Historical Location Research Articles

Different Safety Awareness and Route Choice between Frequent and Infrequent Bicyclists: Findings from Revealed Preference Study Using Bikeshare Data

Understanding the factors influencing bicycling is important to improve educational and built-environment investments to increase bicycling rates. Although factors such as the physical environment, sociodemographics, and psychology influence bicycling, safety is also one of the primary reasons people avoid bicycling. Interventions based on objective safety can reduce the number of crashes, injuries, and fatalities, but people might still feel uncomfortable bicycling owing to subjective safety (perceived safety or avoidance of risk). Several studies have examined the subjective safety of bicyclists based on stated-preference surveys, but these studies have limitations, including response bias. A revealed preference method was implemented by combining 9,101 bicycling trips of Grid Bike Share in Arizona with transportation network and crash data. A segmented path size correction logit model identified that regular bicyclists took a 1.6-times longer detour to avoid historic crash locations than casual bicyclists. These two groups also exhibited different choices related to the built environment and navigation. The significance of different types of bicyclists avoiding historic crash locations or risky infrastructure is that this indicates that crash datasets coupled with route data could be used as one of several indicators of perceived safety. Recommendations to increase perceived safety and reduce the crash risk of occasional bicyclists include expanding bicycle-specific infrastructure, constructing contraflow bicycle lanes in a one-way street, separating high volume lanes with a bike lane, and improving the education of road users.

Blockchain-Enabled Privacy-Preserving Location Sharing Scheme for LBSNs

The rise of Internet of Things (IoT) technology promotes the rapid development of location services industry. The idea of smart connectivity also provides a new direction for Location-Based Social Networks (LBSNs). However, due to limited calculate ability and internal storage space of IoT devices, historical location data of users is generally stored in the central server, which is likely to cause the disclosure of users’ private data. In this paper, we propose a Blockchain-enabled Privacy-Preserving Location Sharing (B-PPLS) scheme, which is a new framework that not only protects user location privacy but also provides effective location sharing services for users. For B-PPLS, location data owners can share the location area instead of location coordinates to Requesters, in order to realize the location privacy preserving. Also, the Merkle hash tree is utilized to divide the location area, so as to realize the multilevel privacy preserving. Furthermore, four algorithms are proposed to achieve the four stages of initialization, location record, location sharing, and location verification, respectively. Finally, we analyze the security of the proposed B-PPLS scheme and compare the performance with other related location privacy-preserving schemes by experimental evaluation.

A study on historical location and evolution of Lop Nor in China with maps and DEM

A study on historical location and evolution of Lop Nor in China with maps and DEM

SÜRİX VƏ CENEVRƏ MALİYYƏ MƏRKƏZLƏRİNİN QURULUŞUNUN TƏDQİQİ VƏ İNKİŞAF İSTİQAMƏTLƏRİ

Europe has long been a major trading and financial center. The formation of these areas as financial centers is primarily based on the historical geographical location of the cities in which they are located. Due to the development of the financial sector, the main financial centers currently located in Europe are London, Zurich, Luxembourg, Geneva, Frankfurt and Tallinn. This article analyzes the history of development of Zurich and Geneva financial centers and the general features of their current activities, development trends. Key words: Zurich, Geneva, financial center, European Union

Anonymous location sharing in urban area mobility

This work studies the location-privacy preserving location update in the context of data-centric people mobility applications. The mobility model involves an urban area annotated city network (ACN) over which the users move and record/report their locations at non-regular intervals. The ACN is modeled as a directed weighted graph. Since the data receiver (e.g., an LBS provider) is curious in our privacy model, the users share their locations after anonymization which requires k-member partitioning of the ACN. Our framework, in the offline stage, requires a prototype vertex selection for each of the partitions. To this end, we develop a heuristic to obtain more representative prototype vertices. The temporal dimension of the location anonymity is achieved by two notions of the anonymity models, called weak location k-anonymity (to provide snapshot location anonymity) and strong location k-anonymity (to provide historical location anonymity). The attack scenario models the belief of the attacker (the LBS provider) on the whereabouts of the users at each location update. In the online stage, our algorithms make anonymity violation tests at every location update request and selectively block the anonymity violating ones. The online stage algorithms providing weak/strong location k-anonymity are shown to run in constant time per location update. An extensive experimental evaluation, mainly addressing the issue of privacy/utility trade-off, on three real ACNs with a simulated mobility is presented.

Remediation of Historical Photographs in Mobile Augmented Reality

Being present at a location of historical significance, often demands imagination to understand the full scope of the area. An approach to spark one’s imagination is to present a mediated simulation of a historic location in situ. As an application example, we used the sitsim AR platform to develop a simulation that conveys the history of fishermen in the historic fishing village of Storvågan in Lofoten, Norway. The study presents a rendition of the sitsim AR platform’s functionality for engaging presentations of historical photographs. This functionality is enhanced from solely representing buildings in a historical photograph into also representing animated human characters. In Storvågan, a museum (Lofotmuseet) occupies historically significant buildings amid the historic surroundings. This museum exhibits a historical photograph of fishermen that also shows how the area once looked. This photograph is remediated into a 3D animation, presented as a real-time generated simulation, at the location where the photograph was originally photographed. The study documents a design experiment including the modelling and animation of a 3D representation depicting the photograph. The functionality is evaluated based on user feedback from a case study of a beta version on location in Lofoten. Users reported that the animated fishermen contribute to an engaging experience and a feeling of being “part of the history.” The majority of users perceived the 3D representation as credible. An analysis of the modelled characters concludes that the 3D-models lack perceptual validity; hence, the case study’s positive results were somewhat unexpected. Three theories are presented as conceivable explanations for the unexpected result. Ultimately, the study provides a method for modelling and animation of people from a historical photograph, and showcases how the animation of human characters in a sitsim may be applied to convey cultural heritage in an engaging way.

Evaluating Sierra Nevada Yellow‐Legged Frog Distribution Using Environmental DNA

ABSTRACTGenetic tools that identify species from trace DNA samples could supplement traditional survey methods to clarify distributional limits of rare species. For species with legal habitat protection, elevational limits of distributions are used to determine where management actions may affect endangered species. The endangered Sierra Nevada yellow‐legged frog (Rana sierrae) generally is found down to 1,370 m, but in the Plumas National Forest, California, USA, there are a number of historical records below this elevation, resulting in protections extending to 1,067 m. This species is phenotypically similar to the foothill yellow‐legged frog (R. boylii), with which it occasionally hybridizes. We used a combination of genetic methods to investigate the fine‐scale distribution of the Sierra Nevada yellow‐legged frog in the Plumas National Forest. We collected and analyzed environmental DNA (eDNA) samples from all accessible lower elevation sites with records of Sierra Nevada yellow‐legged frog (n = 17) and swabbed 220 individuals for genetic identification from 2016–2018 to clarify the distribution of this endangered species. We created a climatic suitability model using the validated Sierra Nevada yellow‐legged frog records and current (1970–2000) climate models to assess additional highly suitable localities for Sierra Nevada yellow‐legged frog presence using eDNA capture. We did not confirm detection of Sierra Nevada yellow‐legged frog eDNA at any historical sites and identified all swabbed individuals from below 1,370 m (n = 144) as foothill yellow‐legged frogs. We located a new Sierra Nevada yellow‐legged frog site (at 1,919 m) during surveys guided by the climatic suitability model. It does not appear after extensive eDNA and genetic sampling that the Sierra Nevada yellow‐legged frog occurs below 1,370 m in this portion of their range at present. Our results show that eDNA sampling can be used as an effective management tool to evaluate historical locations and previously unknown suitable localities for current presence of a species of interest. © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Wildlife Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Wildlife Society.

Population status and ecology of Micromitrium tenerum Austin in England

Introduction. The moss Micromitrium tenerum is rare in Europe and threatened with extinction. The aim of this study was to investigate its population status and ecology in England. Methods. Surveys were undertaken at most of the sites from where Micromitrium tenerum has been reported in England. Geographical coordinates of colonies were recorded with a GPS unit and used to derive counts of occupied Ordnance Survey grid cells at resolutions of 1, 10 and 100 m. Habitat and community composition were recorded by relevés. Key results. Micromitrium tenerum was found at three locations, one in North Devon and two adjacent sites in East Sussex, with a total of 25 occupied 1 m grid cells. It is likely to survive at a fourth site in West Sussex. Powdermill Reservoir (East Sussex) supported the majority (84%) of the population censused. The species has been lost from at least 11 sites, all in southeast England. Most current and historical locations of the moss were within the drawdown zone of seasonally fluctuating freshwater bodies, a notable exception being on muddy ground along tracks in an adjacent woodland. Vegetation comprised an open community of vascular plants and bryophytes, which most typically included Physcomitrium patens and Pseudephemerum nitidum. Soils were silty clays and strongly acidic (pH 4.1–5.1). Conclusions. Micromitrium tenerum has undergone a historic decline in England, due to a mixture of wetland loss, involving drainage and built development, and habitat transformation driven by change in wetland use. Presently, competitive exclusion by the non-native invasive New Zealand pigmyweed, Crassula helmsii, is the biggest threat to its future survival.

Brazil: Racial democracy

The concept of racial democracy has long arisen in multiple debates in Latin America. I choose Brazil as it is considered one of the most multi-diverse countries. It showcases some scholars’ points of view related to the issue in question. If in definition the idea of racial democracy connotes a perfect conviviality of races relations without any form of nonexistent racism and racial prejudice, the reality is far quite different in Brazil. The latter, as the second-largest country of African descent that pretends to be racially equal, is the one that suffers the most from the issue of discrimination, segregation, and racism inherited from colonialism. Such inheritance has affected the life of Afro-Brazilians and created differences that lead to a distinct set of class and color repartition, making the interconnectedness and interaction of Brazilians impossible. This article aims to provide a better understanding of this issue of racial democracy by its definition; the alternative viewpoints developed as to whether it is a myth or a reality; as well as the policy debate the concept has provoked. But none of these will be possible if we do not dive first into the geographical and historical location of Brazil.

Where are Mars’ Hypothesized Ocean Shorelines? Large Lateral and Topographic Offsets Between Different Versions of Paleoshoreline Maps

AbstractMars’ controversial hypothesized ocean shorelines have been found to deviate significantly from an expected equipotential surface. While multiple deformation models have been proposed to explain the wide range of elevations, here we show that the historical locations used in the literature and in these models vary widely. We find that the most commonly used version of the Arabia Level does not follow the originally described contact and can deviate laterally by ∼500 km in Deuteronilus Mensae. A meta‐analysis of different published maps shows that, globally, the minimum lateral offsets between the locations of the putative Arabia and Deuteronilus shorelines vary by an average of 141 ± 142 km and 180 ± 177 km, respectively. This leads to mean elevations of the Arabia Level that vary by up to 2.2 km between different mappings, and topographic ranges within each global mapping ranging from 2.7 to 7.7 km. The younger Deuteronilus Level has less topographic variation as it largely follows a formal contact (the Vastitas Borealis Formation) within the relatively flat northern plains. Given the high variance in position (spatial and topographic) of the maps, the use of such data and conclusions based on them are potentially problematic.

The use local people as officials of Southern Administrations in the early period of Nguyen Dynasty (1802-1832)

Southern Vietnam is the central region of the Nguyen Dynasty. It occupies an important position in national defense and foreign affairs. The region has had the huge economic potential and can create a breakthrough for Vietnam's economic development up to now. However, due to the historical conditions and geographical location, political upheaval was tremendously popular during the period of the Nguyen Lords and early Nguyen Dynasty. Besides, the economic factors of international trade and the development of commodity production (specific social foundations) were high above the national standard. As a result, the central government had to use a special method of selecting and using local officials/mandarins. The officials selected must have been good in ``handling the statecraft'', who could understand and have/had a process of living and working in the South. As two eminent political kings, Gia Long and Minh Mang applied flexible measures, not taking the aristocratic nature of candidates very seriously. Both kings completely removed the ``hereditary'' regime, not following the Confucian model as in the North and the Central regions in selecting and using mandarins in the local government apparatus. This policy helped the Nguyen Dynasty build a dedicated, competent service bureau in the region. The policy is an exception in the history of recruiting mandarins under the Confucian perspective in the country/Vietnam, and to a certain extent, it has successfully promoted local socio-economic development. This paper aims to argue that it is difficult to apply a unified but rigid policy in Vietnam on issues related to the locality and that Southern Vietnam always demands more special attention in state policies.

Forish Tajiks: Territorial Location And Traditions

Today, more than ten percent of the population of Forish district is Tajik. The geographical location, dialect, culture, way of life, and customs of this people, which has its own ethnic roots, differ from others, albeit in part. So far no one was able to send in the perfect solution, which is not strange. From this point of view, it is necessary to study the historical formation, territorial location and ethno-geographical features of the "Forish Tajiks", who have been living in this area for many centuries and make up a large part of the local Tajiks living in the Nurata Mountains. important scientific significance.

Exploring timescales of predictability in species distributions

Accurate forecasts of how animals respond to climate‐driven environmental change are needed to prepare for future redistributions, however, it is unclear which temporal scales of environmental variability give rise to predictability of species distributions. We examined the temporal scales of environmental variability that best predicted spatial abundance of a marine predator, swordfish Xiphias gladius, in the California Current. To understand which temporal scales of environmental variability provide biological predictability, we decomposed physical variables into three components: a monthly climatology (long‐term average), a low frequency component representing interannual variability, and a high frequency (sub‐annual) component that captures ephemeral features. We then assessed each component's contribution to predictive skill for spatially‐explicit swordfish catch. The monthly climatology was the primary source of predictability in swordfish spatial catch, reflecting the spatial distribution associated with seasonal movements in this region. Importantly, we found that the low frequency component (capturing interannual variability) provided significant skill in predicting anomalous swordfish distribution and catch, which the monthly climatology cannot. The addition of the high frequency component added only minor improvement in predictability. By examining models' ability to predict species distribution anomalies, we assess the models in a way that is consistent with the goal of distribution forecasts – to predict deviations of species distributions from their average historical locations. The critical importance of low frequency climate variability in describing anomalous swordfish distributions and catch matches the target timescales of physical climate forecasts, suggesting potential for skillful ecological forecasts of swordfish distributions across short (seasonal) and long (climate) timescales. Understanding sources of prediction skill for species environmental responses gives confidence in our ability to accurately predict species distributions and abundance, and to know which responses are likely less predictable, under future climate change. This is important as climate change continues to cause an unprecedented redistribution of life on Earth.

Identitas Lokal pada Penamaan “Jembatan Merah” dalam Karya Musik Keroncong

This paper seeks to explain the term “Jembatan Merah” in Indonesia from a humanities perspective. Researchers see that the term which has become one of Indonesia's local identities contains many implied meanings rather than simply being understood as a form of denotation of a red bridge. Even the interpretation of this term in keroncong music works has contributed a lot in popularizing this term. Starting from the popularity of the Gesang keroncong music which uses the name "Jembatan Merah" in one of his works, to the emergence of various forms of musical genres adapted from the popularity of the keroncong song "Jembatan Merah" indirectly gives the stigma of labeling the term which leads to a historical tourist location. which is in Surabaya. In fact, there is no statement that can be proven by Gesang regarding the historical labeling of "Jembatan Merah". By using the meaning of identity in the concept of "cultural circuit" belonging to Stuart Hall, this research will attempt to answer the meaning of the identity of "Jembatan Merah" which is considered normal for ordinary people but very important in proving an interesting cultural phenomenon to be studied today.

Introduction

In Britain, from the nineteenth century onwards, the default ‘setting’ for Shakespeare’s plays (by which I mean costume, mise-en-scène, and assumed historical and cultural context) has been medieval and early modern: the time of the plays’ composition (late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries) or the time of their historical location (medieval Britain or Europe, ancient Greece or Rome, etc.). In this visual and physical context, Twelfth Night would normally be performed or imagined in Elizabethan or Jacobean, Macbeth and Hamlet in medieval, Julius Caesar in ancient Roman dress and settings. In the historical context of their original production, the plays were performed in contemporary dress with minimal mise-en-scène; through the Restoration and eighteenth century in fashionable modern dress and increasingly naturalistic settings. Today in Britain, Shakespeare can be performed in any style of costume, setting and cultural context, from the time of the plays’ reference to the immediate contemporary present, and often in an eclectic blend of some or all. But strong forces of tradition and cultural memory tie the plays, in their visual and physical realisation as well as their language, to the medieval and early modern past. We see this attachment in film versions of the plays and of Shakespeare’s life. We dress Shakespeare in the costumes of all the ages, but we know that he truly belongs, as in the various portraits, in doublet and ruff.

Rural Crafts: A study in South Wiltshire

Rural Crafts are crafts with agrarian roots, but they are not easily located historically, or within today’s developed markets. This study stresses Rural over Heritage Crafts (based in manual skills and traditional materials, designs and techniques), although the two are not mutually exclusive. Rural Crafts are considered, present and past, through interviews with practitioners based in South Wiltshire. The study embraces networks of crafters, interviews with individuals and a focus for a rural craft event located at the Harnham Water Meadows at Salisbury, a historic location. It is established that, while few participants sustained themselves financially through their craft, it was clear that participation is ‘value driven’, providing personal benefits. The ethos of sustainability is a strong theme, both in sourcing materials and in the processes employed, especially true for individuals working with wood and thatching. Few clear similarities are found from past cottage industries, although the sense of continuity in craft is still strong. Networks included craft associations, and opportunities for informal learning, but there is a lack of formal training opportunities. This finding may be historic, as most people interviewed were over 60 years. As well as an age bias, there is a strong gender bias with men dominating regular part-time or full-time paid occupations and women treating their craft more as a hobby. Most people treat sales of any products as a bonus, and the future of such activities is dependent more upon personal interests and networks than on formally trained (often younger) individuals, more so than formal training delivered through individual organizations or companies. Otherwise, our conclusions are in line with modern ideas of personal, well-being and social benefits derived from craft activities.

ULPT: A User-Centric Location Privacy Trading Framework for Mobile Crowd Sensing

Mobile crowd sensing (MCS) arises as a promising data collection paradigm that leverages the power of ubiquitous mobile devices to acquire rich information regarding their surrounding environment. In many location-based sensing tasks, workers are required to associate their sensing reports with corresponding geographic coordinates. Such information leaves a trail of worker's historical location record which thus poses a severe threat to their location privacy. On the other hand, individual workers may perceive location privacy differently. Instead of following conventional solutions that aim to perfectly hide user privacy, this paper adopts a novel alternative approach. A <b>u</b> ser-centric <b>l</b> ocation <b>p</b> rivacy <b>t</b> rading framework, called ULPT, is constructed to facilitate location privacy trading between workers and the platform. Each worker can decide how much location privacy to disclose to the platform in an MCS task based on its own location privacy leakage budget <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\xi$</tex-math></inline-formula> . The higher <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\xi$</tex-math></inline-formula> is, the more privacy its reported location discloses. Accordingly, it receives higher payment from the platform as compensation. Besides, ULPT enables the platform to select a suitable set of winning workers to achieve desirable MCS service accuracy while taking into account of its budget limit and worker privacy requirements. For this purpose, a heuristic algorithm is devised with a bounded optimality gap. As formally proved in this manuscript, ULPT guarantees a series of nice properties, including <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\xi$</tex-math></inline-formula> - <i>privacy</i> , <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$(\alpha, \beta)$</tex-math></inline-formula> - <i>accuracy</i> , <i>budget feasibility</i> . Moreover, both rigorous theoretical analysis and extensive simulations are conducted to evaluate tradeoffs among these three.

Abundance and habitat associations of the globally endangered Giant NuthatchSitta magnain Southern Shan State, Myanmar

SummaryThe Giant NuthatchSitta magnais a globally endangered species presumed to be declining, for which basic parameters of population and habitat associations remain largely unquantified. We focused on Myanmar, which potentially constitutes ~30% of the Giant Nuthatch global range and yet lacks recently published records. Our objectives were to survey key potential Giant Nuthatch localities in, or near, historical locations in Southern Shan State, assess its population status, and quantify habitat associations. Preliminary locality surveys focused on four potential forest patches, assessed by walking approximately 40 km of trails. The species was found in only one of the four localities (Mt. Ashae Myin Anauk Myin [AMAM]), an 18 km2forest patch in Pindaya and Lawksawk Townships. Here, point counts and vegetation surveys were conducted at 46 locations using an adaptive cluster sampling design. N-mixture models were applied to estimate abundance and identify habitat variables correlated with abundance and detection probability. We also conducted a brief quantitative assessment of tree use and foraging behaviour during one breeding season. Our population estimate for AMAM was 56 individuals (95% CI 25–128) based on a sampled area of 3.25 km2. Abundance was positively associated with larger diameter trees, a higher proportion of pine and oak combined based on their total basal area, and negatively correlated with elevation. Foraging data suggested that Giant Nuthatch preferred to feed on trunks and large branches of larger diameter pines and Fagaceae trees. Based on the estimated population size, AMAM is probably a globally significant locality for Giant Nuthatch and the only confirmed locality in Myanmar since 1992 but is threatened by agricultural expansion. More detailed understanding of the habitat requirements of this endangered species and an assessment of its distribution at the landscape-level, especially in Shan State, would increase the precision of global population estimates.

Holistic LSTM for Pedestrian Trajectory Prediction.

Accurate predictions of future pedestrian trajectory could prevent a considerable number of traffic injuries and improve pedestrian safety. It involves multiple sources of information and real-time interactions, e.g., vehicle speed and ego-motion, pedestrian intention and historical locations. Existing methods directly apply a simple concatenation operation to combine multiple cues while their dynamics over time are less studied. In this paper, we propose a novel Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), namely, to incorporate multiple sources of information from pedestrians and vehicles adaptively. Different from LSTM, our considers mutual interactions and explores intrinsic relations among multiple cues. First, we introduce extra memory cells to improve the transferability of LSTMs in modeling future variations. These extra memory cells include a speed cell to explicitly model vehicle speed dynamics, an intention cell to dynamically analyze pedestrian crossing intentions and a correlation cell to exploit correlations among temporal frames. These three individual cells uncover the future movement of vehicles, pedestrians and global scenes. Second, we propose a gated shifting operation to learn the movement of pedestrians. The intention of crossing the road or not would significantly affect pedestrian's spatial locations. To this end, global scene dynamics and pedestrian intention information are leveraged to model the spatial shifts. Third, we integrate the speed variations to the output gate and dynamically reweight the output channels via the scaling of vehicle speed. The movement of the vehicle would alter the scale of the predicted pedestrian bounding box: as the vehicle gets closer to the pedestrian, the bounding box is enlarging. Our rescaling process captures the relative movement and updates the size of pedestrian bounding boxes accordingly. Experiments conducted on three pedestrian trajectory forecasting benchmarks show that our achieves state-of-the-art performance.

Ranunculus polyphyllus Willd. still grows in Slovakia

Ranunculus polyphyllus is a Eurosiberian species of the Eurasian forest-steppe zone, extremely rare in the western part of its distribution range, in Central Europe. In Slovakia, this lowland semiaquatic plant has its westernmost border, where only a few historic locations are known, and which have not been confirmed since 1965: one on the Podunajská nížina Lowland and three on the Východoslovenská nížina Lowland. These records, however, do not include any vegetation data. The species has been recently rediscovered in Slovakia on the Východoslovenská nížina Lowland: one historical site was confirmed in 2020 in the periodically inundated pasture near Strážne settlement, and a second site was found in 2021 near Zemplínske Hradište in a flooded depression in intensively used agricultural land which was formerly used as rice fields. In its European range, this species has been observed only in natural wetlands, and its ability to occupy secondary habitats has not yet been reported. Here we provide new data on the recent occurrence of Ranunculus polyphyllus in Slovakia with regard to its vegetation and habitat conditions.