Hijri Calendar Research Articles

Implikasi Penggunaan Sistem Perhitungan Aboge dalam Penetapan Awal Bulan Hijriah

This paper aims to examine the implications of using the Aboge calculation system for the determination of the beginning of the Hijri month, especially the beginning of the month of Ramadan, Syawal and Dzulhijjah with a comprehensive library research. Based on the analysis of the data obtained by the content analysis method, this paper found that the use of the Aboge calculation system has implications for 2 (two) aspects, namely from astronomical aspect and Islamic law aspect. From the astronomical aspect, it shows that the Aboge calculation system is a system of calculating the beginning of the Hijri month with the hisab urfi method which must make adjustments to match the calculation of the Hijri calendar, but this adjustment is not made so that it will have implications for a difference of 1 day every 120 years. It can even be up to a difference of 10 days over a period of 1200 years. As for the Islamic law aspect, the use of the Aboge calculation cannot be used as a basis for determining the beginning of the hijri month, because the calculation of Aboge is based on the average circulation of the Moon around the Earth. What can be used to determine the beginning of the hijri month is a calculation based on the actual circulation of the moon around the Earth.

THE TOLAKI CALENDAR SYSTEM FOR DETERMINING GOOD AND BAD DAYS

The Tolaki people continue to base their way of life on traditions like the Tolaki calendar for identifying good and bad days. The Tolaki tribe employs a tool that is often employed as a weather forecast or as a guide for the community to carry out certain actions to ascertain this. The formulation of the issue is brought up by the author, who asks questions like: How does the Tolaki calendar system work?, How are the good and bad days for the Tolaki people determined?, and How is astronomical research related to the Tolaki calendar system?. The Tolaki Culture Book, which is processed with journals linked to the Tolaki Tribal Calendar System, is used in this research technique, which is a library method. It is studied descriptively and presented qualitatively. These are the study's findings: The moon's position in the night sky is used as the basis for the Tolaki calendar. The meanings of the names of the days in the month are used by the Tolaki people to identify good and bad days, and they use Naga Hari, Kutika, and Bilangari to ascertain the precise day and hour. The Tolaki calendar is identical to the Hijri calendar in astronomy since it uses a lunar calendar that keeps track of the moon's orbit. The Tolaki community uses the concept of good days and bad days as a guide for carrying out activities, but it cannot be utilized as a model for how to do Islamic devotion.

THE HISTORY OF THE BUGIS LONTARA CALENDAR OF SOUTH SULAWESI

Basically a calendar or calendar is the accumulation and distribution of time with certain time units based on certain events that are used by people around the world to be used as a benchmark and guide or marker of time in their life journey. The Bugis calendar is a calendar that belongs to the Bugis tribe in South Sulawesi and is a cultural heritage that has been passed down from generation to generation and is also a unique calendar because this calendar existed before Islam entered the South Sulawesi region. The purpose of this study is to add to and expand the kazana on the study of astronomy, especially the Bugis people of South Sulawesi and it is hoped that it will also be able to become a reference for information regarding the Lontara Bugis calendar so that this study uses a literature research method that describes systematically, normatively and accurately the objects studied. become the main problem. Currently, the use of the Lontara Bugis calendar has adopted the Hijri calendar, but does not necessarily leave the culture or beliefs of our ancestors regarding the Lontara Bugis calendar.

Predicting new crescent moon visibility applying machine learning algorithms

The world's population is projected to grow 32% in the coming years, and the number of Muslims is expected to grow by 70%—from 1.8 billion in 2015 to about 3 billion in 2060. Hijri is the Islamic calendar, also known as the lunar Hijri calendar, which consists of 12 lunar months, and it is tied to the Moon phases where a new crescent Moon marks the beginning of each month. Muslims use the Hijri calendar to determine important dates and religious events such as Ramadan, Haj, Muharram, etc. Till today, there is no consensus on deciding on the beginning of Ramadan month within the Muslim community. This is mainly due to the imprecise observations of the new crescent Moon in different locations. Artificial intelligence and its sub-field machine learning have shown great success in their application in several fields. In this paper, we propose the use of machine learning algorithms to help in determining the start of Ramadan month by predicting the visibility of the new crescent Moon. The results obtained from our experiments have shown very good accurate prediction and evaluation performance. The Random Forest and Support Vector Machine classifiers have provided promising results compared to other classifiers considered in this study in predicting the visibility of the new Moon.

Preventing and controlling an acute attack of migraine during the fasting month of Ramadan – An Islamic and Scientific Perspective from Prophetic Medicine

Migraine is a common debilitating headache presenting with severe one-sided pulsatile and throbbing pain. It has been observed that symptoms of the migraine are commonly aggravated in summer season. Ramadan is the 9th month of the Hijri calendar, observed by Muslims all over the world as a month of fasting. Fasting in the month of Ramadan is one of the five pillars of Islam. In this paper, a concept note is prepared to look the Prophetic ways in preventing and controlling migraines during Ramadan especially during the summer seasonfrom the Islamic and scientific perspective. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 22 No. 02 April’23 Page : 280-283

The Fiqh of Hisab-Ru’ya in the Twentieth Century Indonesia: Study on the Thoughts of Hamka, Hasbi Ash-Shiddieqy, and Moenawar Chalil about the Unification of Hijri Calendar

Fiqh discourses regarding differences in methods and criteria (hisab and ru’ya) for determining the beginning of the Hijri months are still being debated among Muslims in Indonesia. Until now, there is no Hijri calendar that applies globally. The existing Islamic calendar is a local or regional calendar. The absence of a unified Hijri calendar often causes confusion in setting dates in Muslim society, and this makes Muslim intellectuals continue to study it. The idea of creating a unified Hijri calendar in Indonesia was originally raised by Hamka, Muhammad Hasbi Ash-Shiddieqy, and Moenawar Chalil. This research explores how the Hijri calendar is unified according to their opinions. This study is a qualitative research with a socio-historical and hermeneutic approach. Data collection uses the documentation method with the content analysis model. The results of this study indicate that Hamka believes that there needs to be a unified result between the hisab and the ru’ya methods, so that the Hijri calendar, especially the beginning of Ramadan and Shawwal, can become a fixed date. Meanwhile, Hasbi offers the idea that to overcome the differences in the beginning of Ramadan and Shawwal one must use the ru’yat method with global matla’. Meanwhile, Moenawar Chalil believes that the preparation of the Hijri calendar in Indonesia can only use the hisab method. These three ideas can be a solution in an effort to achieve uniformity of the Hijri calendar in Indonesia.

Religion and terrorism: Evidence from Ramadan fasting

Do intense religious experiences increase or decrease terrorism? We argue that fasting during the month of Ramadan offers an ideal setting for studying this question empirically. Reasons are twofold: first, daily fasting from dawn to sunset during Ramadan is considered mandatory for most Muslims. Second, the Islamic Hijri calendar is not synchronized with the solar cycle. Therefore, the daily fasting duration during Ramadan is exogenous once we control for latitude and the seasonality of Ramadan, which we can do by using district and country-year fixed effects. Focusing on predominantly Muslim countries, we document three main findings: first, longer and more intense Ramadan fasting has a robust negative effect on the likelihood of local terrorist events and terror deaths over the next year. Second, this negative effect is particularly pronounced for operationally more difficult attack types, which are more dependent on public support for terrorism. Third, using survey data, we show that longer and more intense Ramadan fasting lowers the share of respondents who consider religiously motivated violence to be justified. These findings imply that intense religious experiences may not be a breeding ground for terrorism. Quite the opposite, they can decrease public support for terrorism and, consequently, terrorist attacks.

THE HIJIRI CALENDAR AND ITS CONFORMANCE WITH THE GREGORAIN CALENDAR BY MATHEMATICAL CALCULATIONS

The objective of this research is to develop a mathematical procedure to construct a Hijri calendar that is consistent with the Gregorian calendar. Our hypothesis was derived from the Quran Chapter, Alkahf verse (25), which states “They remained in their cave for three hundred years, adding nine”. We understand this verse to mean “every 300 solar years equivalent exactly to 309 lunar years”. The starting point was to locate the number of days for each month of each Hijri year. We found that the distribution of number of days per month coincided in the two rounds of the 309 Hijri years. Accordingly, we prepared a list of number of days per month for 1545 Hijri years. Hence, we constructed Hijri calendar starting consecutively from 1 Muharram 1AH to any Hijri Date. We considered the Gregorian Date consistent with the first of Ramadan 1442AH as a relevant reference versus the historical reference of the migration of Prophet Mohammed صلى الله عليه وسلم to Medina. Finally, we compared our results with previous official dates Therefore any Gregorian date corresponds to Hijri date could be known.

THE HIJIRI CALENDAR AND ITS CONFORMANCE WITH THE GREGORAIN CALENDAR BY MATHEMATICAL CALCULATIONS

The objective of this research is to develop a mathematical procedure to construct a Hijri calendar that is consistent with the Gregorian calendar. Our hypothesis was derived from the Quran Chapter, Alkahf verse (25), which states “They remained in their cave for three hundred years, adding nine”. We understand this verse to mean “every 300 solar years equivalent exactly to 309 lunar years”. The starting point was to locate the number of days for each month of each Hijri year. We found that the distribution of number of days per month coincided in the two rounds of the 309 Hijri years. Accordingly, we prepared a list of number of days per month for 1545 Hijri years. Hence, we constructed Hijri calendar starting consecutively from 1 Muharram 1AH to any Hijri Date. We considered the Gregorian Date consistent with the first of Ramadan 1442AH as a relevant reference versus the historical reference of the migration of Prophet Mohammed صلى الله عليه وسلم to Medina. Finally, we compared our results with previous official dates Therefore any Gregorian date corresponds to Hijri date could be known.

Exploring the spatio-temporal patterns of road traffic accidents in Saudi Arabia

Background: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the young population and are a growing problem worldwide. This study is a comprehensive analysis of the spatiotemporal patterns of 352,464 RTAs in Saudi Arabia from 2017 to 2018. Methods: This study consists of three principal phases of analysis (exploratory data analysis of the RTA dataset by analyzing population involvement in RTAs and mortality or morbidity, we examined the geographic and temporal distribution of RTA, and we performed a spatial hotspot analysis per region on a monthly basis using local Moran's I hotspot clustering). This study presented the monthly spatiotemporal patterns of RTAs in Saudi Arabia in 1439 Hijri and data were obtained from the Saudi Open Data Portal for all. Results: Four cities, Ar Riyad, Ash Sharqiyah, Makkah, and Jeddah, were in the top 25% of RTA involvement, mortality, and morbidity in Saudi Arabia. Four cities, Ar Riyad, Ash Sharqiyah, Makkah, and Jeddah, were in the top 25% of RTA involvement, mortality, and morbidity in Saudi Arabia. There were 11 injuries and 2 deaths per 100 accidents during the study period. More than 84% and 88% of those who were injured and killed in RTAs were male, respectively. There was a significant decrease in the number of RTAs in the last months of the year (Hajj month in the Hijri calendar) compared to other months in the Makkah region and the Eastern Province. In addition, no significant temporal patterns in daily occurrence rates at the national level. Similarly, there was no significant difference between RTA incidence on weekdays and weekends. Differences between daytime and nighttime were significant, with more accidents occurring during the day. The number of injuries per 1,000 population is the same throughout the year in the provinces of the country. Conclusion: This study identified areas in Saudi Arabia where further investigation is needed to analyze the points that lead to more RTAs and consequently more disabilities and mortalities.

Problem of Unification Hijri Calendar

The presence of an accurate, consistent, and unified calendar system is a strength in civilization. Nevertheless, an easy thing to do through a long history. Globally the calendar used is still the Gregorian calendar around the world which is based on the revolution of the sun. In the Islamic world, the Hijri calendar is also known based on the calculation of the moon's revolution against the earth. the existence of the hijri calendar as a time marker for Muslims in worship and muamalah. However, entering the 14th century hijriyah, the hijri calendar system cannot be used uniformly in the Islamic world. This has become a major concern for Islamic countries, including Indonesia, to formulate efforts to unify the hijriyah calendar, but until now, through several collaborations and conferences, Islamic countries have not been successful due to several factors, both fiqh and astronomical.

Jam Hijriah: Konsep Permulaan Hari dalam Pemikiran E. Darmawan Abdullah

There are various views regarding the beginning of the day, both from the perspective of jurisprudence and astronomy. The study of the beginning of the day has long been of concern to previous researchers. The beginning of the day is closely related to the calendar, so existing writings always associate the beginning of the day with the calendar system. In particular, this paper seeks to explain the concept of the Hijriah Hour which is then analyzed in order to find out whether the use of the concept is possible and to find out how the concept of the Hijriah Hour is related to the concept of the beginning of the day. This research is a library research with qualitative analysis methods. The primary source in this study was the book Jam Hijriah by E. Darmawan Abdullah, which was supplemented by other supporting books and writings. After being analyzed, it was found that the Hijri Clock concept would be difficult to use globally. However, the concept of this Hijri Hour is in line with the view of the sunset in the concept of the beginning of the day. But the difference here is that in the Hijri calendar it only makes maghrib a change of day, not a change of hours. While the concept of the Hijri Hour requires that maghrib is the momentum of the change of day as well as the change of hours.

ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Ramadan and other religious fasting by young people with diabetes.

ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Ramadan and other religious fasting by young people with diabetes.

A Pattern-Recognizer Artificial Neural Network for the Prediction of New Crescent Visibility in Iraq

Various theories have been proposed since in last century to predict the first sighting of a new crescent moon. None of them uses the concept of machine and deep learning to process, interpret and simulate patterns hidden in databases. Many of these theories use interpolation and extrapolation techniques to identify sighting regions through such data. In this study, a pattern recognizer artificial neural network was trained to distinguish between visibility regions. Essential parameters of crescent moon sighting were collected from moon sight datasets and used to build an intelligent system of pattern recognition to predict the crescent sight conditions. The proposed ANN learned the datasets with an accuracy of more than 72% in comparison to the actual observational results. ANN simulation gives a clear insight into three crescent moon visibility regions: invisible (I), probably visible (P), and certainly visible (V). The proposed ANN is suitable for building lunar calendars, so it was used to build a four-year calendar on the horizon of Baghdad. The built calendar was compared with the official Hijri calendar in Iraq.

Hisab Awal Bulan Syiah Kuala (Menyunting Dari Naskah Risalah Asy-Syaikh ‘Abd ArRauf Fi At-Taqwim)

Treatise of Asy-Shaykh Abdur Ar-Rauf fi At-Taqwim's is one of the collections of the Pedir Museum in Aceh which consists of three sheets (six pages) in Arabic-Malay language which discusses the calculation of the Hijri calendar. However, the text does not explain the origin of the numbers and their formulas. So the calculation of the Hijri calendar described in the manuscript cannot be used at this time because the difference is very far from the Hijri calendar that we usually use. This research is included in library research, namely research by collecting data and information from books, journals, and other recorded documents related to the calculations described in the text of As-Shaykh 'Abdur Ar-Rauf fi At-Taqwim's Treatise. Data analysis was carried out by examining the origin of the letters of the year and the letters of the month and their corrections so that the calculation of the beginning of the Hijri month described in the AsShaykh 'Abdur Ar-Rauf fi At-Taqwim treatise can be used throughout the ages. In this study there is a synthesis that the calculation of the beginning of the month described in the As-Shaykh 'Abdur Ar-Rauf fi AtTaqwim treatise must be corrected to adjust to the hijri calendar that we use every day.Keywords: Treatise of As-Shaykh 'Abdur Ar-Rauf fi At-Taqwim, Early Months, Syiah Kuala.

Analisis Kesesuaian Kalender Jawa Islam dengan Kalender Hijriyah

Before Islam came, Javanese people were familiar with the calendar system. The influx of HinduBuddhist influences also influenced the calendar in Java. Then with the start of the establishment of an Islamic-style kingdom on the island of Java, especially during the Islamic Mataram period when the influence of Islam entered the island of Java, the calendar system was changed by the great sultan to a Javanese calendar using Islamic calendar calculations. The Javanese calendar is still in existence so it is necessary to know the adjustments that occur between the Saka calendar and the Hijri calendar which then produces the Javanese Islamic calendar and to know the application used to determine the beginning of the Qomariah month with the aim of knowing howto use the Javanese Islamic calendar and know its application in determining the beginning of themonth of Qomariah. The calculation system used in the Javanese Islamic calendar is the Urfi reckoning system, except in certain years where there are different long and short year appointments at certain times. Based on the results of the analysis, it is concluded that the adjustments of the Javanese Islamic calendar in the calculations are intended to maintain conformity with the hijri calendar.Keywords: Javanese Calendar, Islamic Calendar, Qomariah Calendar

Analisis Perspektif Empat Madzhab Terhadap Matla’ dalam Penentuan Awal Bulan Hijriah

Madhhab in Bahasa means to go or it can also be interpreted as an opinion. Matlah 'is a regional boundary based on the range of sight of the new moon. While the Hijri calendar is the determination of the date or month associated with important days for Muslims around the world. Within Islam itself, there are four schools of thought that are famous for their opinions regarding Islamic law, namely the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hambali schools. In the opinion of the four imams of the madhhab there are often differences of opinion, just like mathlah, they have their own opinions regarding the matter of matlah. Matlah has an important relationship with the sight of the new moon. Hilal has a close relationship with the determination of the beginning of the Hijri month. Therefore, the views of the four madhhab imams on matlah have a major influence in determining the beginning of the hijri month because the turn of the beginning of the month is determined by the visible new moon.Keywords: Madhhab, Matlah', Hijri Month

Sikap Toleransi dalam Menyambut Hari Pertama Puasa Bulan Ramadhan antara Jama’ah Nahdatul Ulama dan Jama’ah Muhammadiyah di Kabupaten Sleman (Tolerance in Welcoming the First Day of Fasting in the Month of Ramadan between the Nahdatul Ulama and the Muhammadiyah Jama'ah in Sleman Regency)

This study aims to describe the phenomenon in a multicultural society that coexists with different organizations. This is descriptive qualitative research that collects data in the field. Data collection techniques include in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. The data were analyzed through the stages of data reduction, data display, and concluding. The results indicate that the unification of the Hijri calendar has been carried out since 2014, in the last 7 years, Jama’ah of NU and Muhammadiyah have welcomed the first day of fasting together at the same time. However, in 1443 Hijri, the reception of the first day of fasting for Jama’ah of NU and Muhammadiyah was different. Because NU uses Ru'yatul Hilal while Muhammadiyah uses Hisab in determining the first day of fasting, these differences cause various discourses of response in the implementation of the first day of fasting. Intra-religious dialogue upholds religious tolerance. The general conclusion is that intra-religious dialogue is a forum for knitting peace between Jama’ah of NU and Muhammadiyah in creating social relations and religious interactions. It became a positive response from Jamaah of NU and Muhammadiyah. Even Jamaah of NU and Muhammadiyah together welcomed the first day of fasting in knitting religious tolerance.

A Literary and Critical Analysis of British Orientalist D. S. Margoliouth’s Views Concerning Islamic Calendar

This study is intended to critically analyze D.S. Margoliouth’s allegations regarding Hijri calendar. The orientalists generally try to control the superb and wonderful teachings of Prophet Muhammad S.A.W as well as the beauty of Islam. D.S Margoliouth is one of the narrow minded and prejudiced orientalists. Besides his other hazy and groundless allegations, he has also alleged the Hijri calendar. This article is, therefore, apprehensive to elucidate the allegations of D.S. Margoliouth about Hijri calendar and to conclude that the allegations are incompetent, valueless, and lethal about Islamic lunar calendar. Moreover, this article also argues that D.S. Margoliouth is partial and biased in his views about Hijri calendar.

An Analytical Evaluation of Fiqh and Science Perspective concerning Hajj: Tarwiyah and Arafat

Hajj is held in the Zulhijjah where there are Tarwiyah days, Arafat days and Nahar days. These three days in a row fall on the eighth, ninth and tenth of Zulhijjah. These days are very important days for Muslims in performing hajj and the celebration of Eid al-Adha. Therefore, it takes the determination of the beginning of Zulhijjah to determine the fall of the three days, namely Tarwiyah day, Arafat day and Nahar day. But if it turns out that there are problems that underlie the implementation then when is the day of Tarwiyah and Arafat. With a lot of literature, this paper is made to explore, collect, and analyze the existing literature and then draw a conclusion regarding the factors that influence the differences between the fall of Tarwiyah and Arafah days and bring up the solutions given to solve the problem. this. With the debate about when the day of Tarwiyah and Arafah fall, then comes the problem of Tarwiyah and Arafat day where they do not fall together around the world due to differences in the time zones of each region on the earth's surface, differences in the method of determining the beginning of the month, differences in the time of conjunction, the boundary line of the Hijri calendar (month) which is not straight and fluctuates and there are matlak differences. Then this difference can be overcome by creating a unification calendar, following Saudi Arabia, or following the Regional Government.