Aircraft Hijacking Research Articles

TERRORISM AND YUGOSLAV AIR TRANSPORT 1948–1990

This paper summarises terrorist attacks on the means and institutions of Yugoslav air transport. These attacks include a total of six aircraft hijackings occurring between 1948 and 1981, the explosion of a bomb onboard a Yugoslav Airlines aircraft above Czechoslovakia in 1972, and several attacks on Yugoslav Airlines offices abroad. In three more cases, aircraft that had been hijacked abroad landed on Yugoslav airports. Besides these, it discusses international and Yugoslav regulations regarding criminal activities against the safety of air navigation. It is based on unpublished archival records, press, and literature.

TERRORISM: THE CHALLENGE OF AVIATION SECURITY

The paper explores a chronological account of major aviation-related terrorist incidents, including the hijacking of aircraft and attacks such as those on September 11, 2001. These events underscore the vulnerabilities within civil aviation security and highlight the psychological impact of such attacks. This study emphasizes the need for advanced technologies and stringent national and international regulations to combat aviation terrorism. It discusses the evolution of aviation security measures, the importance of a holistic approach involving airlines, airport authorities, security forces, and governmental bodies, and the necessity of information sharing and best practices adoption. Additionally, the paper addresses the economic implications of aviation security, advocating for better data collection and analysis to optimize resource allocation and enhance overall safety. The ongoing development of aviation security strategies, driven by evolving threats and technological advancements, is critical for safeguarding passengers and ensuring the resilience of the global aviation industry against terrorist threats.

Plane Hijackings between Cuba and the United States and the Opportunity for Diplomacy (1958–1973)

AbstractBetween 1958 and 1973, hijackings between Cuba and the US surged, prompting Cuban officials in the early 1960s to propose an extradition agreement for hijackers. However, the US, leveraging its superpower status, dismissed these initiatives, viewing hijackers as political asylum seekers rather than criminals. By the late 1960s, as hijackings escalated from the US to Cuba, the American approach shifted, seeking a bilateral agreement to address air piracy, only to be rebuffed by Cuba, which refused to accept the US’s categorization of specific hijackers as political asylum seekers while classifying others as criminals. Meanwhile, the US pressed its extradition stance through international bodies like the International Civil Aviation Organization. These diplomatic efforts underscored broader challenges in US–Cuban relations, with negotiations repeatedly missing opportunities for enhanced co-operation. A pivotal shift occurred after a significant incident threatened both nations, leading to a more balanced perspective between the US and Cuba. This change culminated in the 1973 signing of a ‘Memorandum of understanding’, marking a turning point that significantly curbed hijacking incidents and hinted at potential future improvements in bilateral relations.

"Non-Returnees" of Perebudova: Escape Scenarios and Government Control in the Ukrainian SSR

The purpose of this article is to analyse the practice of defection as an illegal emigration mechanism. The set of tasks is outlined by the questions about the explanatory schemes used by the "fugitives", as well as the study of the reaction of state authorities and repressive organs to fugitive practices. The research methodology is based on a combination of interdisciplinary methods, including critical discourse analysis, narrative analysis, historical-comparative and historical-systemic methods. The scientific novelty of the study is that the defections and non-returns of the perestroika period have never been considered as a social phenomenon and social practices, as they were not scenarios through which the path of reforms was paved. Conclusions. The defections continued to be a channel of emigration throughout the period of so-called perestroika. These were planned actions included both in the practices of legal border crossing and in criminal practices related to the hijacking of aircraft. People of different ages, nationalities, professions, places of residence, and family status have resorted to defection. A common feature of their behaviour was a deep distrust of the authorities, such that they did not perceive any changes and reforms as possible or real.The explanatory schemes used by the fugitives depended on whether the attempt at illegal emigration was successful or unsuccessful. During the period under study, the KGB's rhetoric and practice of preventing defections from the Ukrainian SSR changed significantly. If at the beginning of perestroika, information on defectors submitted to the Central Committee of the CP(U) ended with a promise to make efforts to return them to their homeland, at the end of the period, they were reported as "working to clarify the circumstances and motives."Another sign of the times was the fact that the image of a defector began to be formed not according to the templates of an "enemy of the people", "traitor – member of a spy network", but according to formulas for devaluing the social importance of the offender. Fugitives were described in both official reports and the press as petty criminals, fraudsters, alcoholics, and people with mental disorders.

Legal Protection for the Passenger in the Field of Air Transport

Through this study, we are trying to address the most important features of the air transport contract in terms of the legal protection for the traveler and what internal laws adopted in the wake of international agreements that focused on that protection, in accordance with the importance the air transport contract represents in contemporary times and the fast, easy and safe alternative it has become to land and sea transport. We divided that study into two sections. In the first section, we addressed the incidents that could occur during the implementation of an air transport contract, whether air accidents or air piracy operations. In the second section, we discussed the legal protection of the traveler in the field of air transport and the liability resulting from breaching it, and we explained the legal protection in Internal laws and the search, rescue and investigation carried out by the competent local authorities in air accidents and their consequences on the traveler’s right to compensation when an accident or imminent danger occurs, as well as a statement of the legal liability resulting from a breach of the traveler’s legal protection in the field of air transport from By explaining the nature and types of this responsibility, we concluded the research with some conclusions and proposals, trying as much as possible to become familiar with the subject of the study. We hope that the Iraqi legal development in air transport will follow the lines of the legislation that surrounds us, in line with the technical and technical development of means of transport and the importance and volume of trade represented by air transport and reliance on it in all matters. Continents of the world today.

ANALISIS YURIDIS TINDAK PIDANA PENYALAHGUNAAN NARKOTIKA SECARA MELAWAN HUKUM (Studi Kasus 84/Pid.Sus/2023/PN Mdn

Crimes whose perpetrators are subject to universal principles, which can be described as acts or crimes that are categorized as crimes against the enemy of humanity, include: narcotics crimes, terrorism, airplane hijacking, genocide, etc. This research contains narcotics crimes with Decision Number 84/Pid.Sus/2023/PN Mdn. This research uses secondary data or library materials only. This research is included in the library research category. The problem that the author wants to study is the stages of implementation of the decision process in case number 84/Pid.Sus/2023/PN Mdn. Declare that the defendant Eriko Alias Eko has been legally and convincingly proven guilty of committing the crime of "unlawfully or unlawfully acting as an intermediary in the sale and purchase of class I narcotics"; Sentencing the defendant to imprisonment for 5 (five) years and a fine of IDR 1,000,000,000.00 (one billion rupiah); Stipulating that if the fine is not paid it will be replaced by a prison sentence of 4 (four) month; Determines that the period of arrest and detention that has been served by the Defendant shall be reduced in full by the sentence imposed.

Flying While Palestinian: A Critical Analysis of Palestinian Aviation Diplomacy

This article provides a study of Palestinian aviation diplomacy by examining two “states of exception”: the deterritorialized Palestinian state and the supraterritorial, supranational state of aviation. It discusses five important episodes in Palestine’s aviation history: aviation as a colonial instrument in Palestine prior to 1948, Jerusalem Airport as a contested site of power, Palestinian airplane hijackings as media spectacle, Yasir Arafat’s creative aviation diplomacy, and Gaza International Airport and Palestinian Airlines as symbols of Palestinian sovereignty. Although Palestinians have faced difficulties with conventional aviation diplomacy, they have been somewhat successful in exploiting aviation as an unconventional weapon of resistance to disrupt dominant narratives.

An Agent Based Model for Developing Air Traffic Management Software

The Air Traffic Management system is a complex issue that faces factors such as Aircraft Crash Prevention, air traffic controllers pressure, unpredictable weather conditions, flight emergency situations, airplane hijacking, and the need for autonomy on the fly. agent-based software engineering is a new aspect in software engineering that can provide autonomy. agent-based systems have some properties such: cooperation of agents with each other in order to meet their goals, autonomy in function, learning and Reliability that can be used for air traffic management systems. In this paper, we first study the agent-based software engineering and its methodologies, and then design a agent-based software model for air traffic management. The proposed model has five modules .this model is designed for aircraft ,air traffic control and navigations aids factors based on the Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) architecture. The agent-based system was designed using the agent-tool under the multi-agent system engineering (MaSE) methodology, which was eventually developed by the agent-ATC toolkit. In this model, we consider agents for special occasions such as emergency flights’ and hijacking airplanes in airport air traffic management areas which is why the accuracy of the work increased. It also made the flight’s sequence arrangement in take-off and landing faster, which indicates a relative improvement in the parameters of the air traffic management

Applying Hirāba in Islamic Criminal Law to Curb Armed Banditry in the Zamfara State of Nigeria: Opportunities and Challenges

The paper investigates the armed banditry that engages in the highway robbery attacking villagers and travelers in the Zamfara state of Nigeria. The paper aimed at examines hirāba in Islamic criminal law and the penal code of the state for the possibility of applying the provisions to curb armed banditry in the state. The paper is a Sharia study; thus, the descriptive-analytical method was followed. Opinions of four Sunni schools are relied on in most cases. In addition, academic works of contemporary jurists and thinkers in journals were extensively consulted. The critical studies of jurist’s definitions of hirāba revealed that the crime of hirāba comprises maritime piracy, aircraft hijacking, armed banditry, kidnapping, and any act of destroying society. Zamfara state, which first reintroduced the Islamic criminal system, witnessed maximum security between 2000 and 2009 because there is a political will to enforce Islamic law. Although it is alleged that Sharia was supposed to bring joy but brought bandits to the state, while the study revealed that armed banditry started around 2009, sharia implementation is not responsible for the insecurity. The paper concludes that the practical solution is the enforcement of new Sharia in the region.

HAVA GƏMİLƏRİNİN ƏLƏ KEÇİRİLMƏSİ TAKTİKASI

The seizure of aircraft has become one of the threats of modern times. The growing number of such crimes in the world has made it necessary to regulate them by the norms and principles of international law. In the middle of the last century, civilian aircraft attacks were seen as non-political motives, mainly for personal gain or to escape from the hands of law enforcement agencies, but especially in the 21st century. From the beginning of 2001 alone to September 11, 2001, there were about 40 such incidents worldwide. However, with the events of September 11, the hijacking of a civilian aircraft and its use as a destructive weapon was a first in history. The main purpose of such cases is to influence certain political decisions by creating fear in society. It was after these events that the political and legal cooperation of the states in the name of combating international terrorism accelerated. Key words: aircraft, aviation, hijacking, the Middle East, international convention, terrorist act, international terrorism

Can Terrorism Mold Itself to Outer Space?

Benefiting from the progress of technology, terrorism poses a major threat to international peace and security. Terrorist acts might move to other forms and are the culmination of processes that often begin with radicalization, the formation of extremist views, and acceptance of violence as a means through which to attempt change. As with other types of offenses, there is no internationally agreed upon definition of terrorism, but several conducts are universally accepted as expressions thereof. Terrorist-related offenses include the use of violence for political purposes, such as the hijacking of aircraft, targeting of marine vessels, the use of chemical or nuclear weapons against civilians, kidnapping, and other forms of targeting civilians. Terrorism itself is not a new phenomenon, yet the early 21st century is being shaped by a more intense focus on the issue and an increased awareness of terrorist acts and groups. If terrorism in outer space became a reality, then the cause is not different from other forms of terrorism in that violent extremism is often driven by feelings of isolation and exclusion, as well as fear and ignorance. To strengthen a sustainable solution, responses to violent extremism must be implemented in a framework respectful of human rights and the rule of law; otherwise, the exclusion is exacerbated, and the international community will witness another form of chaos.

Implementation of the International Convention Rules Concerning International Civil Aviation on Aircraft Hijacking (Ethiopian Airlines Boeing Case Study 767-300)

The hijacking of aircraft is a test in international criminal law. Besides of the fact that international conventions also control state authority, this issue is already present in international conventions, but also allows the State full power to enforce its national laws so that it can impose severe penalties on aircraft hijackers. The questions that form the basis of this legal inquiry are: how is the International Aircraft Hijacking Regulation and how to solve cases of Boeing 767-300 aircraft hijacking by Ethiopian Airlines. The empirical approach used in the drafting of this law is the standard legal approach. The analysis parameters used for this study are descriptive-analytical. The details for this analysis are International Convention Materials and Resources for the Library. The findings of the analysis concluded that the 1963 Tokyo Convention, the Hague Convention, the Montreal Convention, and the 1970 Hague Convention were concerned with the hijacking of aircraft. In the end, the suspects were prosecuted based on Ethiopian state authority as an aircraft registrar.

YURISDIKSI MENGADILI PELAKU PEMBAJAKAN PESAWAT UDARA BERDASARKAN PRINSIP MANDATORY EXTRADITION

Extradition is basically a form of international cooperation to arrest or hand over a fugitive, suspect, defendant or convict who escape to another country. Extradition is based on agreements between countries to deal with crime. Mandatory extradition in The Hague Convention 1970 of 1970 certainly caused another debate, which in general we know that extradition is an agreement made between countries, and sometimes a country also does not want to make an extradition treaty with another country. However, with this principle that the member countries of the convention without exception are required to conduct extradition of the perpetrators of aircraft hijacking. The research method used is normative with the statues approach and conceptual approach. In the research it was found that the 1970 The Hague Convention was likened to a multilateral extradition treaty for convention participating countries. The principle of mandatory extradition stipulates extradition to be an obligation that must be carried out by each participating country of the convention as a step to tackle and try airplane hijackers.

한중관계에서 ‘우연적 두 사건’의 역사적 의미와 메시지 - 중국민항기 납치사건(1983)과 황장엽 망명사건(1997)

한중관계에서 ‘우연적 두 사건’의 역사적 의미와 메시지 - 중국민항기 납치사건(1983)과 황장엽 망명사건(1997)

3D Aircraft Path Planning for Hostage Rescue by Artificial Immunity Algorithm

The goal of aviation route planning for hostage rescue is to quickly design a safe and concealed path for aircraft hijacking under complex and unfamiliar circumstance. In this article, basic Artificial Immunity Algorithm (AIA) is improved by consideration of helicopter flyability and time restriction. And a threat model has been proposed through an appropriate simplification operation in in-time environment. Threat models are varied with different complicate environments designed. AIA can successfully plan safe paths by the models, which verify the method’s validity. Under more complex environment, the method can calculate a new path by performing the operation of local flight segment adjustment or re-planning the whole flight path. When the threat models being in dynamically updating state, AIA should be run with negotiation between safe degree and time remained, which allows it to play an active rather a passive role. This would help to enhance the ability of response ability to emergent incidents integrated plan time, aircraft safety, flyability and manoeuvrability in rescue.

Об’єктивізація основних загроз процесу організації міжнародних пасажирських перевезень на авіатранспорті

У статті досліджено поняття загрози в контексті організації пасажирських авіаційних перевезень. З’ясовано, що механізм оцінки та зниження рівня загроз передбачає аналіз, усунення або зниження ризику до допустимого рівня. Основними загрозами, що є похідними від роботи авіаційного транспорту, є проблеми міжнародного тероризму, нелегальної міграції та транснаціональної злочинності. Формами прояву є диверсії, вибухи, захоплення та угони літаків, кримінальна міграція, торгівля людьми, корупція, наркотрафік, контрабанда, порушення митних правил, які справляють суттєвий вплив на політичну, економічну, соціальну, безпекову ситуацію в державі, а тому вимагають уваги як з боку органів державної влади, так і представників громадянського суспільства.

Reflections on the Influence of the 9/11 Attacks on Domestic Security Practices and Future Cyber Security Needs

The 9/11 terrorist attack is arguably the most famous act of terrorism in history. This event changed the worlds view about the security of the United States. More importantly the attack brought into the question safety of U.S. citizen’s safety within the borders of their own country and the need for domestic security. Prior to this deadly attack most Americans had no experience with terrorist attack within the nation’s borders. In fact, most government agencies, especially local and domestically focused agencies had little to no experience with terrorist attacks. Attacks were seen as things that happened elsewhere in other countries. The closest information or experience that Americans and government employees with terrorist attacks prior the 9/11 tragedy were the unique airplane hijackings that occurred in the 1970s and 1980s. Consequently, American were not prepared for the 9/11 Attacks and were taken by surprise. This paper discusses the events that led to the 9/11 Attacks, the government response to the attacks, the changes made as a result of the attacks, including the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, and the most important lesson to be taken from the attacks -- be vigilant and do not be complacent. Taking that lesson into account, a brief discussion on cyber security needs concludes this paper.

Why Airline Passenger Screening Will Be With Us Forever: Past, Present, and Prospects for Air Travel Safety

ABSTRACTPassenger air safety is on a streak, a good one. Zero accidental deaths occurred In 2017 in commercial passenger jet transportation, said to be the safest year for aviation ever. Part of that salutary record is due to the fact that airline-airport terrorism and disruptive criminality have been checked. This article discusses how the very future of commercial aviation once was threatened by air piracy and terrorism. Passenger screening made a significant contribution to safety within the airports and in the sky. These safety measures are permanent but will change as risks and controls evolve. TSA is at the forefront of these security measures, laudably so, but often poorly designed, excessively intrusive procedures and inept technology make the agency unpopular with the public, deterring some travelers from this mode of transportation.

Legal aspects of aircraft hijacking

The goal of this article is to discuss and examine the legal dimension of aircraft hijacking crime from international agreements and Turkish legal system aspect. The fact that there are gaps in security procedures of countries and the punishments not being deterrent in aircraft hijacking acts; affect many people, regions, and countries. Increasing terrorist acts in the last years; acts like aircraft hijacking by terrorist groups make it necessary to review universal rules, penal sanctions, and security procedures. This study mentions the problems created by the association of aircraft hijacking crime with political events. As a solution, it suggests imposing sanctions on countries that make this association and making it compulsory to have police in planes.

The Threat of Cyber Terrorism and What International Law Should (Try To) Do about It

The Threat of Cyber Terrorism and What International Law Should (Try To) Do about It Heather A. Harrison Dinniss (bio) The specter of cyber terrorism is one that has been both bandied and seriously debated since at least the late 1990s. Certainly, by the end of 2017, it looked as if the era of hackers accessing and manipulating critical infrastructure for political purposes, the most likely mechanism for conducting a cyber-terrorist act, had truly arrived. Electrical blackouts had been caused in successive years in Ukraine,1 North Korean hackers had breached an American energy utility,2 and Russian hackers had penetrated not only a nuclear power plant but had obtained hands-on access to an American energy utility's control systems.3 More disturbingly in an escalation of these types of cyber-attacks, reports emerged of an advanced attack against a petrochemical company with a plant in Saudi Arabia, apparently designed to sabotage the firm's operations and trigger a lethal explosion.4 Similar (non-cyber related) explosions at petrochemical plants in China and Mexico resulted in the deaths of several employees, injured hundreds, and forced evacuations of surrounding communities. While all of the investigators involved in the matter believe the attack was most likely intended to cause a fatal explosion, they have all been tight-lipped about any suspected perpetrator of the attacks and even the company affected. The fact of the compromise of the widely used Schneider Triconex safety controllers raises uncomfortable speculation about who was behind the attack and for what purpose. It is no secret that terrorist organizations such as the so-called Islamic State (IS or its Arabic acronym Daesh) have made great strides in utilizing information and communication technologies (ICTs) for encrypted communications, recruitment, propaganda, and fundraising. However, to date, no terrorist group appears to have utilized these technologies to directly launch an attack. In April 2015, it appeared that this pattern had changed. TV5Monde, a French television network, was attacked, shutting down broadcasting across eleven of the network's channels and hijacking their associated websites and social media accounts. A group calling itself the "Cyber Caliphate," an IS-associated group, claimed responsibility for the attack and made clear links to the terrorist attacks that had shaken France three months previously as well as the Charlie Hebdo killings.5 For a country already shaken by these kinetic terrorist attacks, the message was clearly intimidatory: "The CyberCaliphate continues its cyberjihad against the enemies of Islamic State." Social media profile pictures were replaced by pictures of a masked Islamist fighter. Posts imploring soldiers to save their families were [End Page 43] accompanied by documents said to be identity cards belonging to relatives of French soldiers taking part in anti-ISIS operations.6 French officials proclaimed terrorism and the Paris prosecutor's office opened a terrorism investigation into the attack.7 Only it wasn't. Subsequent forensic investigations led to an advanced persistent threat team dubbed APT28 or "Fancy Bear," widely alleged to be, or sponsored by, Russian military intelligence; despite investigation, the reason for the attacks remains unclear.8 These incidents illustrate some of the many difficulties that the international legal community is faced with in formulating a response to cyber terrorism. First is the lack of an agreed definition of what acts or conduct might be included in the term cyber terrorism. While domestic terrorism legislation generally contains very wide definitions of terrorist behavior,9 international law has no such general definition. Second, the international community has little to no agreement on what to do with acts committed by elements of the state that would amount to terrorism if committed by private individuals or organized groups. Definitions The international legal response to terrorism generally has had a difficult gestation. While states have attempted to agree on comprehensive treaties and reforms since the 1930s,10 entrenched disagreements have instead resulted in a patchwork of sectoral treaties dealing with different types of terrorist acts and specific threats (e.g., the hijacking of aircraft, hostage taking), regional treaties (e.g., the ASEAN Convention on Counter Terrorism), and UN Security Council decisions. The coverage is far from comprehensive even in relation to kinetic threats and has left unresolved...