Hijri Calendar Research Articles

KALENDER ISLAM GLOBAL: PERSPEKTIF SYARIAH, EKONOMI, DAN POLITIK

Moslems all over the world should be able to make maximum use of united Islamic calendar as the follow up of the International Hijri Calendar Unity Congress in Istanbul on May 2016 in order to unite time management system of the Muslims. Rigid attitudes which reject hisab and only approved rukyatul hilal have made Muslims keep using Gregorian calendar for 1200 years as the basis of their business accounting. Consequently, Muslims seem to be trapped in zakat debts that keep getting more and more reaching US$ 10 bn. This will immediately become civilization debt and burden of the upcoming Muslim generation if it is not immediately solved.

Inshore migration of tropical glass eels (Anguilla spp.) in Lambeso River, Aceh Jaya District, Aceh Province, Indonesia

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the migration time of glass eels (Anguilla spp.) in the estuary of Lambeuso River, Aceh Jaya District, Indonesia. The survey was done in March and June 2015. The sampling location was determined based on an initial survey during February 2015 by considering the river condition. Based on initial survey there are no glass eels were recorded during noon time, and therefore the sampling was focused at night. The sampling was done four times a month (weekly basis) for three months (12 times in total) using trap nets based on Hijri Calendar. The trap was settled up to opposite direction of tide (seaward) from 18.00 PM to 06.00 AM and the catches glass eels were monitoring one-hour interval. A total of 131 glass eels were sampled during the study, where the samples were only caught on first (new month) and fourth week (old month) base on Hijri Calender during spring tide and no glass eels were sampled during second and third weeks. It was concluded that the migration time of the glass eels (Anguilla spp.) in Lambeso Rivers is during the dark moon at the new and old month of Hijri Calendar

THE RELEVANCE OF USING THE MOON’S AGE AS AN ALTERNATIVE IN IMKANUR RUKYAH CRITERIA

Abstract. The Imkanur rukyah criteria can be defined as the minimum limit in expecting the new moon’s visibility in determining the beginning of Hijri months. It has been used in the development of Hijri calendar in Malaysia since 1992. Based on the criteria, the new moon is considered visible if the altitude at sunset is at least 2° and the elongation between the moon and the sun is at least 3°, or at moonset, the age of the moon is at least 8 hours. The altitude limit of 2° and the elongation limit of 3° indeed were determined according to the data of new moon visibility observed in Indonesia, whereas for the 8-hour moon’s age, there is no written rule regarding to it. The use of the moon’s age criterion as an alternative to the geometric criteria can lead to confusion if both conditions provide different results. Therefore, this study was performed to assess the relevance of using moon’s age as an alternative in Imkanur rukyah criteria used in Malaysia. The study utilised the data of the sun and the moon’s positions, the time of sunset, the time of moonset and the time of conjunction (new moon). The data for the sun were calculated based on VSOP87 theory, while for the moon, using ELP2000-82b. Based on the analysis, in determining Hijri dates from 1996 to 2015, there are 22 discrepancies found between the moon’s age and the geometric criteria, in which, 5 of them occur in the month of Ramadan, Syawal and Zulhijjah. These conditions show that the moon’s age criterion is not always consistent with the geometric criteria. Therefore, the use of moon’s age as an alternate criterion in determining the beginning of Hijri month is considered irrelevant and should be further reviewed.

Municipal water demand forecasting under peculiar fluctuations in population: a case study of Mashhad, a tourist city

ABSTRACTForecasting future water demands has always been of great complexity, especially in the case of tourist cities which are subject to population fluctuations. In addition to the usual uncertainties related to climate and weather variables, daily water consumption in Mashhad, a tourist city is affected by a significant different fluctuation. Mashhad is the second most populous city in Iran. The number of tourists visiting the city is subject to national and religious events, which are respectively based on the Iranian formal calendar (secular calendar) and the Arabic Hijri calendar (Islamic religious calendar). Since religious events move relative to the secular calendar, the coincidence of the two calendars results in peculiar wild fluctuations in population. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are chosen to predict water demand under such conditions. Three types of ANNs, feedforward back-propagation, cascade-forward and radial basis functions, are developed. In order to track how population fluctuation propagates in the model and affects the outputs, two sets of inputs are considered. For the first set, based on evaluating several repetitions, a typical combination of variables is selected as inputs, whereas for the second set, new calendar-based variables are included to decrease the effect of population fluctuations; the results are then compared using some performance criteria. A large number of runs are also conducted to assess the impact of random initialization of the weights and biases of networks and also the effect of calendar-based inputs on improvement of network performance. It is shown that, from the points of view of performance measures and unchanging outputs through numerous runs, the radial basis network that is trained by patterns including calendar-based inputs can provide the best domestic water demand forecasting under population fluctuations.Editor D. Koutsoyiannis Associate editor E. Rozos

WACANA TAKWIM URFI DALAM PENANGGALAN ISLAM

As a calendar that uses an average calculation, Urfi calendar (takwim Urfi) is based on Urfi computation. It is agreed by scholars, that the use of takwim Urfi as a guidance in the performing of religious obligations is not valid. But because of the ease and regularity calendar computations based on Urfi reckoning, it can be used as alternatives in the discourse of international unification of Hijri calendar in Islam.

More on Calendar Effects on Islamic Stock Markets

AbstractThere is a long tradition in detecting anomalies of the Efficient Market Hypothesis. Among these are calendar anomalies, first described by French back in 1980. Whilst there is a plethora of studies for well-developed stock markets, there is still a lack of comprehensive studies for some small or emerging financial markets. It is particularly interesting to test not only for calendar effects in the conventional Gregorian calendar but also in other calendars like the Hijri calendar. Thus, the aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of calendar anomalies on Islamic stock markets. Firstly, we deliver a complete literature review of previous studies dealing with calendar effects on Islamic stock markets showing that there is still a lack of consensus about the effects. Secondly, we analyse whether there are any seasonal patterns in stock markets’ returns by conventional estimation techniques. Thirdly, we study whether those calendar effects are still apparent when we control for volatility clustering. In fact, there is evidence for calendar anomalies on all stock markets. However, those effects are prone to changes when different models or distributions are used. One should, therefore, be careful when interpreting calendar effects on Islamic stock markets. The evidence for theories put forward when analysing Western stock markets is – at best – mild.

Knowledge and Practices of Mutawifeen (Pilgrims’ Guides) Regarding Heat Related Illnesses Before and After Exposure to an Educational Program

Pilgrims who are exposed to hot environments may be at risk of heat-related illnesses (HRIs) such as heat cramps, heat exhaustion, or heat stroke. Mutawifeen (pilgrims’ guides) should understand how HRIs affect pilgrims’ health and safety, how they can be prevented, and what the initial treatment options are. The study Objectives is to assess and improve knowledge and practices of Mutawifeen towards HRIs. An intervention study was conducted before the pilgrimage of the year 1437 Hijri calendar (2015) on a group of Mutawifeen (No.200) in Makkah Al-Mukaramh, KSA. The participants were invited after their consent to fill a self-administrated questionnaire before and 3 months after their exposure to an education program (academic and clinical). At the end of the study, the score of knowledge and practices were significantly improved (52.68±14.92 and 49.6±12.84 to 74.54±10.97 and 65.78±7.83; respectively). There was statistically moderate positive correlation between knowledge and practices (r=0.426; p<0.01). The percentage of participants with correct knowledge and appropriate practices has significantly increased from 46%, and 39.5% before education to 89%, and 72.5% after education, respectively (P< 0.05). The study conclude that, academic and clinical education of Mutawifeen is a cornerstone in improving their Knowledge and Practices towards HRIs.

The Hijri and Gregorian Calendars: Comparison and Conversion

Two calendars are in regular use in the Muslim world: the Gregorian and the Hijri. The Gregorian calendar is named after the Roman Catholic pope, Pope Gregory XIII, while the Hijri is named after the migration (hijrah) of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) from his homeplace, Makkah to the town of Madinah in 622 CE. Islamic rituals are directly based on the hijrah as the greatest historical landmark marking the beginning of the era for the spread of Islam and establishment of the new Muslim polity. Thus, for a Muslim the Hijri calendar is not merely a calendar but a matter of identity of which s/he should be proud. However, the Muslim experience of colonisation and the subsequent imposition of the Gregorian calendar have led to the marginalisation of the Hijri calendar. Consequently many events are not known by the Muslims by their Hijri date. Many do not know how to determine the equivalent Hijri date. The Gregorian calendar was introduced by Pope Gregory in 1582, and underwent many modifications whereas the Hijri calendar remained as it started.&#x0D;

The Hijri and Gregorian Calendars : Comparison and Conversion

Two calendars are in regular use in the Muslim world: the Gregorian and the Hijri. The Gregorian calendar is named after the Roman Catholic pope, Pope Gregory XIII, while the Hijri is named after the migration ( hijrah ) of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) from his homeplace, Makkah to the town of Madinah in 622 CE. Islamic rituals are directly based on the hijrah as the greatest historical landmark marking the beginning of the era for the spread ofIslam and establishment of the new Muslim polity. Thus, for a Muslim the Hijri calendar is not merely a calendar but a matter of identity of which s/he should be proud. However, the Muslim experience of colonisation and the subsequent imposition of the Gregorian calendar have led to the marginalisation of the Hijri calendar. Consequently many events are not known by the Muslims by their Hijri date. Many do not know how to determine the equivalent Hijri date. The Gregorian calendar was introduced by Pope Gregory in 1582, and underwent many modifications whereas the Hijri calendar remained as it started.

Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Anthropometric Measures and Metabolic Profiles among Type 2 Diabetic Subjects

Background: Fasting from dawn to dusk during the month of Holy Ramadan is obligatory for all healthy adult Muslims. Individuals are exempted from fasting if they are suffering from an illness that could be adversely affected by fasting. Although The Quran exempts sick people from fasting, many Muslim diabetic patients may not perceive themselves as sick and are keenly interested to fast. But they fast without proper medical guidance exposing themselves to certain risks as a direct consequence of fasting. So we designed this study to assess the impact of fasting during Ramadan and to evaluate the effects of fasting on their biochemical profiles in patients with diabetes.Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate whether Ramadan fasting has any effect on body weight, blood pressure, fasting glucose, HbA1C, serum lipids, serum creatinine among type 2 diabetic patients.Materials and Methods: Fifty two stable outpatients with type 2 diabetes with intention to fast were studied in the month of Ramadan 1434 Hijri calendar year (11th July to 9th August, 2013) at two points of time: one week before Ramadan (visit 1) and within last 3 days before the end of Ramadan (visit 2). During each visit the height, body weight and blood pressure were recorded. Blood samples were collected for fasting glucose, HbA1C, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density and low density lipoprotein cholesterol and creatinine. Data were analyzed by Student’s paired t-test using SPSS system and results were expressed as mean ± SD. Probability values were considered to be significant if it was less than 0.05.Results: There were 30 (62.8%) males and 22 (37.2%) females with a mean age of 54.7 ± 11.55 (range 35–80) years and mean duration of diabetes was 5.5 ± 5.2 years (range 9 months–18 years). In this study mean weight of the patients decreased significantly from 60.5 ± 12.6 kg to 58.5 ± 11.3 kg (p&lt;0.001). Blood pressure reduced but not significantly. Fasting blood glucose showed significant reduction from 10.7 ± 4.2 to 8.9 ± 3.7 mmol/L (p=0.002) at the end of the study though HbA1C showed no significant change. Lipid profile and serum creatinine values did not show any significant change.Conclusion: The effects of fasting during Ramadan on stable diabetic patients are minimal. So, stable diabetic patients can fast during Ramadan without significant detrimental effects.J Enam Med Col 2015; 5(2): 93-98

ŞEYHOĞLU NUN HAVÂSS-I ESMÂ-İ HÜSNÂ SI

In classical Turkish literature there are many written works which contains religious and sufism. While some of them are parts of miscellaneous divan and mathawi, the others are detached works. The types such as; tawhid, munacat, apealing have partially less volume and take part in the beginning of the divan and mathawi. Because of their volume and content the sufistic detached texts are the samples called forty hadith translations, miraciyye, hilye, mevlid, semail, esma-i nebi. Among these works the the texts called esma-i husna plays a significant role. The works written in the type of esma-i husna basically subjects to the holy names of God and their meanings. Some of these works have more volume and contain the nature of the names. The samples named “havass-i esma-i husna” tells about the benefits of these holy names, in which troubles they can have a healing effect and how to use them. One of oldest example of this sample in our literature was written by Seyhoglu in hijri calendar 901 (1496). The writter, Seyhoglu, wrote a havass-i esma-i husna which is a mixture of prose and poem. In his work the writter tells about the benefits of the names of the God, when, how and how many times these names should be chanted. There has been two written copies of the afore -mentined works identified in the mecmuas (magazines) but the hand- writting of writter couldnt be reached. In this research, the identity of the writter, Seyhoglu, has been researched and starting from his work provisions about him notified. Taking base on the two written copies, a critical edition of the work has been established and the work has been rewieved.

Pharmacist Role in Pharmaceutical Care during Ramadan

Introduction: Ramadan is the ninth month in the Islamic Hijri calendar where Muslims are ex-pected to fast every day from dawn to sunset. The eating behavior changes during Ramadan and the abstinence of food affects the oral drugs administration and other convenience dosage forms. There is a need to highlight and illustrate the role of the pharmacists in medication adjustment challenges that the patients conquer in the Holy month of Ramadan. Objectives: To estimate the awareness of pharmacists’ role in providing pharmaceutical care during Ramadan; moreover, to explore pharmacists’ perspective on the importance of medication regimen adjustment along with the proper counseling required to optimize patients’ health throughout fasting. Method: This is an observational study that was done through dissemination of a cross-sectional survey among 130 pharmacists covering Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, and Northern Emirates regions. The targeted population consisted of practicing community pharmacists and hospital pharmacists across UAE. Results: Among pharmacists participated in the study 115 pharmacists (88.5%) were Muslims and 79 pharmacists (60.8%) were Arabs. 126 pharmacists (97%) reported performing one or more kinds of medication regimen adjustment around Ramadan for at least one patient. Changing the frequency had the highest percentage by the pharmacist compared to other methods of regimen adjustment (39%). Moreover, the results revealed that 46.9% of the pharmacists chose not to change the medication itself. Nineteen percent of Muslim pharmacists initiated the conversation about medication regimen adjustment (P = 0.0448) compared to non-Muslims, while14% of pharmacists were Arabs who showed no statistically significant difference. Conclusion: In conclusion, pharmacists are more qualified to adjust and manage medication regimens than what they are presently performing. Utilization of such skill is required to adjust patients’ medication regimen during fasting the Holy month of Ramadan and to ensure safe transition for fasting patients into and out of Ramadan.

ṬULŪ’ AL-HILĀL Rekonstruksi Konsep Dasar Hilāl

This paper intends to review the basic concepts of crescent issue as the most fundamental concepts of the Hijri calendar systems. The crescent basic concept of ṭulū‘ al-hilāl, based on these principles: first, put the crescent as a matter of objective existence does not depend on the subject or observer, but the object itself. Second, the lower moon extremity as a conceptual reference for basic concepts. Third, the beginning of the lunar calender is based on crescent moon rising. This paper also tries to determine the cause of the beginning of lunar calender with the normative traditions of the prophet to analyze the visual sighting of the crescent and istikmāl from the philosophy of Islamic Law’s point of view. Normative cause of fasting Ramadan is not obligatory visual sighting of the crescent of Ramadan, but the rising of the crescent (ṭulū‘ al-hilāl). Visual sighting of the crescent and istikmāl and also Astronomy is a way to find out and make sure that the cause has occurred and they are not the cause by itself

The Significance of Hijrah in Islam

Hijrah, migration or exodus, initially of the Prophet Muhammad and his companions from Mecca to Yathrib (later renamed Madinah), features prominently in the Qur’an and the teachings and Sunnah of the Prophet himself. The Prophet and his followers migrated, after thirteen years of campaign in Mecca on 1 Rabi’ al-Awwal/13 September 622 AD, arriving in Yathrib 11 days later on 24 September. The commemoration of the Hijri calendar was instituted, however, seventeen years later by the second caliph, ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab (r. 634-644). The new calendar dates from the first day of the first lunar month of the year, that is, Awwal Muharram. Although ‘Umar instituted the official era, the custom of referring to events and happenings to before or after the Hijrah originated with the Prophet himself.&#x0D;

The Significance of Hijrah in Islam

Hijrah , migration or exodus, initially of the Prophet Muhammad and his companions from Mecca to Yathrib (later renamed Madinah), features prominently in the Qur’an and the teachings and Sunnah of the Prophet himself. The Prophet and his followers migrated, after thirteen years of campaign in Mecca on 1 Rabi’ al-Awwal/13 September 622 AD, arriving in Yathrib 11 days later on 24 September. The commemoration of the Hijri calendar was instituted, however, seventeen years later by the second caliph, ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab (r. 634-644). The new calendar dates from the first day of the first lunar month of the year, that is, Awwal Muharram. Although ‘Umar instituted the official era, the custom of referring to events and happenings to before or after the Hijrah originated with the Prophet himself.

The Use of Software Project Management Tools in Saudi Arabia: An Exploratory Survey

This paper reports the results of an online survey study, which was conducted to investigate the use of software project management tools in Saudi Arabia. The survey provides insights of project management in the local context of Saudi Arabia from ten different companies which participated in this study. The aim is to explore and specify the project management tools used by software project management teams and their managers, to understand the supported features that might influence their selection. Moreover, the existence of the Arabic interface, the Hijri calendar and the Arabic documentation has been specially considered, due to the nature of the local context in dealing with the Hijri calendar and the prolific use of Arabic as the formal language in communication with clients in the public sector.

Construction and Seasonal Patterns of Islamic Hijri Calendar Monthly Time Series : An Application to Consumer Price Index ( CPI ) in Pakistan

Time series data are compiled and analysed in accordance with Gregorian calendar, given its world-wise use. This paper presents a simple method of constructing time series in accordance with Hijri Calendar from an already compiled Gregorian time series. Preliminary seasonal analysis of Hijri time series for CPI in Pakistan provides new insights of price behavior that depends both on Gregorian and Hijri seasonality. A spliced series of monthly CPI from January 1976 to December 2008 spanning 33 Gregorian years (396 Gregorian months) is used to capture a full cycle of 34 Hijri years (408 Hijri months). Method presented is general and can be used to construct and analyse any variable of interest. Paper proposes that statistical agencies and central banks of Islamic countries should also compile data according to Hijri Calendar, in addition to existing compilation according to Gregorian calendar. This will add to a better understanding of socioeconomic behaviours in Islamic countries.