Histopathological Studies Research Articles

Duo photoprotective effect via silica-coated zinc oxide nanoparticles and Vitamin C nanovesicles composites

ObjectiveZinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are used widely in nowadays personal care products, especially sunscreens, as a protector against UV irradiation. Yet, they have some reports of potential toxicity. Silica is widely used to cage ZnO NPs to reduce their potential toxicity. Vitamin C derivative, Magnesium Ascorpyl Phosphate (MAP), is a potent antioxidant that can efficiently protect human skin from harmful impacts of UV irradiation and oxidative stress. The combination of silica coated ZnO NPs and MAP nanovesicles could have potential synergistic protective effect against skin photodamage.MethodsSilica coated ZnO NPs and MAP nanovesicles (ethosomes and niosomes) were synthesized, formulated, and evaluated as topical gels. These gel formulations were evaluated in mice for their photoprotective effect against UV irradiation through histopathology and immuno-histochemistry study. Split-face clinical study was conducted to compare the effect of application of silica coated ZnO NPs either alone or combined with MAP nanovesicles. Their photoprotective action was evaluated, using Antera 3D® camera, for melanin level, roughness index and wrinkles depth.ResultsSilica coated ZnO NPs when combined with MAP nanovesicles protected mice skin from UV irradiation and decreased the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines, NF-κB. Clinically, silica coated ZnO NPs, alone or combined with MAP nanovesicles, could have significant effect to decrease melanin level, roughness index and wrinkles depth with higher effect for the combination.ConclusionA composite of silica coated ZnO NPs and MAP nanovesicles could be a promising cosmetic formulation for skin protection against photodamage signs such as hyperpigmentation, roughness, and wrinkles.Graphical

The Effect of KSK-94, a Dual Histamine H3 and Sigma-2 Receptor Ligand, on Adipose Tissue in a Rat Model of Developing Obesity.

Numerous studies highlight the critical role that neural histamine plays in feeding behavior, which is controlled by central histamine H3 and H1 receptors. This is the fundamental motivation for the increased interest in creating histamine H3 receptor antagonists as anti-obesity medications. On the other hand, multiple other neurotransmitter systems have been identified as pharmacotherapeutic targets for obesity, including sigma-2 receptor systems. Interestingly, in our previous studies in the rat excessive eating model, we demonstrated a significant reduction in the development of obesity using dual histamine H3/sigma-2 receptor ligands. Moreover, we showed that compound KSK-94 (structural analog of Abbott's A-331440) reduced the number of calories consumed, and thus acted as an anorectic compound. Therefore, in this study, we extended the previous research and studied the influence of KSK-94 on adipose tissue collected from animals from our previous experiment. Visceral adipose tissue was collected from four groups of rats (standard diet + vehicle, palatable diet + vehicle, palatable diet + KSK-94, and palatable diet + bupropion/naltrexone) and subjected to biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical studies. The obtained results clearly indicate that compound KSK-94 prevented the hypertrophy and inflammation of visceral adipose tissue, normalized the levels of leptin, resistin and saved the total reduction capacity of adipose tissue, being more effective than bupropion/naltrexon in these aspects. Moreover, KSK-94 may induce browning of visceral white adipose tissue. Our study suggests that dual compounds with a receptor profile like KSK-94, i.e., targeting histamine H3 receptor and, to a lesser extent, sigma-2 receptor, could be attractive therapeutic options for patients at risk of developing obesity or with obesity and some metabolic disorders. However, more studies are required to determine its safety profile and the exact mechanism of action of KSK-94.

Novel insights into human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) pathogenesis-host interactions in the manifestation of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis.

Human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) was the first discovered human oncogenic retrovirus, the etiological agent of two serious diseases have been identified as adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma malignancy and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), a debilitating chronic neuro-myelopathy. Despite more than 40years of molecular, histopathological and immunological studies on HTLV-1-associated diseases, the virulence and pathogenicity of this virus are yet to be clarified. The reason why the majority of HTLV-1-infected individuals (∼95%) remain asymptomatic carriers is still unclear. The deterioration of the immune system towards oncogenicity and autoimmunity makes HTLV-1 a natural probe for the study of malignancy and neuro-inflammatory diseases. Additionally, its slow worldwide spreading has prompted public health authorities and researchers, as urged by the WHO, to focus on eradicating HTLV-1. In contrast, neither an effective therapy nor a protective vaccine has been introduced. This comprehensive review focused on the most relevant studies of the neuro-inflammatory propensity of HTLV-1-induced HAM/TSP. Such an emphasis on the virus-host interactions in the HAM/TSP pathogenesis will be critically discussed epigenetically. The findings may shed light on future research venues in designing and developing proper HTLV-1 therapeutics.

Myofibril architecture in prediction and evaluation of broiler wooden breast: Histopathological and immunohistochemical study

Myofibril architecture in prediction and evaluation of broiler wooden breast: Histopathological and immunohistochemical study

Chronic exposure to TiO2 micro- and nano particles: A biochemical and histopathological experimental study.

The aim of this work was to analyze the effects of long-term exposure to titanium dioxide (TiO2) micro- (MPs) and nanoparticles (NPs) (six and 12 months) on the biochemical and histopathological response of target organs using a murine model. Male Wistar rats were intraperitoneally injected with a suspension of TiO2 NPs (5 nm; TiO2-NP5 group) or MPs (45 μm; TiO2-NP5 group); the control group was injected with saline solution. Six and 12 months post-injection, titanium (Ti) concentration in plasma and target organs was determined spectrometrically (ICP-MS). Blood smears and organ tissue samples were evaluated by light microscopy. Liver and kidney function was evaluated using serum biochemical parameters. Oxidative metabolism was assessed 6 months post-injection (determination of superoxide anion by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), lipid peroxidation, and paraoxonase 1). Titanium (Ti) concentration in target organs and plasma was significantly higher in the TiO2-exposed groups than in the control group. Histological evaluation showed the presence of titanium-based particles in the target organs, which displayed no structural alterations, and in blood monocytes. Oxidative metabolism analysis showed that TiO2 NPs were more reactive over time than MPs (p < .05) and mobilization of antioxidant enzymes and membrane damage varied among the studied organs. Clearance of TiO2 micro and nanoparticles differed among the target organs, and lung clearance was more rapid than clearance from the lungs and kidneys (p < .05). Conversely, Ti concentration in plasma increased with time (p < .05). In conclusion, neither serum biochemical parameters nor oxidative metabolism markers appear to be useful as biomarkers of tissue damage in response to TiO2 micro- and nanoparticle deposits at chronic time points.

Polyphenol-rich Sorghum bicolor supplement exhibits anti-nociceptive activity and protective effects against pathological changes associated with complete Freund's adjuvant induced arthritis in rodents

IntroductionArthritis is a common inflammatory joint disease; causing severe pain, anxiety, and depression. Sorghum bicolor L. Moench (Pocaeae) is used for treating cough, asthma, and arthritic pain in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). This study evaluates the anti-nociceptive and anti-arthritic effects of the polyphenol-rich Sorghum bicolor supplement (SBS) in rodents. MethodsThe anti-nociceptive activity of SBS was assessed using hot plate, acetic acid mouse writhing, and formalin-induced paw licking tests in mice. In the arthritis study, rats received SBS (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg p.o) for 28 days. Thirty minutes after treatment on days, 1 and 20, rats received intra-articular injection of Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) for arthritis induction. Arthritic scores and paw edema were determined before assessing motor function, anxiety, depression, hyperalgesia and allodynia on day 28. Lipid profiles were determined, and ankle and brain tissues were analyzed for oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers, alongside histopathological studies. ResultsSBS reduced nociceptive responses induced by noxious heat, acetic acid and formalin in mice. In CFA-injected rats, SBS decreased paw volume and arthritic scores, and increased pain thresholds to thermal, cold, and mechanical stimuli. The SBS reduced motor activity, anxiety and depression, and improved serum lipid profiles in arthritic rats. It further modulated oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines, nuclear factor kappa (NF-kB), apoptotic markers, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in CFA-treated rats. SBS produced histopathological improvements in joint tissues of arthritic rats. DiscussionThis study revealed that SBS exhibited anti-nociceptive activity in mice and reduces inflammation, hyperalgesia, anxiety and depression in CFA-arthritic rats. The ability of SBS to modulate key biomarkers such as pro-inflammatory cytokines, NF-κB, caspases, Nrf2, BDNF, and GAD highlights its multifaceted approach in addressing both the physical and psychological aspects of arthritis, providing a comprehensive therapeutic strategy, justifying its use in TCM for this debilitating condition.

Oral mucocele: A narrative review

A mucocele stands out as the most prevalent mucosal lesion found in the oral cavity. It is characterized as a cyst filled with mucus that can manifest within the oral region. This condition arises from the buildup of mucus secretion triggered by the factors such as trauma, habits like lip-biting, or changes in minor salivary gland function. Oral mucoceles (OMs) represent benign masses of soft tissue, typically appearing as smooth, spherical, translucent nodules with a soft consistency, commonly observed in the buccal mucosa or lips. OM can manifest anywhere within the oral mucosa, including the lips, cheeks, and floor of the oral cavity, although it predominantly occurs in the lip region. There are two primary types of OMs such as extravasation and retention types. OM mostly affects young patients but can affect all groups. OMs typically present as asymptomatic, although occasionally they may cause discomfort by hindering chewing, speech, or swallowing. The diagnosis of OM is based on the clinical appearance and history. The histopathological study confirms the diagnosis of OM. Treatment options for OM encompass various approaches such as complete excision, marsupialization, cryosurgery, carbon dioxide laser therapy, electrocautery, and intralesional injection of sclerosing agents. This review focuses on details of OM including its etiopathology, classification, clinical features, and its current management.

Unveiling Squamous Papilloma Resembling Verruca Vulgaris in a Case of Nevus Sebaceous: A Diagnostic Challenge

This case report details the unusual presentation of a 6-year-old male child who had an asymptomatic, well-defined, brown raised lesion over the vertex area of the scalp since birth. His parents noticed a new growth with finger-like projections over existing old lesions for 1 year. With an initial diagnosis of growth of verruca over nevus sebaceous (NS), a sample for histopathology study was sent which revealed findings consistent with squamous papilloma occurring on NS. This is reported to emphasize that any growth over NS should be confirmed histopathologically due to the rarity of this association and to reduce the possibility of its malignant potential. The article emphasizes how crucial histological analysis is to clarifying mistaken cutaneous lesions and refining an accurate diagnosis.

Gedunin attenuates streptozotocin-induced diabetic hepatopathy in rats

Objective: To examine the hepatoprotective effects of gedunin in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Rats were divided into 4 groups: control, STZ, gedunin, and STZ+gedunin. Biochemical parameters for liver function and liver histology were studied. The molecular interaction of gedunin with the liver glucose transporters GLUT2 and SGLT1 was examined using AutoDock Vina. Results: Gedunin attenuated STZ-induced increase in the levels of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyl transferase in the serum and liver tissue, reduced lipid peroxidation, and enhanced antioxidant activity. Histopathological studies showed considerable restoration of liver architecture in gedunin-treated diabetic rats. In silico studies revealed stable binding of gedunin with GLUT2 and SGLT1. Conclusions: Gedunin exerts hepatoprotective effects in STZ-induced diabetic rats by reducing liver enzymatic activities and oxidative stress. Further studies are warranted to verify the mechanism of its hepatoprotective action.

Natural Diabetes Treatment with Litchi Seeds Extract In Vivo

Background: Diabetes mellitus imposes a substantial health and economic cost on societies. Novel antidiabetic medicines are necessary because the present therapies have impoverished safety and effectiveness. Traditional medicines often make use of medicinal plants, which are considered to be excellent choices. Objective: The aim of the research to investigating the potential anti-diabetic activities of extracts from Litchi chinensis seeds (LCS). Methods: The extract was prepared using an aqueous solvent and 80% ethanol. It was subsequently used in laboratory settings to investigate primary alpha amylase inhibition, with acarbose serving as the reference standard. The extract was then administered in vivo to observe the effects on STZ-mediated diabetes rats. The induction of diabetes in Long-Evans rats was achieved by administering a solitary intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at a dosage of 80 mg/kg. the hydroethanolic extract of litchi seed were used at different concentrations (100 and 200 mg/kg BW) to treat rats with diabetes. The finding analyzed various biochemical and histological parameters in diabetic rats over a period of 28 day, using established protocols. Results: The results showed significant improvements in plasma glucose (p &lt; 0.001) and considerable increased in body weight (p &lt; 0.0001). The LCS extract (200 mg/kg BW) showed significant ameliorative effects on glycemic markers, lipid profile, and renal functioning. Additionally, histopathological studies reveals that LCS can potentially reduce renal inflammation as well as hepatic tissue damage. Conclusions: The findings indicate that hydroethanolic litchi seed extracts may have potential therapeutic benefits in managing diabetes and reducing lipid levels.

Protective role of biosynthetic silver nanoparticles in broilers with aflatoxicosis through histopathological study of spleen

Protective role of biosynthetic silver nanoparticles in broilers with aflatoxicosis through histopathological study of spleen

What Makes It Tick: Exploring the Mechanisms of Post-treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome.

Post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS), which may also be referred to incorrectly as "chronic Lyme disease," is defined by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) as the presence of fatigue, pain, and/or cognitive complaints with the functional impact that persists for more than six months after completing treatment for Lyme disease (LD). These symptoms occur in 10%-20% of patients previously diagnosed with LD caused by the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi and appropriately treated with a course of antibiotics. The symptoms of PTLDS can be easily overlooked or misdiagnosed as a psychiatric manifestation in geographic locations that rarely see LD. In contrast, geographic locations with a higher prevalence of LD may be more aware of PTLDS symptoms and have higher clinical suspicion leading to this diagnosis. The pathophysiology behind the persistent symptoms some people experience from a primary infection is still largely unknown. Some mechanisms that have been proposed include permanent tissue damage and inflammation, immune system dysfunction, autoimmune response, co-infection, and even persistent infection refractory to treatment. We propose that ongoing PTLDS symptoms seem to be related to an autoimmune response to the tissue damage and inflammation caused by the viable or nonviable spirochete pathogen. At this point, PTLDS is diagnosed clinically as no quantifiable methods are available from laboratory or tissue diagnostics as of 2024. Similar pathophysiological features of PTLDS are seen in diseases such as COVID-19 or chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). More effective diagnostic approaches might include further studies looking at a possible connection in the genomes of individuals developing PTLDS, quantifiable biomarkers, common inflammatory markers/pathways, and careful histopathological studies of human tissues.

Bilirubin, once a toxin but now an antioxidant alleviating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in an autophagy-dependent manner in high-fat diet-induced rats: a molecular and histopathological analysis.

As an endogenous antioxidant, bilirubin has surprisingly been inversely correlated with the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Thereupon, the current evaluation was designed to assess the positive effects of bilirubin on the autophagy flux, as well as the other pathogenic processes and parameters involved in the expansion of NAFLD. Thirty adult male rats weighing 150-200 g with free access to sucrose solution (18%) were randomly subdivided into 5 groups (n = 6). Subsequently, the animals were euthanized, and their blood specimens and liver tissue samples were collected to measure serum biochemical indices, liver histopathological changes, intrahepatic triglycerides content, and tissue stereological alterations. Furthermore, the expression levels of autophagy-related genes (Atgs) were measured to assess the state of the autophagy flux. Fasting blood glucose, body weight, as well as liver weight, liver-specific enzyme activity, and serum lipid profile indices markedly decreased in rats that underwent a six-week bilirubin treatment compared to the control group. In addition, histopathological studies showed that hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, inflammation, and necrosis significantly decreased in the groups that received bilirubin compared to the control animals. Bilirubin also caused significant alterations in the expression levels of the Atgs, as well as the Beclin- 1 protein. Bilirubin may have potential ameliorative effects on NAFLD-associated liver damage. Moreover, the beneficial effects of bilirubin on intrahepatic lipid accumulation and steatosis were comparable with the group that did not ever receive bilirubin.

Histopathological study of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions of small intestine

Histopathological study of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions of small intestine

Histopathological study of cases of supratentorial glioma in tertiary care hospital

Histopathological study of cases of supratentorial glioma in tertiary care hospital

Ocular squamous cell carcinoma: A patho-morphological and AgNOR based diagnosis

A fifteen years old female buffalo was referred to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex (TVCC), RS Pura, Jammu, India with a history of purulent discharge and protruded mass from the right eye with an impaired vision for 30 days. On physical examination, there was ulcerated vesicular growth at the sclera corneal junction. Protruded mass was removed surgically and was taken for histopathological examination and AgNOR count. On histopathological studies, cells displayed severe anaplasia, pleomorphism, hyperchromatic nuclei, multiple nucleoli, and frequent mitotic figures and it was diagnosed as ocular squamous cell carcinoma. The value of mean and proliferative AgNOR for ocular squamous cell carcinoma was found to be 2.83±0.87 and 32%, respectively. Based on patho-morphological examination and AgNOR count, the protruded mass was led to the final diagnosis of ocular squamous cell carcinoma.

Biochemical and Histopathological Assessment of Some Organs in Rats Administered Picralima Nitida Aqueous Fruit-Pulp Extract

Picralima nitida (Apocynaceae) is frequently used in ethnomedicine to manage various illnesses. The potential and safety of P. nitida aqueous, unripe fruit-pulp extract were assessed. Unripe P. nitida fruit pulp was cleaned, dried to a persistent mass, and crushed to powder. Then, it was immersed in distilled water for 72 h, filtered, and freeze-dried. The study involved six groups of rats, each with an average weight of 160–185 g, who were given 200–3000 mg/kg of pulp's aqueous extract daily for 35 days, with weekly measurements of weight, fasting blood glucose levels, and feed intake. Blood samples were obtained for biochemical tests, and certain organs underwent histopathological examination. A considerable (P &gt; 0.05) increase in body weight was accompanied by a significant (P &gt; 0.05) decrease in blood glucose and cholesterol levels. The relative organ weights did not differ significantly at a significance level of P &gt; 0.05. ALT increased as doses of the extract rose. Serum electrolytes were altered at higher extract concentrations. The urea and creatinine concentrations were not appreciably changed. The hematological assessment revealed no variations in the quantity of leukocytes (total and differential), but there was a significant increase in hemoglobin at low doses. Histopathological studies revealed heart myocarditis, kidney tubular necrosis, liver hepatitis, pancreatitis, and bronchiolar mucosa ulceration in unripe P. nitida fruit pulp extract at a dosage of 3000 mg/kg body weight. The findings revealed that unripe P. nitida fruit pulp extract is relatively safe at low concentrations.

Histopathological study of renal hypertension with avocado leaf extract and fractional in male wistar rats

Histopathological study of renal hypertension with avocado leaf extract and fractional in male wistar rats

Incidence and pathological effects during encysted progenetic Euclinostomum heterostomum metacercariae infection in the freshwater fish spotted snakehead (Channa punctatus)

Aim: To assess the incidence and pathological effects during encysted progenetic Euclinostomum heterostomum metacercariae infestation in the freshwater fish spotted snakehead (Channa punctatus). Methodology: Samples of Channa punctatus were collected from Tilaiya Reservoir, Koderma, Jharkhand, India, during pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons. The encysted metacercariae trematodes were isolated from Channa punctatus. Characterization was performed based on the morphology and sequencing analysis of a partial 18S rRNA gene. Further, the kidney and liver samples from infected fish were subjected to histopathological studies. Prevalence, abundance, and Intensity of infection were further determined. Results: Morphological identification suggests that the encysted metacercariae belonged to Digenean trematodes of genera Euclinostomum, and amplification of partial sequence of 18S rRNA, and phylogenetic analysis revealed the isolated metacercariae were Euclinostomum heterostomum. The histopathological study of the kidney showed hepatocyte degeneration, cytoplasmic vacuolation, and nuclear transformations. Liver fibrosis was observed in Channa punctatus. The prevalence during pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon season ranged from 66.1% to 81.1%, abundance from 0.74 to 0.92, and intensity ranged from 1 to 1.14 using the Margolis formula. Interpretation: The study highlights the infestation of Euclinostomum heterostomum in Channa punctatus during the pre- monsoon climate appears favorable for the abundance of parasites. Hence, a proper inspection before consumption is necessary. Key words: Euclinostomum heterostomum, Infestation, Metacercariae, Parasites, Progenetic infection

Pepsinogen I, pepsinogen II, gastrin-17, and Helicobacter pylori serological biomarkers in the diagnosis of precursor lesions of gastric cancer.

Atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia are precursor lesions of gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of the biomarkers pepsinogen I(PgI), pepsinogen II (PgII), gastrin-17, and H. pylori antibodies in the identification of precursor lesions. We studied 129 patients with gastric symptoms. The biomarker status was determined using GastroPanel by means of the ELISA-technique. Biomarkers detected atrophy in 14% of the subjects, and 49.6% had positive antibodies for H. pylori. A PgI/PgII ratio < 3 was an important risk biomarker for precursor lesions in our population (OR = 9.171, 95% CI: 1.723-48.799, p = 0.009); however, biomarkers showed low accuracy with histopathological study. In the Western Mexican population, precursor lesions (AG, IM) are common in adults (45%) with dyspepsia but infrequent in children (8%). H. pylori infection was detected in 41.3% of adults and 16.0% of children. Of the studied biomarkers, a PgI/PgII ratio < 3 was an important risk factor for precursor lesions such as AG or IM in our population, with an OR of 9.171 (95% CI: 1.723-48.799, p = 0.009).