Historic Center Research Articles

Tourism and its impact on the migration of indigenous peoples from historical city centers (the old city center of Najaf as a case study)

Most countries around the world seek to add their historical city centres to the list of World Heritage sites to make them attractive centres for tourism by focusing on studies and projects that attract new events to meet the requirements of tourists to benefit from the financial return. On the other hand, the indigenous people in these centres suffer from a change in their normal lifestyle as a result of their transformation into tourist environments and uninhabitable places, and consequently, these centres lost a large part of their attractiveness and social identity, Hence the research problem, represented by: the loss of the historical centres of their vitality and social spirit as a result of the migration of its original inhabitants and they are leaving their homes. Accordingly, the aim of this research was determined to reach the most important indicators of urban tourism that negatively affect the quality of life of the indigenous population. The Social, economic, environmental, cultural and urban impact on the lives of indigenous peoples, For the purpose of achieving the goal of the research, previous studies were reviewed that dealt with the relationship between urban tourism and the indigenous population in the centers of historical cities and to reach the most important influential tourism indicators, which were represented by social, economic, environmental, cultural and urban indicators as main indicators and a set of sub-indicators that involve them, and the application of these indicators to the city of Najaf The old city by conducting interviews with residents and making field visits to the city, and relying on some studies of the city, The most important results were that the following indicators: (weak social relations, changing traditional ways of life, difficulty in obtaining daily needs, high land and real estate prices, pressure on infrastructure services, loss of heritage and historical buildings and lack of services and spaces allocated to the population) the influential role in the migration of the population The original inhabitants of the old city of Najaf.

The Image of the City of Orenburg in the Context of Psychogeography

The relevance of the topic of the work is determined by the fact that citizens' perception of their city is the basis of their daily behavior and all life activities. This means that the image of the city formed in the minds of residents is one of the important factors of its socio-cultural development. The aim of the work is to identify the peculiarities of the perception of the city and to determine the significance of the image of the city for its socio-cultural development. The main subject of the study is the image of the city of Orenburg, considered from the perspective of psychogeography. The theoretical basis of the work was the work of Western and domestic authors exploring various aspects of the problem of perception of the city: K. Lynch, V. L. Glazychev, P. Golderberger, S. U. Goldhagen, A. E. Gutnov, S. V. Pirogov, G. I. Revzin, R. Sennet, K. Ellard, etc. The work is interdisciplinary in nature, which requires a combination of phenomenological and psychogeographic approaches aimed at studying the perception of the city by its inhabitants. The author proves that the image of the city of Orenburg is multifaceted and dynamic. In pre–revolutionary history, Orenburg is an outpost of Russia, the "gateway to Asia", a place of exile for politically unreliable citizens; in the Soviet period, it was the capital of Kazakhstan, the city of labor glory. Today Orenburg appears in the minds of its residents as a cozy and quiet provincial city with a rich historical past and unique culture. However, through the unkemptness and abandonment of the outlying areas, the global shape of the city emerges in it, making one city indistinguishable from another. The feeling of the unique atmosphere of the city, concentrated in its historical center, is rapidly disappearing under the onslaught of modernization, motorization, modern urban planning. Such a "polyphony" of urban spaces puts on the agenda the issue of preserving the historical appearance and identity of the city. Making the city an object of love and pride is today the main task of the authorities and residents of the city, on the solution of which its future depends.

Čitanje i izgradnja Venecije, 1984 - Kapaijev, Mainardisov i Pastorov case popolari kao materijalna kultura

In the 1980s, Venice was a unique laboratory for studies on the relationship between contemporary architecture and the historical city, a matter which is critical today as well. Architecture projects of this period are precious testimonies to ways of reading the historical context and building within it. In February 1984, four architecture firms delivered the documentation required by the Venice Municipality's Extraordinary Housing Programme competition, concerning the construction of four housing projects in the Venetian territory. These were among the city's first new housing schemes directly operated by the Municipality after World War Two. Based on the analysis of archival documents, this study focuses on architects Cappai, Mainardis and Pastor's project, which proposed a reading of the city and their interpretation of housing as the expression of a 'material culture'. Beyond formal analogies, they chose to structure their project around the persistent material culture which underlay residential construction in both historical and contemporary Venice. Understanding the material culture of their time as inseparable from the building market, they adopted modern building industrialisation techniques. As the group was selected to build three schemes, their theoretical effort was eventually matched by an episode of actual prefabrication within the island's historical centre.

The agricultural and historical origin of an urban green infrastructure: Madrid-Río

Madrid-Río is a recent green infrastructure built in Madrid, a linear park of multiple uses that sought to connect the historic city center with the less favored neighborhoods of the south, to bring them spatial and socioeconomically closer to the center. Our purpose is to detect, in this new urban space, the traces of its origin in agricultural uses linked to the river. These uses widely extended since the city became capital, had their reflection in several historical places, such as Casa de campo, Paseo de Virgen del Puerto, etc., which have been tried to integrate into the new project. The methodology used combines the analysis of historical cartography, with historical data and own analytical planimetry. The findings are to detect historical focal points and their relevance, locate the footprint of spaces of agricultural origin in the current park and, more broadly, assess their value in the functioning of GI.

A SURVEY ON TOWARD EFFECTIVE RESPONSE TO NATURAL DISASTERS: A DATA SCIENCE APPROACH

Natural catastrophes have the potential to destroy large portions of infrastructure and kill thousands of people. Both the populace and the government find it challenging to deal with these situations. Particular attention must be given to the following two difficult problems: find a workable solution first evacuating people, then rebuilding homes and other infrastructure. Then, a successful recovery plan that prioritises the reconstruction of damaged areas and the evacuation of people can be a game-changer for overcoming those horrible circumstances. In this light, we introduce DiReCT, a method based on I a dynamic optimization model created to quickly develop an evacuation plan of an earthquake-stricken area, and ii) a double deep Q network-based decision support system capable of effectively guiding the rebuilding of the affected areas. The latter operates by taking into account the needs of the many stakeholders (such as citizens' social benefits and political priorities) as well as the resources available. The foundation for both of the aforementioned solutions is a specialized geographic data extraction Method called "GisToGraph," which was created expressly for this use. We used extensive GIS data, information on the vulnerability of urban land structures, and the historical city centre of L'Aquila (Italy) to test the applicability of the entire strategy.

Аналіз рекреаційних умов та ресурсів території Гадяцької ОТГ

The article explores the potential for tourism and recreational development in the territory of the Hadyach United Territorial Community (UTC) based on a survey of natural and socio-cultural resources. It is highlighted that the Hadyach UTC possesses significant potential for various forms of recreational activities, including the development of tourist routes, promotion of the tourist product, establishment of a historical city center, rural tourism development, religious tourism, and literary tourism. The article emphasize the need to intensify efforts in advertising, infrastructure reconstruction, and improvement of transportation connections to ensure convenience for tourists. The overall conclusion of the article points to the rich cultural and historical potential of Hadyach for tourist visits and underscores the importance of collaboration between different levels of government and investors for the effective development of tourism in the region.

Naples and tourism: conflicts of a dream realised? Analysis of a fast-changing urban landscape

<abstract> <p>Urban landscape and tourism, a complementary binomial or a dual antithesis? The question is becoming more and more interesting, and it is a cause of concern among local administrators. To this end, we aim to investigate the dynamics of a specific case, the city of Naples (Italy), where the fast, increasing touristification of the historic city center - a phenomenon for which the expression "overtourism" is increasingly used – is now showing the other side of the coin. Through an interpretivist-constructivist epistemological approach based on the analysis of the context, the critical issues relating to an uncontrolled management of urban space are first brought to light and then some strategies and public policies that could prove effective in containing the phenomenon are proposed. Finally, the results found for the specific case of Naples are described in inductive terms to be replicable in similar contexts.</p> </abstract>

Research on the Decorative Patterns of Modern Residential Buildings in Macao from the Perspective of Social Change

In the modern era, Macao has experienced another major turning point since the opening of the port, and the buildings of the Historic Centre of Macao were successfully declared a World Heritage Site in 2005, and Macao's architectural heritage has become an important part of Macao's culture Cultural export has also become a key focus for Macao's tourism development. However, it is still rare to express urban culture through the connotation of patterns, and traditional patterns are the main carrier of regional culture, reflecting Macao's special regional style and culture, and are also important cultural elements for the eternal vitality of the city. By digging deep into the correlation between the decorative patterns of residential buildings and social and historical changes in Macao in the modern period, the particularity of the architectural decoration patterns in Macao is sorted out and summarized, and finally the particularity and regularity of the emergence and evolution of the decorative patterns of modern residential buildings in Macao are obtained.

Fragility curves for residential unreinforced masonry buildings prone to out-of-plane mechanisms: the case of the historical center of Sora

The earthquake events of the past and recent years highlight as the seismic protection of historical towns is a crucial and current issue in Italy, but also in many other earthquake prone areas of Europe, where severe damages and collapse of buildings have been observed after seismic events. In particular, significant damages have been detected in historic centers of small and medium towns, mainly characterized by unreinforced masonry buildings, highly vulnerable with regard to out-of-plane collapse mechanisms. In this context, the assessment of the seismic vulnerability of unreinforced masonry buildings is a fundamental issue, in that they represent the most widespread construction typology in Italian and European small and medium towns. One of the most effective approaches in predicting potential damages of building typologies, is based on the derivation of fragility curves. An important aspect that affects the construction of fragility curves is the choice of response spectra to define the seismic demand; both Italian code and European guidelines allow the use of natural records, but also propose to employ smoothed spectra, in that the first one is hardly applicable by practitioners. Nevertheless, the employment of the smoothed spectra does not allow for adequate considerations about the influence of record-to-record variability. Downstream of this brief discussion, the paper presents the evaluation of fragility curves for unreinforced masonry buildings typical of the Central Italy, prone to the occurrence of out-of-plane collapse mechanisms, by considering both the spectral-shapes directly derived from the Italian codes and spectra obtained by the selection of natural accelerograms.

ЩЕКАВИЦЬКІ НЕКРОПОЛІ В РАМКАХ ІСТОРІЇ МІСЦЕВОСТІ ЩЕКАВИЦЯ

The article covers the topic of the history of Shchekavytsia district from the first mentions in the annals of the 10th – 11th centuries to the 1950s. Emphasis of attention on the Shchekavytsia burial ground of the 10th – 12th centuries. and the Shchekavytsia necropolis and the Church of All Saints, which were destroyed by the Soviet regime in 1935–1936. There are few articles on the topic of the Shchekavytsia necropolis, because most researchers of this area turn to the debatable questions about the origin of the name, the location of the Shchekavytsia mountain described in the annals, and the Shchekavytsia burial ground. Shchekavytsia Mountain and its adjacent territories are part of the historical center of Kyiv. Throughout the history of the city, Shchekavytsia has played various roles in its functioning. After analyzing the sources, it can be stated that this topic is insufficiently disclosed in modern Ukrainian historiography and needs more research. The purpose of the work is to investigate and represent the historical and cultural significance of the historical district of Shchekavytsia. Considering the vulnerable situation of the area, which is threatened with complete destruction of the archaeological and historical potential, it is advisable to research and systematize data on the history of Shchekavytsia. A lot of information was obtained from descriptions and guidebooks of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Data on the medieval history of the Shchekavitsa area within the framework of research into the medieval Podol can be found in the works of archaeologists I. I. Movchan, V. G. Ivakin, and G. Yu. Ivakin. As well as researchers Melnyk O. O. Kozak O. D., Protsenko L. A. Shchekavytsia necropolis was most fully described by L. A. Protsenko back in the 1990s. This work is important in the context of the systematization of data on the history of Shchekavytsia and Shchekavytsia necropolis, in particular.

Complex process of restorative-reconstructive transformations in the sustainable development of historical small towns

The complex process of restorative-reconstructive transformations is proposed in order to simultaneously preserve, restore and improve the historical and architectural value and integrity of the urban environment in historical small towns and the quality of life in them, thereby reviving them, and ensuring their activity, attractiveness, and sustainable development. A definition of the ?restorative-reconstructive transformation? (RRT) concept is given. The problems that need to be solved during restorative-reconstructive transformations in the historical small towns of Ukraine in terms of their post-war revival are identified and characterized. The causes of these problems are identified. Their proposed systematization makes it possible to single out five components of the complex process of restorative-reconstructive transformations, namely: ecological, historical-cultural, infrastructural, social, and economic. For each one, the tasks are identified, the solution to which will enable the revival and sustainable development of historical small towns. The process of restorative-reconstructive transformations of the historical center of Medzhybizh in the Khmelnytskyi region of Ukraine, is shown as an example of solving destructive problems in its existing development, increasing its historical, architectural, utilitarian, and socio-economic attractiveness, and the quality of living in it, as well as increasing the interest for visiting it and attracting investment. Altogether, this will contribute to the revival of Medzhybizh, launching the cumulative process of its sustainable development as a cultural, tourist, and recreational center.

Designing between tradition and innovation

This paper highlights that to designing between tradition and innovation it is important to comprise identity, value, and product life cycle. The authors underline a building of a slaughterhouse from the North of Portugal, located between the Atlantic Ocean and the historical center of a city, that has been inactive since 1990 and awaits adaptation. This means that administrative inefficiency presents itself as a new problem that designers, builders and entrepreneurs must face, requiring to constantly diagnose the situation. Methodologically, this research is supported by co-design and productive reasoning, connecting conventional methods with new techniques. The paper presents some cases of restoration of buildings, or even entire neighborhoods where the installation of creative activities positive for the economy of an entire urban community. This paper constitutes a creative approach relating design and business world, bridging the gap between tradition and innovation. This project can serve as a stimulus to attract companies, creating new Stakeholders that stimulate development and innovation. It is hoped to found judgments, incentives and, above all, conditions so that creative young people can continue to live on their own land or turning this place into a pole of attraction of creativity, competitive and with a sense of future.

Mapeamento de danos como ferramenta na manutenção do patrimônio arquitetônico: o caso do Mercado Eufrásio Barbosa

This article aims to propose a method for recording and monitoring pathological manifestations in historic buildings, based on periodic building inspections, mapping and filing of damages. Through the case study carried out at the Eufrásio Barbosa Market, historical centre of the city of Olinda (Brazil) - Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO, where the applicability of the proposed method was validated, using three guidelines to support the methodological steps: identification and knowledge of the building, diagnosis and prioritization of interventions. The results showed the evolution process of the pathological manifestations on the facades of historic buildings, indicating a priority matrix to guide the asset manager in the planning of maintenance, matching the needs of the building and available financial resources. As a contribution, there is the use of the methodological triad, being a version adapted from other authors, assisting in the management of the conservation of the built property, besides the awareness of the need to preserve the architectural heritage.

FROM THE CENTER TO THE «SLEEPING DISTRICTS»: ATTEMPTS TO CONSTRUCT THE EXTERNAL IMAGE OF LVIV AS A SOVIET CITY

The attempts of the Soviet authorities to construct the external image of Lviv as a Soviet city are analyzed. It is argued that an important aspect of the transformation of any city is its visual changes. It is noted that during the period 1939–1941, and later in 1944–1991, the Soviet government sought to give a «Soviet face», first of all, to the center of Lviv. Simultaneously with this, in the so-called «sleeping districts» of the city – a kind of invention of the Soviet era – in Lviv, as in other cities of the USSR, residential quarters typical for the Soviet space were to appear, built with characteristic residential quarters with a uniform layout and standard social infrastructure. It is concluded that the implementation of the plan to transform, according to the Soviet definition, the «bourgeois» (European) appearance of the city of Lviv into a «Soviet» one turned out to be half-hearted. Thus, the Soviet project to create a «socialist model» center in Lviv was not successful: instead of the large area of the new center planned in the 1940s with Soviet monuments and administrative buildings, only a few buildings were built, and a 700-anniversary of Lviv Street was laid, which instead of the city center, it became an ordinary highway connecting the historic center with the new residential quarters of the northern districts of the city. It is noted that the process of residential development, which began in the 1950s, was more successful. As a result, being built with typical new buildings, Lviv’s suburbs got a Soviet image. At the same time, massive housing construction contributed to a partial solution to the housing issue, although often the condition of new buildings was not the best. It is noted that the cultural phenomenon of the Ukrainian-speaking «yesterday’s peasants» – the «new residents of city» – began to form on the outskirts of Lviv. They began to adapt to city life, adopting its culture, in turn influencing the natives of the city. At the same time, in the case of Lviv, it was not precisely about the Russification of the «new settlers», but actually their Ukrainization of the space of the city center and its outskirts. Key words: Lviv, image construction, Soviet city, Ukrainian SSR, USSR, architecture, city center, city outskirts.

“In Honorable Remembrance to All Generations”: Commemoration and the Making of Mormon Battalion Memory, 1921–2021

“In Honorable Remembrance to All Generations”: Commemoration and the Making of Mormon Battalion Memory, 1921–2021

Morphological and structural-compositional features of the historical block development of St. Petersburg

The development of the historical center of St. Petersburg has special parameters and characteristics that form the uniqueness of the city as a whole and its individual fragments. At the moment, due to the emerging urban planning errors and violations, there is a need to clarify the strategy of urban planning regulation of the historical center in order to preserve the uniqueness, integrity and quality of its architectural and urban environment. In this regard, the task of moving to a detailed and comprehensive study of the parameters of fragments of the urban environment becomes urgent. The purpose of this study is to study the existing architectural and urban planning characteristics of the residential development of St. Petersburg. The object of research is the historical block within the boundaries of Moskovsky Prospekt, Klinsky Prospekt, Bronnitskaya Street, Zagorodny Prospekt. The subject of the study is morphological and structural-compositional features of the building. On the basis of the conducted historical, archival and bibliographic surveys and a full-scale survey, the enlarged stages of the formation of the block were identified and the main patterns of the construction of the front front were determined. The morphotype of the block is a perimeter building of the historical center of St. Petersburg of the XIX century with the inclusion of objects of the mid–XX century, with irregular surveying and an incomplete system of courtyard buildings. The nature of surveying and urban fabric, which developed mainly in the second half of the XIX – mid XX century, was influenced by the planning structure laid down in the XVIII century and the location of the block in the structure of the city. The compositional organization of the front along Moskovsky Prospekt is subject to uniform principles, which made it possible to form a high-quality urban environment. The front facades have fragmentary losses of decorative elements and structural violations at the ground floor level, which can be eliminated provided that the historical rules of formation and decorative and plastic design of buildings are observed.

ЕКОНОМІЧНЕ ОБГРУНТУВАННЯ ЕКОСИСТЕМНИХ АКТИВІВ МІСЬКИХ ПАРКІВ НА ОСНОВІ АНАЛІЗУ КАРТУВАННЯ ПРИМОРСЬКОГО МІСТА ОДЕСИ

The article examines the level of provision of recreational green areas in the Black Sea city of Odessa and analyzes their level of accessibility for citizens within walking distance. During the war, Odesa, among other Black Sea regions, preserved its recreational potential the most in the context of infrastructural support. Therefore, it becomes urgent to support and develop the natural recreational potential of the seaside towns of Odesa. During the research, the economic value of the ecosystem assets of city parks as an investment resource was substantiated. A certain correlation was determined between the provision of green spaces in the city's districts and the average cost of housing in the districts of the city of Odesa. At the same time, the key factor in price formation is the location relative to marine recreational resources and the historical center of the city. That is, the presence of green spaces in the immediate vicinity has its influence, but is not decisive. Increasing the economic value of green zones in shaping the attractiveness of territories and forming housing prices is of strategic importance for increasing the economic potential of city districts. With the help of intelligent design of parks, it is possible to increase the investment attractiveness of the district, and therefore influence the development of its infrastructure, recreational and cultural potential. Recommendations are provided regarding increasing the economic efficiency of green zones in the context of their recreational value for the Black Sea region, which will also satisfy the increased demand for recreation in the coming years. The analysis of mapping results shows the need to create additional green zones, which requires improvement of city target programs and additional funding. It is also determined that the city's target programs for the improvement of territories should contain strategies for each of the districts of the city, as well as specific planned measures for the development of green areas. To date, the reports of Odesa district administrations indicate different levels of implementation of the target program.

Empirical fragility curves for masonry buildings struck by the 2016 Central Italy earthquake

The prevention of seismic risk at urban scale can be pursued through the estimate of the probability to reach or exceed a certain damage grade given the seismic input. In this framework, seismic fragility curves are nowadays of large interest as they express this probability in a synthetic way, also extended to large-scale applications. Real damage data are crucial in making more reliable predictions of damage occurrence, although they can be influenced by a proper definition of the structural types and the completeness of observations. The paper shows the empirical fragility curves obtained for a sample of 2263 masonry buildings located within 19 historical centers struck by the 2016 Central Italy earthquake. The damage grade was evaluated according to the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98), also considering undamaged buildings, at the end of the sequence that spanned between August and October. The buildings largely underwent several repairs and strengthening actions with reinforced concrete elements starting from the 1980s. The systematization of the structural features led to a taxonomy for strengthened and original buildings, which, based on the observed damage patterns, was matched to the EMS-98 vulnerability classification. The sample ranges from class A (worst behavior) to D (best behavior). Class A was typically assigned to original buildings (without interventions) or ill-advisedly tampered ones, i.e., those in which interventions had an unfavorable contribution to their seismic behavior. Class D described buildings with properly designed strengthening interventions, classes B and C intermediate situations. Fragility curves were obtained per each vulnerability class, as a function of the highest peak ground acceleration (PGA) observed in the sequence from ShakeMaps. The results were then compared to other empirical fragility models.

ПРОБЛЕМА ПРЕДСТАВЛЕННЯ АРХІТЕКТУРНО-МІСТОБУДІВНОЇ СПАДЩИНИИ КАЛУША У СУЧАСНОМУ СЕРЕДОВИЩІ МІСТА

In this article we find out the historical value of town-building heritage on the territory of historic core of town Kalush, we also proved the hypothesis concerning the location of lost objects situated in the historic downtown, in this research we identify fragments of preserved elements of shape and planning city structure dated XV-XVIII century. While research process it was made the scheme including theoretical planning of the historic fortress of town Kalush for the period of XVII-XVIII century, this work was based on field surveys and collected source base. At the mentioned period, the city had the appearance of a regular city center with a Market Square with market quarters with straight streets, which were bounded by a regular quadrangular close to square fortification system with corner bastions. The planning structure of the center of historical Kalush fit into a regular rectangle. The center of the city included the Starostyn castle described in several historical sources, the territory of which adjoined the market square on the long side, and on the two short sides it bordered the territory of the church of St. Valentine and the territory of the church of St. Michael. Also we analyzed the existing components (dated XV century) of the historic city environment, and made the identification of such objects on the modern planning structure of the city. In this research work we described the main features of unique historical environment of the city, which is threatened nowadays, also we outline the ways of solving the problem concerning preservation and protection of the historic core of town Kalush. In order to preserve and present the unknown architectural and urban planning heritage of the city, its residents and guests are invited to use the method of Symbolic identification of the historical center of Kalush.

NnnMETA-FORMA: an automated procedure for urban scale seismic vulnerability assessment of masonry aggregates

The paper presents META-FORMA (MEchanical-Typological Approach FOR Masonry Aggregates), an automated procedure for the seismic vulnerability assessment of masonry aggregates at urban scale. The study addresses the issue of performing seismic analysis in presence of a limited knowledge framework, typical of masonry buildings at this scale of analysis, proposing an automated algorithm able to generate and analyze a large set of numerical models, as representative of recurrent aggregate configurations in a certain urban sector. Exploiting the interoperability between the programming software MATLAB and the structural analysis and design software POR2000, a large set of numerical models have been generated, as combination of few input parameters on recurrent geometrical and mechanical typological features of structural units, derived from multi-source data. After, nonlinear static analyses have been performed on each model, obtaining the bilinear curves and the capacity demand ratios as output. The proposed approach has been developed for a row aggregate configuration, typical of the historical centers of the Puglia Region, and the application has allowed to obtain with a low computational burden, a proper database of input and output parameters for a wide set of models, useful for a rapid and simplified estimate of the seismic behavior of masonry aggregates.