Historical Names Research Articles

Arrojadite-group nomenclature: sigismundite reinstated

Abstract. The name sigismundite has been reinstated from arrojadite-(BaFe) following the IMA Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) recommendations defined by Hatert et al. (2013) for the preservation of historical names. The name change was approved by the CNMNC, voting proposal 22-C. The new mineral symbol for sigismundite is Sigi. Sigismundite honours Pietro Sigismund (1874–1962), and this paper outlines his significant contributions to Italian mineralogy.

Zabytyj marshrut Mozhajskoj dorogi cherez velikoknyazheskoe selo Domontovskoe (XIV—XV vv.)

The article attempts to historical reconstruct the forgotten route of the Mozhaisk road (14th - 15th centuries). The historical prerequisites and the probable time of the appearance of the route, as well as the reasons of the termination of its use for the trip from Moscow to Mozhaisk, are named. The article provides arguments in favor of the location of the village of Domontovskoye, known since 1339, on the Mozhaisk road; the origin of its historical name is substantiated. The author identifies the general trends of changes in the routes of the Mozhaiskaya road in the context of the development of forest areas near the Moskva River, shows the existence of a chronological connection between the emergence of new routes and the emergence of the first rural settlements on them.

Dying bodies

Two enormous shifts in history shape Western culture as we know it today: the Protestant Reformation and what historical theologian Ephraim Radner names the ‘Great Transition,’ the health transition that brought modernity its unprecedented low mortality rates and lengthened lifespans. This article explores one geographical location and one specific time – Victorian London – to argue that the lingering effects of the Protestant Reformation and the growing impact of the Great Transition as this relates to the practices and rituals around the dead, particularly the dead child, were partly responsible for the reforms around the dead child in the home. Lydia Murdoch’s account of the rise of the mortuary movement, and her description of the discrimination against Irish Catholics by Protestant elites, forms the foundation for my argument. Rather than limiting the narrative to one of religious and class prejudice, I claim that religious motivation, and not only religious prejudice, worked with growing health reforms in order to bring about these historical shifts.

Architectural Planning Features of Class II Stations of the Ussuri Railway: Vladivostok and Khabarovsk

The subject of the study is the architectural and urban planning features of Class II stations on the section of the Trans–Siberian Railway - the Ussuriyskaya Railway (the historical name of the line), the most remote from Moscow and St. Petersburg. The article discusses the final stations of the route – Vladivostok and Khabarovsk during the years of construction and in the first years of operation (the time frame can be conditionally considered from 1891 – the laying of the road, until the early 1910s - the preparation of projects for the reconstruction and expansion of stations). The author pays special attention to the study of village layouts, the mutual location of the main objects – passenger buildings, squares, streets; the current state of railway development is analyzed. The paper presents the materials obtained during the field surveys and research studies of the author in 2021-2022. It is emphasized that railway stations and their simple, at first glance, architectural design are part of the grandiose ensemble of the Great Siberian Way, original monuments of the era, and as such are of considerable research interest. Architectural and town-planning features of the first railway stations of Vladivostok and Khabarovsk are analyzed for the first time. The necessity of further comprehensive study of the railway development of cities and towns in the south of the Far East, including for the development of measures for its preservation and popularization of industrial architectural heritage, was noted.

Assessments on the material properties of the Pietraforte stone of Florence (Italy) in conservation, restoration and construction

“Pietraforte” is the historic name of a turbiditic sandstone extensively used in monumental buildings of Florence from the Roman period to the early XX century. Today all the historical quarries are disused, and they have been reclaimed as urban areas or parks (e.g., Boboli Garden). No technical data on Pietraforte are available, although they would be valuable to drive the conservation of these exceptional monumental buildings. In this work the results of an experimental research are shown; the experimental campaign was aimed at investigating the mechanical properties of Pietraforte through both destructive and non-destructive tests. The analysed samples were extracted from some of the ancient quarries used for the historical buildings in the Florentine area. All the samples were tested according to international standards, in order to collect statistically consistent results in terms of the ultrasonic velocity of the P-waves and uniaxial compressive strength. A predictive model to relate the ultrasonic velocity and the uniaxial compressive strength is proposed on the basis of the obtained results. The collected experimental data refer to “fresh” intact rock and provide useful knowledge that can be used to design and calibrate the interventions on monumental buildings made of Pietraforte.

Finding Places in Text with the World Historical Gazetteer

Researchers often need to be able to search a corpus of texts for a defined list of terms and historians are often interested in certain places named in a text or texts. This lesson details how to programmatically search documents for a list of terms, including place names and then how to obtain coordinates and map historical place names with the World Historical Gazetteer.

«СТАРІ – НОВІ» УРБАНОНІМИ В КОМУНІКАТИВНОМУ ПРОСТОРІ ДНІПРА: ДО ПРОБЛЕМИ РЕЦЕПЦІЇ

<p><strong><em>The aim</em></strong><em> of the article is to study the urbanonyms of the city of Dnipro as a fact of historical communication, in which the values returned and formed by modern society are passed on to the next generation through the nomination of spatial units of culture (time through space); to trace the process of decommunization in the city of Dnipro as a fact of social communication, which allows to determine its current quality and degree of transparency.</em></p><p><strong><em>The research methodology</em></strong><em> is determined by the purpose of the work: the theoretical basis of the work was a well-developed theory of chronotope (M. Bakhtin, 1975) in its social dimension, when «social space generates social time, which, in turn, manifests itself through social space»; the value aspect of modern urbanonyms is determined by the method of comparison with the historical names of urban space.</em></p><p><strong><em>The results </em></strong><em>of the study </em><em>allow us to admit that the process of decommunization (Ukrainization) of urban space in the post-Maidan period was somewhat chaotic and spontaneous. The scientific basis of the process of renaming squares and streets of the city of Dnipro has been well developed by historians, but has not always been used effectively by the city authorities. The process of communication between the three groups – the government, historians, citizens – was not optimally organized, which led if not to the rejection of new names of squares and streets by city dwellers, then to lack of interest in decommunization (Ukrainization) and, consequently, unwillingness to change their language habits.</em></p><p><strong><em>The scientific novelty</em></strong><em> is the consideration of urbanonyms as, on the one hand, a discussion topic for the modern communicative space of Ukraine, on the other hand, as messages to future generations about Ukrainian values formed in the first thirty years of Ukrainian independence.</em></p><p><strong><em>The practical significance</em></strong><em> of the study in identifying the complexities and contradictions of the multilevel process of decommunization (Ukrainization), which the country is undergoing at the present stage of development.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> social chronotope, cultural communication, urbanonyms, historical experience, historical heritage.</em></p>

ВІД “МІНЕРАЛОГІЧНОГО СЛОВНИКА” ДО “УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ НОМЕНКЛАТУРИ МІНЕРАЛІВ”

“Mineralogical Dictionary”, written by Ye. Lazarenko and O. Vynar (1975), was the first to publish in Ukrainian all the names of minerals known at that time: approved, obsolete, synonyms, names of varieties. It was also an explanatory dictionary, since it contained the most important information about the mineral – from the chemical composition and physical properties to the distribution and etymology of the name. The dictionary also contains explanations of several thousand rare, forgotten and underused mineralogical terms that can be found in the ancient geological literature. Such a collection is valuable both historically and scientifically. After the number of mineral species exceeded one thousand, and the number of their names – ten times more, in 1959 mineralogists created the International Mineralogical Association (IMA), under which two commissions were set up to control the regulation of the nomenclature of minerals and the approval of new mineral species. In 2006, Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (СNМNС) was set up. The Ukrainian Mineralogical Society (UMS) became a member of the IMA in 1994. Most mineralogical terms, used by Ukrainian mineralogists, were borrowed from Russian, although a number of ancient Ukrainian words have been preserved as normative historical names of minerals. Some of the terms, in particular the names of recently discovered minerals were borrowed directly from other languages according to the rules of transcription and written in accordance with the current Ukrainian spelling. They often did not coincide with those transcribed from Russian. This led to the emergence of a variety of terms for one species with a one– two letters difference. The urgent need for Ukrainian scientific terminology led to the emergence after 1991 of a series of geological and mineralogical dictionaries – of different specialization, content, distribution and quality. All of these dictionaries are a thing of the past, refining existing terms in their own way, and none of them cover new mineral species that are constantly appearing in Englishlanguage scientific literature. But a particular mineral species must have one name, regardless of whether it is formed by transliteration or transcription and how exactly it corresponds to the historical name or the name proposed by the author of the discovery. The Terminological Commission, established in 2017 at the UMS was given a task of arranging the nomenclature of minerals. According to Acad. Ye. Lazarenko, nomenclature is the language of mineralogists. The Commission approved the main principles of Ukrainian mineral names formation and spelling. Prepared for publication in accordance with the decisions of the Terminology Commission the “Ukrainian Nomenclature of Minerals” monograph, which contains information on 5 780 mineral species known as of 2021, should help Ukrainian mineralogists speak the same language

Chinese Personal Names Expressing the Idea of Manliness

The study attempts to analyze modern Chinese male personal names from the standpoint of the semantics of the most frequently used lexemes, thereby revealing a corpus of words (hieroglyphs) that serve to designate “masculine” in the Chinese name system. The author relies on the recent data obtained from a survey with 200 respondents, however, historical Chinese male names are also considered. It is established that in Chinese linguistic culture, masculinity is a multifaceted concept, essentially associated with such qualities as strength, perseverance, will, determination, the ability to withstand any life challenges. The name semantics may convey that both through direct definitions (“strong”, “solid”, “strong”, “resolute”, etc.), and through images in which these qualities are embodied allegorically (“wave”, “dragon”, “tiger”, “cypress”, etc.). At the same time, Chinese male names of the 20th century also showcase the semantics related to the history of the country, citizenship, patriotism (“Shine, China”, “Make the country strong”, etc.). The author notes that since the Confucian era, such qualities as wisdom, humanity, benevolence, following etiquette, and flexibility have been blended into the “male” semantics. Apparently, these are the newly adopted virtues of manliness, without which it would be impossible to survive in the modern world.

Analiza nazw stacji i przystanków kolejowych w południowo-wschodniej Polsce w ujęciu diachronicznym

The purpose of the article is to present the names of railway stations and stops, both old and non-existent, as well as those which are modern and functioning. A relevant part of the text is also the presentation of productive naming models for train stopping points. The research material was excerpted from the historical network train timetables, published until 2012, as well as from the online train timetable available on the PKP (Polish State Railways) website. These sources contain the names of stations and stops on selected railway lines in the following provinces: Lubelskie, Małopolskie, Podkarpackie and Świętokrzyskie. The methodology used is based on the classification of train stopping points, developed by Piotr Tomasik, as well as on additional division criteria, taking into account the structure of historical and non-existing names. The most frequently used nomination practice is the transfer of the name of the locality to the name of the train stopping point, as evidenced by such proper names as: Przemyśl, Rzeszów and Zagórze. However, the necessity to create a unique name of a railway stop or station often requires adding various elements that specify the location. In this way, names such as Chmielów koło Tarnobrzega, Kraków Płaszów, Rzeszów Osiedle or Tarnów Zachodni are created. The former names of train stopping points were also based on the transfer of the name of a part of a town, e.g. a housing estate, hamlet or district where a stop was located, e.g. Osiedle P.Z.L. w Rzeszowie or Ozet w Stalowej Woli. A separate naming category is the names of railway stations which were created as a result of foreign-language influences. The article is a contribution to further research on the nomenclature of railway stations and stops in diachronic terms on other railway lines in Poland.

MINERAL NOMENCLATURE AND THE PRESERVATION OF HISTORICAL NAMES

Mineral nomenclature, which has often trivial in nature, is gradually being improved in a rational. Terminology is proposed under the auspices of the International Mineralogical Association through nomenclature changes relating to large groups and supergroups of minerals, for example, amphiboles, tourmalines, and pyrochlore. To create a name of a new species, a historically trivial name of a mineral in a group is used and a suffix with a symbol or a prefix of a chemical element is added to it. As a consequence of these changes, the nomenclature of minerals has become rational-trivial. The Commission on Terminology of the Ukrainian Mineralogical Society was formed in 2017 to consider mineral nomenclature. One of the key challenges is to preserve the historical Ukrainian mineral name and its spelling. The Commission decided to consider the names of minerals given in the 1975 "Mineralogical Dictionary" as historical, and to keep the spelling of mineral names discovered before 1991. Minerals names approved after the changes in Ukrainian orthography should be written with the letters of the Ukrainian alphabet according to the rules of transcription from the original language and in accordance with 2019 Ukrainian orthography. The changes also affected two-word terms and the use of a hyphen. The name of a mineral should be taken as a symbol corresponding to a natural compound of a certain chemical composition and a defined crystal structure. To promote mutual understanding between scientists, a mineral name and its spelling should be the same. The recommendations of the Commission on Terminology are taken into account in preparation of the "Ukrainian Nomenclature of Minerals" (2022).

Overview of Mucinous Cancers at City Hospital Birmingham

Mucinous Cancer also known as colloid cancer is a rare, special subtype of invasive breast cancer generally associated with a favourable prognosis. Historical names varied around gelatinous carcinoma, mucous carcinoma, and mucoid carcinoma. Most studies show that fewer than 5% of all invasive breast cancers have a mucinous component and only approximately 2% represent pure mucinous carcinoma. It carries an excellent prognosis with 10-year survival in excess of 80%. It is a disease of elderly patients, over 60 years of age, and usually occurs in postmenopausal women.

A Magyar Nemzeti Helynévtár Programról

On the Hungarian National Toponym Registry The paper introduces the key antecedents of the Hungarian National Toponym Registry Program supported by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and presents the main motivations behind the research project and its chief objectives. The prehistory of a comprehensive Hungarian toponym registry goes back to the dictionaries presenting the corpus of common nouns. In the second half of the 19th century, at the time of the creation of the Dictionary of the Hungarian language (A magyar nyelv szótára, CzF.), it was Frigyes Pesty who first organized com¬prehensive toponym collection activities in 1864. In the middle of the 20th century, the publication of the Explanatory dictionary of the Hungarian language (A ma¬gyar nyelv értelmező szótára, ÉrtSz.) coincided with the second major toponym collection project. It was also due to their inefficacy, however, that at the time of the publication of the Comprehensive dictionary of the Hungarian language (A magyar nyelv nagy szótára, Nszt.) those aspirations also appeared that focused on the creation of digital toponym registries that culminated in the plan for the Hungarian National Toponym Registry. This work was carried out in the topo¬nymist workshops of the University of Debrecen and Eötvös Loránd University but practically all toponym scholars have joined the program both from Hungary and the trans-border regions. The fact that this program needs to be carried out now is made even clearer by two circumstances. First, the population decrease of Hungarians outside Hungary and the continuous shrinking of the Hungarian language area. Second, the pro¬cesses of social modernization that significantly modify the ways people use space and thus also affect toponym awareness. Under these circumstances, the collection of toponyms still used today may also be considered as a way of saving linguistic and cultural records and heritage. The toponym registry also containing historical toponyms provides unparalleled resources for a host of academic dis¬ciplines while also enriching Hungarian toponym culture. In line with strict professional requirements, the Hungarian National Toponym Registry is created as a digital database but the material included in it will also be published in print form. Due to the magnitude of the work, hundreds of experts participate in it. The academic basis of the program is provided by universities of the Carpathian Basin offering programs in Hungarian Studies where special activ¬ities are offered primarily for Hungarian majors, also supported by online educa¬tional materials. The Hungarian National Toponym Registry is an exceptional opportunity for Hungarian toponomastics for the creation of a comprehensive toponym registry covering the entire Hungarian language area and representing both contemporary and historical name usage.

Múltidéző utcaneveink

The street names in the Transylvanian towns remained unchanged from their first naming until the mid 19th century. Since then, street names have changed several times, mainly because of the border, regime, and ethnic changes. This makes the relevant period for studying street name changes in Transylvania the last 150 years (since 1867). This article begins with an overview of the technical terms used. Based on the naming process, streets could be named by convention or authorities. Based on the relation between the street and the name, the street name can be of a functional or symbolic name (it reflects the characteristics of the street, or there is no connection between them). Finally, based on the content of the name, a street name can be neutral or commemorative (independent or dependent of regimes). After this, the author presents two case studies: Cluj/Kolozsvár and Braşov/Brassó/Kronstadt, the first being typical of Northern Transylvania, the second of Southern Transylvania. Next, the author analyzes the changes of the street names in the two city centres, in each period, the proportions of changes, and the name categories (functional – neutral, functional – commemorative, symbolic – commemorative, and symbolic – neutral names). The article ends with a brief overview of the usage of official, minority, historical, and vernacular street names in Transylvania.

The concept of traditional naming among Kazakhs and ethnodeformational mobilization

The article will consider the history and problems of studying Kazakh names. The author identified the official and unofficial forms of naming among the Kazakhs. The historical nature of the name, traditions and innovations among the Turkic peoples is a study of the formal search for the name among the Kazakhs. Also in this article, the concept of a traditional name is proposed and classified. This article distinguishes the types and features from the point of view of the national tradition of inventing new names for the relatives of the husband by the daughter-in-law. The author analyzed the state of ethnodeformational mobilization of names, scientifically substantiated the connection of the Kazakh name with ethnocognitive concepts. The article analyzes the historical names of such people as Abylai Khan, Kyzybek bi, Kabanbai, Bogenbai, Abai, Chokan, Saken, Baluan Sholak, Zhayau Musa, etc., preserved in the memory of the people through the phenomenon of transonymization. The ethnocognitive features of customs and beliefs in the process of naming the Kazakh people are confirmed by scientific data. In the article, the author grouped Kazakh names in several directions, based on the opinions of scientists, depending on their function and structure in society and in everyday life. The ethnocognitive features of names in accordance with national traditions are analyzed in detail and presented to the scientific community. In the future, it is planned to expand this project and present the ontology of names to science. The article creates and presents a collection of allegorical personal names since the Kazakh people change their names depending on their behavior and meaning.

Features of the Implementation of Decommunization Policy of the Symbolic Space in Local Macrocommunities of Ukraine

The article analyzes the practices of local self-government in Ukraine in the field of decommunization of urban spaces in Kiev, Kharkov, Odessa, Dnieper. The peculiarities of the implementation of the policy of de-communization of the symbolic space indicate that since 2015, at the level of local macrocommunities, they have become public arenas of interpretations of the past. Their memorial symbolic structure reflects the competition between political actors representing competing commemorative orders. Local self-government practices have acquired their expressive specificity in each of the local macrocommunities. In particular, in Kiev, the policy of local self-government bodies is designated by us as “political”, which is associated with its status as the capital of Ukraine. It was this status that subordinated the symbolic space of local history and the retrospective reverse to historical names. Local authorities in Odessa and Kharkov carried out decommunization with the involvement, in addition to the political, pragmatic (Kharkov) and historical (Odessa) practices of renaming toponyms. Historical practice has become the core of the practice of decommunization of the symbolic space of the Dnieper. At the same time, local governments in all four cities of Ukraine were subjects of political competition (“symbolic struggle”) for the right to form and approve the idea of the legitimate order of the city's symbolic space. By referring to Ukraine's policy in the field of decommunization as one that has elements of symbolic violence, local governments fueled the social tension that accompanied the implementation of this policy.

30 Years of Macromolecular Theory and Simulations

30 Years of <i>Macromolecular Theory and Simulations</i>

Markučiai ― Markucie ― Маркутье: The History of the Names of One Vilnius Area

The article deals with the historical Russian toponyms corresponding to the aboriginal Lithuanian Markučiai. In the past, this area has changed a number of names, the historical Russian forms of Маркутье and Маркуци have survived to this day. Based on the data of texts of various genre and stylistic attribution, the functioning of both toponyms can be traced during the 2nd half of the 19th – early 20th centuries.&#x0D; The article is an attempt to identify the factors that determined the duality of the historical Russian name. The study showed that the fate of competing toponyms was influenced not only by the real linguistic situation in the Vilna region, but also by the purposeful russification activity of the authorities after the suppression of the Polish uprising of 1863–1864. The forms of the same type of Belarusian oikonyms, Baltic in origin and ascending to Lithuanian personal names, confirm the non-systemic nature of the Vilna toponym Маркутье.

Ontogeny, evolution and palaeogeographic distribution of the world's largest ammonite Parapuzosia (P.) seppenradensis (Landois, 1895).

The world’s largest ammonite, Parapuzosia (P.) seppenradensis (Landois, 1895), fascinated the world ever since the discovery, in 1895, of a specimen of 1.74 metres (m) diameter near Seppenrade in Westfalia, Germany, but subsequent findings of the taxon are exceedingly rare and its systematic position remains enigmatic. Here we revise the historical specimens and document abundant new material from England and Mexico. Our study comprises 154 specimens of large (< 1 m diameter) to giant (> 1m diameter) Parapuzosia from the Santonian and lower Campanian, mostly with stratigraphic information. High-resolution integrated stratigraphy allows for precise cross-Atlantic correlation of the occurrences. Our specimens were analysed regarding morphometry, growth stages and stratigraphic occurrence wherever possible. Our analysis provides insight into the ontogeny of Parapuzosia (P.) seppenradensis and into the evolution of this species from its potential ancestor P. (P.) leptophylla Sharpe, 1857. The latter grew to shell diameters of about 1 m and was restricted to Europe in the early Santonian, but it reached the Gulf of Mexico during the late Santonian. P. (P.) seppenradensis first appears in the uppermost Santonian- earliest Campanian on both sides of the Atlantic. Initially, it also reached diameters of about 1 m, but gradual evolutionary increase in size is seen in the middle early Campanian to diameters of 1.5 to 1.8 m. P. (P.) seppenradensis is characterized by five ontogenetic growth stages and by size dimorphism. We therefore here include the many historic species names used in the past to describe the morphological and size variability of the taxon. The concentration of adult shells in small geographic areas and scarcity of Parapuzosia in nearby coeval outcrop regions may point to a monocyclic, possibly even semelparous reproduction strategy in this giant cephalopod. Its gigantism exceeds a general trend of size increase in late Cretaceous cephalopods. Whether the coeval increase in size of mosasaurs, the top predators in Cretaceous seas, caused ecological pressure on Parapuzosia towards larger diameters remains unclear.

Nagydobrony és a Nagydobronyi Vadvédelmi Rezervátum (Kárpátalja) földrajzinévtárának elkészítése és ábrázolása történeti térképek alapján

The Wildlife Reserve of Velyka Dobron – which is located next to the village of Velyka Dobron (Hungarian: Nagydobrony), the fourth most populous Hungarian community in Transcarpathia – is the third-largest protected reserve of national importance in the country. We used a Geographic Information System to process and map the historical geographical place names of the settlement and the protected area (pieces of land within the cadastral boundaries but located either outside the settlement boundary or on its outskirts) based on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd military surveys, a cadastral map dating back to 1865 and the documents available in the Beregszász branch of the State Archives of Transcarpathian Oblast (fonds 125, description 6, file 344), as well as literary materials. As a result, a database comprising a list of 57 place names of the area was compiled. Likewise, a map of the pieces of land within the former cadastral boundaries and in the Nagydobron’ Wildlife Reserve was made. Analysis of forest area and land use changes showed that 16 pieces of land within the cadastral boundaries, but located either outside the settlement boundary or on its outskirts, have completely lost their former nature and as a result became part of the inner area of the settlement. Consequently, the compiled database and maps may help to specify the location of the ongoing research and clarify the accurate place of the earlier studies.