação (PPGE) da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT). Trata-se de uma pesquisa teórica e de campo sobre o assunto em questão com análises, rodas de conversas e entrevistas.
 Palavras-chave: Comunidade Tradicional Camponesa, Produção Associada, Sementes Crioulas, Solidariedade.
 
 Knowledge, Associated Production and buen vivir: The Creole Seed Exchange Festival in traditional peasant communities in the Baixada Cuiabana - MT 
 ABSTRACT. This text aims to present a brief discussion about the existence of the associated production and agro, the unique culture of work and experience of some principles of Bem-Viver, which give the historical basis for the imposition of 'Feast of exchange of seeds crioulas' in traditional communities peasants from cuiabana. This issue is being discussed by the Group of Studies and Research on Work and Education (GEPTE) of the Graduate Program in Education (PPGE) of the Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT). It is a theoretical research and field on the matter concerned with analysis, wheels of conversations and interviews.
 Keywords: Peasant Traditional Community, Associated Production, Creole Seeds, Solidarity.
 
 Saber, Producción Asociada y buen vivir: El festival de Intercambio de Semillas Criollas en comunidades campesinas tradicionales en la Baixada Cuiabana - MT
 RESUMEN. Este texto tiene como objetivo presentar una breve discusión sobre la existencia de producción asociada y agroecológica, la cultura de trabajo única y la experiencia de algunos principios de Well-Living, que dan una base histórica para la institución del 'Seed Exchange Party'. Criollo ', en las comunidades campesinas tradicionales de la Baixada Cuiabana. Este tema ha sido discutido por el Grupo de Estudio e Investigación sobre Trabajo y Educación (GEPTE) del Programa de Posgrado en Educación (PPGE) de la Universidad Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT). Esta es una investigación teórica y de campo sobre el tema en cuestión con análisis, ruedas de conversación y entrevistas.
 Palabras clave: Comunidad Campesina Tradicional, Producción Asociada, Semillas Criollas, Solidaridad.

PERSON CENTERED MEDICINE FOUNDATIONS FOR MEDICAL EDUCATION

Background: The development of person-centered medical education is inscribed within an international programmatic movement toward a medicine focused on the totality of the person. This movement, with broad historical bases, has been maturing since 2008 through conferences with global health institutions, research projects, and academic publications. A key challenge in the application of person-centered medicine (PCM) to the practice of medicine has been the elucidation of its core principles and the development of operationalized measures that allows for assessment of the degree of person-centeredness in clinical care and medical education.

Historical and methodical bases of special psychologists’ professional training

The article deals with historical and theoretical and methodological foundations of modern methodology of teaching psychology in the context of special psychologists’ education. Historical teaching experience of indicated discipline in domestic and foreign institutions of higher education is reviwed. The present historical and pedagogical analysis of students’ training and introduction of modern methodology of teaching psychology as a training discipline of penitentiary, special and clinical psychologists initiated by Academician of NAPS of Ukraine, Viktor Synov and his scientific school is delightened. The nature and structure of discipline are viewed. Particular attention is paid to finding and developing of the optimal set of methods of its providing, developing programs and definition of developed program’s efficiency. The practical results of scientists’ work in defining spheres are analyzed. The results of the experimental study of the motivational component of the professional readiness of psychologists (special, clinical) to work on a specialty in the structure of professional training are highlighted. The prospects for further research in the context of improving the psychological preparation of personnel for various types of special schools are outlined.