Hilla City Research Articles

Correlation study between lipid profile parameters and liver function enzymes in Babylon province

Objective: The present study was an observational case control design. The data of study were collected in the period from first of January 2024 to March 2024. The study was conducted from clinical Laboratory private in Hilla City, Babylon province, Iraq. Material and methods: A total number of subjects involved in this study was 150 patients, from both sex (male and female) with age range (5-85). Blood samples were taken from each one to determination lipid profile tests (total cholesterol, total triglyceride, High and Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and liver function tests (ALT, AST, ALP, TSB) and investigation the correlation between them. Results: The results showed that, these were significant correlation between these tests according to male groups, the strength and direction of the correlation between TC and TG levels. The value being significant suggests that there was a moderate strong relationship between these variables (0.491). A strong positive correlation between TC and LDL levels (0.799), HDL and ALP levels (0.290), ALT and AST levels (0.777). In addition, a positive association between AST and ALP levels (0.125), TC and LDL levels (0.799). On the other hand, a weak negative association TC and AST levels (0.045), TC and TSB levels (-0.185), TG and HDL levels (-0.04). TG and AST levels (-0.065), TG and TSB levels (-0.184), HDL and ALT levels (0.123), HDL and AST levels (-0.133), ALT and TSB levels (-0.08) and between ALP and TSB levels (-0.08). However, a moderate negative association between TG and LDL levels (-0.32) and a very weak negative association between HDL and TSB (-0.016). Conclusion: In male group, a strong positive correlation between TC and LDL levels, HDL and ALP levels, ALT and AST levels. A positive association between AST and ALP levels, TC and LDL levels, these were significant correlation between these tests according to female groups, the strength and direction of the correlation between TC and TG levels, a moderate strong relationship between these variables, TC and LDL levels, ALT and AST levels, ALT and ALP levels, ALT and TSB levels, AST and ALP levels, AST and TSB levels and ALP and TSB levels. And moderately strong negative correlation between HDL and ALT levels. So, a relatively weak positive correlation between LDL and AST levels in female group. Moderately positive correlation between LDL and ALP levels and between LDL and TSB levels.

Nurses’ resilience and burnout during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study

Background and aims: Nurses are exposed to a variety of stresses that can cause mental health problems and lead to burnout. However, the severity of these problems in nurses also depends on their resilience. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the correlation between nurses’ resilience and burnout levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 328 nurses from four hospitals in Hilla city, Babylon province, Iraq, were enrolled in August and September 2021. Data collection tools included a demographic information form, the Anxiety, Stress, and Depression Scale (DASS-21), the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), and the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS-16 software at a significance level of 0.05. Results: The mean resilience score among nurses was 68.05±17.04, and the majority (77.4%) had a moderate level of burnout. There was a significant and inverse correlation between depression (r=-0.27, P<0.001), anxiety (r=-0.12, P<0.001), stress (r=-0.180, P<0.001), and resilience of nurses. Also, there was a significant correlation between nurses’ burnout and resilience. Conclusion: Enhancing nurses’ resilience is crucial for improving their mental health and sustaining healthcare quality during crises. Future studies should explore interventions to boost resilience and examine their long-term effects on burnout and mental health. These findings help develop strategies to support nurses, ensuring better healthcare outcomes during challenging times.

Sustainable operation of on-street parking within Hilla City by Simulation Model (VISSIM) with Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM)

Abstract The preservation of sustainability poses an ongoing and persistent problem. To attain sustainability, it is imperative to prioritize the preservation of road traffic safety, the prevention of crashes, the utilization of pollution-free vehicles, and the secure transportation of commodities. The research approach employed in this study involves collecting data about many factors, including air pollution, noise levels, incident frequency, and traffic volumes. The study focuses on 20 links with on-street parking facilities in Hilla City, Iraq. This study uses the VISSIM microsimulation model SSAM software. This study used PTV VISSIM (Thesis) 2024 (SP 02). This license(Thesis) of PTV VISSIM software enables one to conduct the research unlimitedly, which is good for obtaining accurate results. The simulation time used in this study is 3600 seconds. PTV ViSSIM software enables the emulation of traffic movements on selected streets that contain on-street parking. Six streets in Hilla City are divided into 20 links. The streets were monitored using video recordings to collect real traffic data, which was then used to estimate delay and emissions. Additionally, trajectory files were created for future analysis. The SSAM program can be used to determine the conflicts in each link. The simulation models were effectively calibrated and validated using actual data. This study assesses the sustainable, social, economic, and environmental aspects of roadways, including on-street parking spaces. This project intends to construct a sustainable composite index utilizing existing data collection methods. Existing data on urban transportation sustainability considers economic factors like delay, social factors like safety, and environmental factors like noise and air pollution. The composite sustainability index incorporates economic, social, and environmental data, effectively tackling the difficulties related to normalization, weighting, and aggregation. This study aims to evaluate the long-term viability of transportation in Hilla’s central business area (CBD) by considering the incorporation of on-street parking. The Composite Sustainability Transportation Index (ICST) results for links with on-street parking in Hilla City indicate that the sustainability operation is evaluated at different levels: low (8 links), moderate (7 links), and high (5 links).

Unconventional Intersection Design to reduce The Delay Time for Bab Al Mashhad Intersection in Hilla City

Abstract The study aims to evaluate and improve traffic movements for an intersection in Bab al-Mashhad in Hilla City, the improvement for this intersection is done by changing the intersection from a conventional model to an unconventional model. The video techniques were utilized to gather the traffic data. The traffic information was collected from the video by using the event program and arrangement by Excel sheet, the VISSUM software was used for the simulation process. This simulation shows the level of service before improvement (F) and after improvement (C) and emission co decreased with 64% so this is lead to activate the sustainability principles in the intersection. The results refer to the traffic volume had big effect on intersection sustainability classification The results refer to a good acceptance of using the unconventional intersection to improve this traffic movement intersection.

Feasibility Study for Implementing a Suggested Road to Solve the Problem of Delay in the Road Network of Hilla City

Feasibility Study for Implementing a Suggested Road to Solve the Problem of Delay in the Road Network of Hilla City

Selecting the Best Ring Road Around Hilla City to Improve Traffic Operation

Selecting the Best Ring Road Around Hilla City to Improve Traffic Operation

The Assessment of IL-4 and IgG1 Levels in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Periodontitis: A Serological Study in Hilla City, Iraq

Abstract Background: Periodontal disease, which has a complex etiology, is prevalent and influenced by several factors, including microorganism invasion, host health, and external environmental factors, contributing to its development. It is unknown whether rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontitis are related. Objectives: The current study aims to assess the relationship between periodontitis and RA by measuring the concentrations of interleukin 4 (IL-4) and immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) in patients’ serum and quantifying Porphyromonas gingivalis in subgingival plaque samples. Materials and Methods: The study comprised patients with periodontitis, RA, and healthy controls. The levels of IL-4 and IgG1 in the serum samples were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The identification of subgingival plaque bacteria is made by using the polymerase chain reaction technique. Results: The results showed the levels of IgG1 were high in healthy people compared to those with periodontitis and those with periodontitis and arthritis, where the levels in healthy people were 2.3 ± 0.28, 2.06 ± 0.55, 2.05 ± 2.34, 1.82 ± 0.77 in the age groups 41:50, 20:30, 51:60, 31:40, respectively. It was found that there are significant differences between the values of IgG1 and IL-4 in patients with periodontitis at P ≤ 0.05 which is considered a differential sign. Conclusion: The concentrations of IL-4 and IgG1 are decreased in patients (periodontitis and periodontitis with rheumatoid arthritis) compared to their concentrations in healthy people. Thus, we indicate IL-4 was related to reducing the severity of periodontitis disease and RA.

Calculate the Rate of Natural Radioactivity in the Soil of Some Schools Using the NaI(Tl) Detector in the City of Hilla-Iraq

Activities and risk markers in 15-20 cm soil samples from Hilla City schools were thoroughly examined. This was made possible by the NaI(Tl) detector. The results indicated that the specific activity values for 238U from 2.244±0.06 Bqkg-1 to 23.637±0.60 Bqkg-1, with an average value of 11.70±0.39 Bqkg-1. Similar to 232Th, the average specific activity level was 8.53±0.31 Bqkg-1, ranging between 1.603±0.09 Bqkg-1 and 21.503±0.56 Bqkg-1. For 40K, its specific activity range was 222.96±2.72 to 441.824±2.78 Bqkg-1, with an average of 375.32±2.71 Bqkg-1. The average radiative forcing of the radium equivalent (Raeq) was calculated to be 52.80 Bqkg-1. The external risk index (Hex) was 0.14, and the internal risk index (Hin) was 0.17. The gamma risk index (Iγ) was determined to be 0.41. Also, the average outdoor absorbed dose level Dout is 26.35 nGyh-1, while the average indoor absorbed dose level Din is 50.54 nGyh-1. The average annual values of effective dose equivalents (internal and external) are 0.03 and 0.25 nGyh-1. The additional lifetime cancer risk ELCR(t) due to natural radioactivity in the models was 0.93x10-3. Note that the global average permissible nuclide concentration was 30, 32, and 420, and the danger index values were 1, 1, 6, 59, 84, 0.4, 0.07, and 1.45, respectively, based on the report of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). After carefully comparing the study results with permissible global averages, they fit well within the recommended range.

Identification of some biochemical indicators to indicate the contamination of some fish farms in Hilla city/ Iraq

من اجل اثبات إمكانية استخدام بعض المؤشرات الكيموحيوية لاحتمال التلوث في مزرعة أسماك الفرات (أ) ومزرعة حسين عجيمي (ب) وكذلك عينات الأسماك النهرية كعينات سيطرة من نهر شط الحلة (ج). تم تحديد عوامل الإجهاد التأكسدي ونشاط الإنزيمات المضادة للأكسدة في مصل دم سمك الكارب الشائع Cyprinus carpio من مزرعتين سمكيتين. تم اختيار أنواع الأوكسجين التفاعلية (ROS) ، والأوكسيد الفائق (SOD) ، والكتلاز (CAT) ، وأداء الجلوتاثيون بيروكسيديز (GPx) ، وأداء بيروكسيد الهيدروجين (H2O2) كمؤشرات بيولوجية للتلوث ، وكذلك البروتين الكلي (TP) كمؤشر بيولوجي عام لصحة الأسماك. . أظهرت النتائج ارتفاع جميع أنشطة إنزيمات مضادات الأكسدة وعوامل الإجهاد التأكسدي في الأسماك من المحطة B حيث سجلت 34.52 ميكروغرام / مل ، 81.46 وحدة / مل ، 75.55 كيلو وحدة / لتر ، 4.36 ± 0.4 وحدة / لتر ، 11.82 نانومول و 41.13 مجم / لتر لكل من ROS و SOD و CAT و GPx و H2O2 و TP على التوالي بفارق معنوي (P <0.05) من المحطات A و C ، تشير النتائج إلى زيادة التلوث في مزرعة حسين عجيمي السمكية B مقارنة بمزرعة أسماك الفرات A والأسماك النهرية C . تؤكد الدراسة إمكانية استخدام عوامل الإجهاد التأكسدي والإنزيمات المضادة للأكسدة كمؤشرات بيوكيميائية لتلوث المزارع السمكية.

Phenotypic and Genotypic Study of Staphylococcus Haemolyticus and Staphylococcus Warneri Clinically Isolated from the Bloodstream

Background: The Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus warneri are coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) as part of human skin’s natural flora. In recent years, CoNS has increased its visibility as opportunistic pathogens acquired in hospital patients. This study aims to isolate S. haemolyticus and S. warneri strains from patients with bloodstream infections and to analyze the antimicrobial profile of these bacteria by molecular detection of the mecA gene. Materials and Methods: Four hundred and twenty-three clinical blood samples were collected from patients admitted to general three hospitals in Hilla city, Iraq, during the period from September 2021 to July 2022. Blood samples were inoculated immediately into blood bottles containing 70 ml of Brain-Heart Infusion Broth. All isolates were identified by morphology, biochemical tests, and VITEK 2 automated system (bioMerieux, France). The Congo red agar plate test was used to detect biofilm production. The mecA gene was detected by conventional polymerase chain reaction. Results: S. haem olyticus (nine isolates) and S. warneri (six isolates) were detected out of 423 clinical blood samples. Molecular detection of the mecA gene was detected in all 15 isolates. As well 11 (73.3%) isolates were β-lactam resistant and biofilm production. The results of oxacillin-resistance minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (≥4 mg/ml) showed that 11 (73.3%) of the 15 isolates were oxacillin and methicillin-resistant CoNS (MR-CoNS). Susceptibility to various isolates (MICs µg/ml) using VITEK 2 system showed erythromycin (≥8 µg/ml), rifampin (≥4 µg/ml), clindamycin (≥4 µg/ml), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (≥4 µg/ml) resistance were (80%), (13.3%), (20%), and (53.3%), respectively. All isolates were (100%) sensitive to linezolid (≥8 µg/ml) and teicoplanin (≥32 µg/ml). Conclusions: The S. haemolyticus and S. warneri are serious infections associated with bacteremia and septicemia infections. Linezolid, teicoplanin, and rifampin are the drug of choice for the treatment of infections caused by MR-CoNS isolates. A high rate of the mecA gene and biofilm production is present in these bacteria.

Evaluation of Growth-differentiation Factor-15 Level and few Physiological Parameters Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

The study included 90 subjects and is divided into two groups: The first group is the patient group, which consists of 45 patients with diabetes mellitus type two; 45 patients with diabetes mellitus type two were identified by specialized diabetes doctors by samples collection in outpatients clinic at Diabetes and Endocrine Center in Marjan Medical City in Hilla city, Babylon province from 1 November 2022 till 31 Januray 2023. The blood samples of this study were obtained from patients and controlled through drug 5 mL of blood by using medical sterile syringes from a brachial vein and placed in a gel tube and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tube. Then the gel tube was placed at room temperature for 30 minutes to coagulate the blood, and samples were centrifuged (3000 rpm/min) for 5 minutes to separate the serum from other components of the blood. The serum was withdrawn by micropipette and then placed in the eppendorf tubes in two repeaters and kept frozen at -20℃ for the determination of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF 15), lipid profile and fasting blood glucose. The whole blood in the EDTA tube to determine HbA1C. The mean fasting blood sugar and hemoglobin A1c of diabetes patients is significantly higher at (p-value < 0.001) than that of controls. Diabetes patients had a significantly higher of serum lipid profile than the controls. Therefore, the mean of cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) was highly significant (p < 0.001). The mean concentration of GDF-15 of patient groups was significantly increased than those matched groups of healthy control at (p < 0.001). In addition, the results also showed a highly significant increase (p < 0.001) in the mean of GDF-15 for the patient’s males and females in comparison with the control’s males and females. The correlation results indicated a statistically significant positive correlation in diabetic group between GDF-15 vs. FBS (r = 0.572, p = < 0.001) and HbA1c (r = 0.576, p = < 0.001). Positive non-significant correlations were demonstrated between GDF-15 vs. cholesterol (r = 0.131, p = > 0.05), triglyceride (TG) (r = 0.167, p = > 0.05), LDL (r = 0.38, p = > 0.05) and VLDL (r = 0.136, p = > 0.05). Negative non-significant correlation was between GDF-15 and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (r = 0.137, p = > 0.05).

Triple-P Panel (Procalcitonin, Presepsin and Pentraxin3) to Confirm Sepsis

A total of 65 blood samples (25 culture positive sepsis and 40 culture negative sepsis) from patients with sepsis symptoms who resided in the ICU of Hilla city hospitals, were collected, as well as 25 samples as a control (healthy persons) during a period from January to June 2022. Data was documented at the time of admission to the ICU. Regarding PSN and PCT concentration (P value= 0.001), the control group had a significant difference from both the two patients’ groups (culture positive and negative groups of sepsis). Whereas the difference was not significant for the PTX3 concentration among patients and control (P value = 0.56). Furthermore, PSN and PCT concentrations did not significantly differ between the culture positive and culture negative groups of sepsis (P value > 0.05). Moreover, there was a significant strong positive correlation between PSN and PCT (r = 0.500; P <0.001).

Schools’ toilets quality and its relation to urinary tract problems in pupils of primary schools in Hilla city

Abstract Background: Avoiding school toilets might cause irregular or infrequent voiding, which can lead to a variety of urinary issues. In this study, primary school-aged children’s bathroom habits, contributing factors, and relationships to lower urinary tract symptoms were examined. Objectives: The objectives of the study were: (1) to evaluate factors that affect students going to school toilets including toilet facilities and toilet hygiene in children of primary schools; (2) to evaluate urinary symptoms in those children; (3) to differentiate between private school children and public school children; and (4) to evaluate pupils-to-toilets ratio among primary school children. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Hilla city primary schools, and the time of this study was from February 15 to June 15, 2022. This study was conducted on 500 pupils by selecting 10 primary schools in Hilla city randomly (five of them were private schools and other five were public schools). Results: Public school students reported that toilets are significantly more dirty (72.2%) compared with private schools. Similar significant differences were reported regarding the presence of stool/urine on the floor, smell of toilet, lighting of toilet, and availability of soap. The presence of urinary tract infection symptoms (at least one symptom) was found to be significantly higher among public sector schools (53.1%) compared with private sector schools (46.9%), with P value of 0.031. Public schools had significantly higher number of children per toilet (108.0% ± 68.5%) compared with private schools (26.8% ± 7.6%), with P value of 0.030. Conclusions: Toileting habits and urinary tract symptoms were both significantly correlated. Many children influenced by negative perceptions of school toilets have adopted unhealthy toilet habits during school time. Public school students reported that toilets are significantly more dirty compared with private schools.

Antibacterial activity of Streptomyces spp. crude extract on multidrug resistant Psedomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical samples

Abstract Background: Actinomycetes are the heterogeneous group of microorganisms, which have thread-like filaments, isolated from the soil. Objectives: Isolation, identification, and partial purification of crude bioactive agents of the Actinomycetes isolates and isolation and identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from clinical samples, and to study antibiotics susceptibility for these isolates. Materials and Methods: Forty soil samples were collected from different agriculture locations in Hilla city. Soil samples were air dried and pre-treated with calcium carbonate (1%). The best selective medium for growth Actinomycetes is yeast malt extract agar medium (International Streptomyces project—ISP2) with 1 mg/mL Nystatin as antifungal agent. Results: A total of 68 actinomycetes species were isolated and 23 Streptomyces spp. isolates were recovered after molecular identification. By cross- streaking method , the antibacterial activity for these isolated were tested against 30 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa that showed resistance to 17 antibiotic types of streptomyces isolates demonstrated potential antibacterial activity were mass cultured and secondary metabolites were extracted using ethyl acetate. Among the 23 isolated strains, seven isolates (St4, St5, St6, St8, St11, St12, and St14) demonstrated a significant antibacterial activity with the zone of inhibition ranging from 0 to 22 mm against P. aeruginosa, according to the primary and secondary screening. Conclusion: The isolates St6 and St12 showed the higher antimicrobial metabolites activity, so these isolates were elected for sequencing.

Endocervical miRNA-142 expression in patients with pelvic inflammatory disease positive for Chlamydia trachomatis

Abstract Background: The most common cause of sexually transmitted diseases that can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility is Chlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydial infections are characterized by multifocality and polymorphism changes. Chlamydia causes inflammation in the adult urethra and cervix with the possibility of serious complications, and can cause perinatal infections in infants. Highly conserved single-stranded noncoding RNAs called micro-RNAs (miRNAs), which control gene expression, have now been identified as significant effect in disease conditions. MiRNAs play important regulatory roles in various biological processes for example, differentiation, development, proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle control, and metabolism. Changes in miRNA expression have been identified in many diseases, such as cardiac and autoimmune disorders, schizophrenia, and cancer. In this cross-sectional pilot investigation, samples were taken from control women who were not infected and from symptomatic women who were infected with C. trachomatis. Objectives: This work investigates the changes in the host miRNA-142 expression profile during chlamydial infection and not infected control group women Materials and Methods: The study included 200 female patients who were sampled, including endocervical swab from each female patient. Patients ranged in age from 20 to 45 years. A control group of 25 healthy ladies was also used. Chlamydia trachomatis was determined by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) whereas miRNA-142 was detected by RT-qPCR. Results: All 200 collected endocervical swab specimens were diagnosed by the gynecologists as having PID. From all 200 collected endocervical swab specimens, it was found that only 22/200 (11%) were positive for C. trachomatis and the current study shows that the expression of the micro-142 gene elevated in C. trachomatis patients when compared to the control group, with the expression of the gene increasing more than 40% when compared to the control group. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the relevance of C. trachomatis infection in the female from 20 to 45 years in population of Iraq in Hilla city between February and August 2022. It also demonstrates the diversity of miRNA-142 expression involved in genital infection.

The impact of climate on the quality of water in Hilla, Iraq

Climate change impacts the quality of water supplies in Hilla City. Studying and analyzing raw water's annual average of nine chemical and physical characteristics before treating it in the unified Hilla Water Project for 2016 and 2023. It was found that there was a change in the annual average of all physical and chemical property values during the past years (Temperature=+2, Ph=-0.28 EC=+425,Alk=+19,T.H+121,Ca=+40,Mg=+5,Cl=+58, So4=+95, TDS=+231, Na=+72), and as a result of this change there was also a change in the treated water (Temperature=+2, Ph=-0.37 EC=+535, Alk= +22, T.H+122, Ca=+40, Mg=+6, Cl=+62, So4=+80, TDS=+238, Na =+72), and due to this change, there was an increase in their average values Annual intake of 4 drugs (EC=1478,T= 505, Ca=128,TDS=918) exceeded the permissible limit according to WHO (1000 mg/L,500 mg/L,75 mg/L,and 500 mg/L ), respectively. This is due to the high values of these elements in the raw water from the Euphrates River.

Evaluation of the Effect of Some Plant Extracts as Antifungal Substances Isolated from Patients with Gingivitis and Endophthalmitis in Hilla City

During this study, 8 isolates of Candida yeast were isolated and diagnosed on CHROMagar, and Candida albicans was the most prevalent species by 75%. The inhibitory activity of plant extracts of adrak, cloves, green tea, and cinnamon was tested by disc diffusion test against C. albicans, C. krusei, and the antibiotics gentian stain, fluconazole, kenazole, nystatin were used for comparison. As well as using oral and dental cleaning products for comparison as well. The study showed that clove extract had a weak inhibitory activity at a high concentration, while extracts of green tea, cinnamon and mint did not show any activity in inhibiting C. albicans and showed that toothpaste had high activity in inhibiting yeast better than the plant extracts that did not show any inhibitory effect despite their use in high concentrations. We conclude from the current study that it is better to use toothpaste instead of herbs to get rid of gingivitis because it plays a major role in inhibiting Candida yeast.

Detection of the cytochrome B (cytb) insecticide resistance gene in Theileria annulata isolated from cattle in Hilla city, Babylon governorate, Iraq

Detection of the cytochrome B (cytb) insecticide resistance gene in Theileria annulata isolated from cattle in Hilla city, Babylon governorate, Iraq

Common scientific research in the governmental organizations of the health sector of Hilla city: A reconnaissance study about obstacles and advantages

The study aims to brief the opinion of researchers who work in the governmental health sector in Hilla city, about their favorite specialties to prepare common health research among them, in addition to the most important difficulties and advantages of these researches by using three variables (privacy, benefit and problematic). Based on a method of studying the situation by distributing a reconnaissance questionnaire for a random simple sample of researchers from (100) individuals who work in the health sector in four selected governmental hospitals, results were obtained statistically by using (SPSS) using the following styles: (eligible medium, response tense and level of response).

Initial assessment of soil liquefaction potential for selected sites in Hilla city, Babylon Governorate, Iraq

The current research focused on the use of some geotechnical characteristics for the initial assessment of soil liquefaction at sites in the city of Hilla, Babylon Governorate. Five sites were chosen in the city centre and relatively close to the Shatt Al-Hilla. Geotechnical properties data were used to separate soils that can be classified as liquefiable from those that are not. The criteria used in this study were of two types: the Second Chinese Criteria, which is based on the natural water content and liquid limit; and the Modified Chinese Criteria, which depends on the clay content and liquid limit for the liquefaction potential of the soil. The results of this study showed that in the Second Chinese Criteria the risk of soil increases with an increase in the natural water content and a decrease in the liquid limit; however, in the Modified Chinese Criteria, the liquefaction potential increases with a decrease in the clay content to less than 10% and in the liquid limit to less than or equal to 32%.