High Yield Research Articles

Generation Mean Analysis for Estimating Gene Action, Heterosis and Inbreeding Depression in Yield and Foliar Disease Resistance in Three Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Crosses

This study was conducted at the Sakha Agricultural Research Station farm over three growing seasons (2019/20, 2020/21, and 2021/22) to introduce new faba bean genotypes possessing high yield potential and increased resistance to foliar diseases. The research involved six populations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1, and BC2) from three crosses (Cross-1: Santamora x Foal Sbai Labiade, Cross-2: Santamora x Misr 3, and Cross-3: Cairo 4 x Misr 3), analyzed using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Generation mean analysis revealed significant mid and better parent heterosis for most traits, indicating over-dominance. Inbreeding depression manifested negatively for chocolate spot and rust diseases but positively for seed count and seed yield per plant across all crosses. Non-allelic interactions were present for all traits, and dominance gene effects were more influential than additive gene effects for most traits. Mean performance analysis showed that F1 populations had lower disease reactions, but higher yields compared to the better parent, while F2 populations displayed greater genetic variability due to segregation. Heterosis was significant for yield and its components across all crosses but less beneficial for disease resistance. Inbreeding depression was significant and negative for disease reactions but positive for yield traits. The study found high broad-sense heritability for all traits, suggesting potential for phenotypic selection. Narrow-sense heritability values were moderate for qualitative traits and lower for quantitative traits. Genetic advance under selection indicated the highest gains were associated with moderate heritability values. Significant non-allelic interactions suggested the need for specific breeding strategies, with dominance gene effects more pronounced than additive effects. These findings support the feasibility of selecting high-yielding, disease-resistant faba bean genotypes through targeted breeding methods, aligning with previous research on the genetic inheritance of these traits.

Organocatalytic Approaches towards the Synthesis of Asymmetric Tetrahydroquinoline (THQ) Derivatives

Among the N-heterocyclic compounds, the delightful 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines (THQs) shine brightly due to their abundant presence in molecules of significant biological importance and pharmaceuticals with diverse biological activities. Charming derivatives like angustureine and cuspareine spring from the Galipea officinalis, while the captivating martinelline and martinellic acid are treasures from Martinella iquitosenses. The allure of THQs lies in their vast biological potential and the intriguing challenge of natural isolation. To capture these gems, various synthetic routes have been crafted, such as the hydrogenation of quinolines, domino reactions, intramolecular cyclization, and notably, the ingenious Povarov reaction. As the 21st century dawned, a new star ascended in the realm of asymmetric synthesis: organocatalysis. celebrated as the "third pillar" alongside metal catalysts and biocatalysts, organocatalysis employs small, chiral organic molecules to gracefully orchestrate organic transformations under gentle conditions. This approach not only offers remarkable efficiency but also crafts complex molecular structures with high precision. Its simplicity and the accessibility of catalytic systems have made organocatalysis a beloved method, ensuring high yields and exceptional enantiomeric excess across a myriad of organic reactions.

Genetic variations and gene expression profiles of Rice Black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) in different host plants and insect vectors: insights from RNA-Seq analysis

Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) is an etiological agent of a destructive disease infecting some economically important crops from the Gramineae family in Asia. While RBSDV causes high yield losses, genetic characteristics of replicative viral populations have not been investigated within different host plants and insect vectors. Herein, eleven publicly available RNA-Seq datasets from Chinese RBSDV-infected rice, maize, and viruliferous planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus) were obtained from the NCBI database. The patterns of SNP and RNA expression profiles of expected RBSDV populations were analyzed by CLC Workbench 20 and Geneious Prime software. These analyses discovered 2,646 mutations with codon changes in RBSDV whole transcriptome and forty-seven co-mutated hotspots with high variant frequency within the crucial regions of S5-1, S5-2, S6, S7-1, S7-2, S9, and S10 open reading frames (ORFs) which are responsible for some virulence and host range functions. Moreover, three joint mutations are located on the three-dimensional protein of P9-1. The infected RBSDV-susceptible rice cultivar KTWYJ3 and indigenous planthopper datasets showed more co-mutated hotspot numbers than others. Our analyses showed the expression patterns of viral genomic fragments varied depending on the host type. Unlike planthopper, S5-1, S2, S6, and S9-1 ORFs, respectively had the greatest read numbers in host plants; and S5-2, S9-2, and S7-2 were expressed in the lowest level. These findings underscore virus/host complexes are effective in the genetic variations and gene expression profiles of plant viruses. Our analysis revealed no evidence of recombination events. Interestingly, the negative selection was observed at 12 RBSDV ORFs, except for position 1015 in the P1 protein, where a positive selection was detected. The research highlights the potential of SRA datasets for analysis of the virus cycle and enhances our understanding of RBSDV’s genetic diversity and host specificity.

Organocatalytic Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Michael Addition of α‐Aryl Isocyanoacetates to Aurone‐Derived Azadienes

AbstractA highly diastereo‐ and enantioselective organocatalytic Michael addition of α‐aryl isocyanoacetates to aurone‐derived azadienes under mild conditions has been developed. This efficient methodology enables access to chiral α,α‐disubstituted α‐amino ester derivatives with two adjacent stereocenters, one of them quaternary, bearing a benzofuran scaffold in their structure in high yields and stereocontrol. Furthermore, the reaction product can be readily converted into an α,α‐disubstituted α‐amino acid in high yield via hydrolysis of the isocyano group without compromising enantioselectivity.

Highly Efficient Recycling Waste Plastic into Hydrogen and Carbon Nanotubes through a Double Layer Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis Method.

Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of PE to hydrogen and carbon material has great potential to solve the problem of waste PE induced white pollution and provide a promising way to produce hydrogen energy. To increase the hydrogen yield, a new microwave-assisted pyrolysis procedure should be developed. In the present study, a facile double-layer microwave-assisted pyrolysis (DLMP) method is developed to pyrolyze PE. Within this method, PE can be converted to hydrogen, multiwalled carbon nanotubes with extremely high efficiency compared with the traditional methods. A high hydrogen yield of 66.4 mmolg-1 PE is achieved, which is ≈93% of the upper limit of the theoretical hydrogen yield generated from the PE pyrolysis process. The mechanism of high hydrogen yield during the microwave-assisted pyrolysis of PE using the DLMP method is also clarified in detail. The DLMP method paved the potential way for recycling plastic waste into high-value-added products.

One-step hydrolysis for preparation of carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals with high yield at room temperature and their iridescent phenomenon

One-step hydrolysis for preparation of carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals with high yield at room temperature and their iridescent phenomenon

Supramolecular Exchange Reaction in the Cavity of Naphthalene diimides Extended-Pillar[6]arene.

A new naphthalene diimides extended-pillar[6]arene 1 with a large cavity and rich host-guest complexation properties was synthesized in high yield. It can not only form 1:2 complexes with large size polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons but also form 1:1:1 ternary complex with perylene and 2,7-diazapyrenium. Moreover, the supramolecular exchange reaction from a 1:2 host-guest complex 1•(G3)2 formed by 1 and perylene to a 1:1:1 ternary complex 1•G3•G5 formed by 1 with perylene and 2,7-diazapyrenium salt was also investigated by 1H NMR experiments as well as theoretically calculations.

Sc(OTf)3‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 3‐Substituted Lawsones through a Buchner‐Curtius‐Schlotterbeck Reaction

AbstractAn efficient strategy has been developed for the synthesis of 3‐substituted lawsones using a catalytic amount of Sc(OTf)3 in toluene at −78 °C through a Buchner‐Curtius‐Schlotterbeck reaction. It is a versatile method to produce a large number of 3‐aryl, 3‐styryl, 3‐alkyl, and 3‐heteroaryl substituted lawsones under mild conditions. This is a first report on the synthesis of 3‐substituted lawsones in high yields with in short reaction times.

Synthesis, crystal structure, and DFT studies of NHC mediated Pd-PEPPSI complex: Application for Suzuki reaction

A novel air and moisture resistant Pd-PEPPSI (pyridine-enhanced precatalyst preparation, stabilization, and initiation) complex was synthesized via the reaction of benzimidazolium salt, PdCl2, KBr, K2CO3, and pyridine. The structure was characterized by spectroscopic methods such as 1H and 13C NMR, FT-IR, UV–vis. and single X-ray diffraction techniques. In order to evaluate the synthesized Pd complex in a detailed manner in terms of structural, bonding, electronic, and thermodynamic characteristics, DFT-based calculations were carried out at the B3LYP/6-311++G (d, p)/LANL2TZ theory level. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis was implemented to provide more insights about the possible donor-acceptor interactions and types of hybridization. Also, TD-DFT calculations were performed to rationalize the nature of the observed electronic transitions. The complex showed high catalytic activity in the Suzuki–Miyaura cross coupling of aryl chlorides with phenylboronic acid. Aryl chlorides bearing either electron- donating or withdrawing substituents afforded a wide range of biaryl derivatives that were isolated in the range of 55–97 % yields (7 examples). The reactions were carried out at very low catalyst loading (0.25 mol%) in the presence of air using a green water-based solvent (ipr:H2O/ 1:3). The palladium complex was found to be efficient for the coupling of aryl chlorides with arylboronic acids under aerobic conditions, affording the corresponding biaryls in high yields.

Trifluoromethylsulfinyl Compounds: Recent Synthetic Approaches and Future Perspectives

AbstractThe introduction of trifluoromethylsulfinyl group into the required target molecules has become an indispensable strategy for pharmaceutical chemists to improve the success of new drug discovery. Compared with the indirect methods, direct trifluoromethylsulfinylation by employing available trifluoromethylsulfinylating reagents is an important and elegant strategy for the rapid assembly of valuable CF3S(O)‐derived organic molecules. This review focuses on the recent synthetic approaches and future perspectives of trifluoromethylsulfinyl compounds based on the indirect and direct methods in this area. These transformations proceed effectively with high yields and good functional group compatibility under mild conditions.

A Novel One-Pot Three-Component Approach to Orthoaminocarbonitrile Tetrahydronaphthalenes Using Triethylamine (Et_3N) as a Highly Efficient and Homogeneous Catalyst Under Mild Conditions and Investigating Its Anti-cancer Properties Through Molecular Docking Studies and Calculations

An efficient and environmentally friendly method for the one-pot synthesis of ortho-aminocarbonitrile tetrahydronaphthalenes has been developed in the presence of triethylamine (Et3N) as a homogeneous catalyst. The multicomponent reactions of benzaldehydes, cyclohexanone and malononitrile were carried out under mild conditions to obtain some ortho-aminocarbonitrile tetrahydronaphthalene derivatives. A broad range of structurally diverse benzaldehydes were applied successfully, and corresponding products (4A-L) were obtained in good to excellent yields (87-98%) in very short times (10-25 minutes). The present approach provides several advantages including simple workup, high yields, very mild reaction conditions, short reaction times, little catalyst loading and not requiring specialized equipment. Furthermore, with the help of computational chemistry and drug design methods, the anti-cancer properties of these compounds were studied and investigated. All the synthesized compounds bind to an agonist at the active site of the 3A8P protein, which leads to the inactivation of this protein and produces beneficial effects during cancer treatment. In synthesized compounds, the ligands establish hydrogen bonds with leucine A:728 residues through nitrogen, which has a very special and vital role in biological sciences and pharmaceutical connections. In this study, it was found that these compounds have the potential to become an oral anti-cancer drug.

New okra genotypes for the management of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the diverse ecological landscapes of Central Africa.

Various aphid species, including Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), are considered important pests of okra and other vegetables. Previous studies under 1 environment in Cameroon, Central Africa, had found multiple okra genotypes with resistance to A. gossypii. However, the stability and yield performance of the "resistant" genotypes across different environments were unknown. Ten previously identified aphid-resistant okra genotypes along with 1 commercial variety and a local landrace (specific to a given location) were compared during 2 seasons in replicated trials in 4 agro-ecological zones of Cameroon that also represent large areas of Central Africa. Aphid populations and okra yield parameters were evaluated. Breeding values were predicted using a linear mixed model for all data, and genotypes by location interactions were identified. The area under the infestation pressure curve (AUIPC) was calculated using aphid count data and subjected to resistance analysis. The Local-the most susceptible with the highest breeding value (+2.33)-and VI060794-one of the moderately resistant-genotypes had the highest yield per hectare. The only resistant genotype VI036213 had the lowest breeding value (-2.20). Genotype × location interactions were significant for yield, pod width, and plant height, while location variance was significant for all parameters evaluated. When considering that higher aphid densities could lead to greater pesticide use and, therefore higher production and environmental costs, the high-yielding VI060794-with moderate aphid resistance across multiple environments-presents an alternative or substitute for local landraces across multiple agro-ecologies of Cameroon and (by extension) Central Africa.

Effect of Selected Insecticides against Earias vittella (Fabricius) on Okra Abelmoschus esculentus L.

At the Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India, a field experiment took place out at the Central Research Farm (CRF). Using a variant of Kasturi, the experiment was set up using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with eight treatments that were each replicated three times. The treatments viz., Lambdacyhalothrin 2.5% EC@0.5-1ml/lit, Spinosad 45%SC @0.3-0.4ml/lit Flubendiamide 480SC @0.3ml/lit, Chlorantraniliprole18.5%SC 0.5ml/lit, Imidacloprid17.8%SL@ 1ml 2.5l, Emamectin benzoate 5%SG@5 g/land Neem oil@ 20 ml/l and along with untreated control were used against fruit and shoot borer (Earias vittella) infesting okra. All treatments have been shown to be significantly superior to control when analyzing the data on the larval population of the fruit and shoot borer of okra after the first and second spray. Among all the treatments Chlorantraniliprole 18.5%SC showed lowest larval population 10.21 and 9.98 by Spinosad 45% SC(11.45,12.29%), Emamectinbenzoate 5% SG(13.86,14.11%), Imidacloprid 17.8% SL(16.94,15.87%) Lambdacyhalothrin 2.5% EC(17.83,16.03%) Flubendamide 480SC (19.25and19.40%) Neemoil 20ml/l (20.35 and18.75%) Control 5% (24.84 and 25.98%). The highest yield and cost benefit ratio was recorded in Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC(153q/ha,1:6.54) followed by Spinosad 45% SC(150q/ha,1;6.01) Emamectinbenzoate 5% SG(125q/1;5.54), Imidacloprid 17.8% SL(117q/ha,1:5.28) Lambdacyhalothrin 2.5% EC(105q/ha1:4.83), Flubendamide 480 SC(79q/ha, 1:3.56 and Neemoil 20ml/l (7 0 q / h a ,1:3.03).

Impact of irrigation systems on water saving and yield of greenhouse and open field cucumber production in Saudi Arabia

Water resources worldwide are limited, especially in desert areas like Saudi Arabia. Therefore, the rational and sustainable management of irrigation water supply is an imperative requirement. This research aimed to assess how different irrigation systems, such as partial root-zone drying (PRD) and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), would affect the growth of cucumber crops. The study specifically focused on comparing the impact of these irrigation techniques when implemented with surface (S) and subsurface (SB) drip irrigation methods. The research was conducted in both controlled environments and open-field settings in central Saudi Arabia. Additionally, the study aimed to promote the adoption of RDI and PRD irrigation systems among Saudi farmers as a means to conserve essential irrigation water resources. The treatments consisted of two groups: the drip irrigation group with a single line (RDI), which includes full irrigation and deficit irrigation, and the group with the (PRD) for the root zone with two lines with the same irrigation ratios as the first group. The productivity of the RDI-S regular drip irrigation treatment was considered 100 % as the control on which the results of all treatments are measured. The results showed that in terms of irrigation technique, the PRD-SB technique had the highest productivity during the winter season in a greenhouse, with an average of 13.8 kg m−2 for all irrigation levels, while the RDI-SB technique had the highest productivity during the summer season, with an average of 16.1 kg m−2. Regarding irrigation level results, the study showed that an irrigation level of 100 % is the highest yield in all irrigation techniques, with a general average of 14.9 kg m−2 for all irrigation techniques during the winter season and 16.4 kg m−2 during the summer. The study showed that irrigation with the PRD-SB system was the most productive in the open field at all irrigation levels, with an average of 7.3 kg m−2. It could be concluded that using PRD and RDI systems for indoor and outdoor cucumber production can save irrigation water in arid regions.

New Insights for High-Through CO2 Hydrogenation to High-Quality Fuel.

In the case of CO2 thermal-catalytic hydrogenation, highly selective olefin generation and subsequent olefin secondary reactions to fuel hydrocarbons in an ultra-short residence time is a huge challenge, especially under industrially feasible conditions. Here, we report a pioneering synthetic process that achieves selective production of high-volume commercial gasoline with the assistance of fast response mechanism. In situ experiments and DFT calculations demonstrate that the designed NaFeGaZr presents exceptional carbiding prowess, and swiftly forms carbides even at extremely brief gas residence times, facilitating olefin production. The created successive hollow zeolite HZSM-5 further reinforces aromatization of olefin diffused from NaFeGaZr via optimized mass transfer in the hollow channel of zeolite. Benefiting from its rapid response mechanism within the multifunctional catalytic system, this catalyst effectively prevents the excessive hydrogenation of intermediates and controls the swift conversion of intermediates into aromatics, even in high-throughput settings. This enables a rapid one-step synthesis of high-quality gasoline-range hydrocarbons without any post-treatment, with high commercial product compatibility and space-time yield up to 0.9 kggasoline·kgcat-1·h-1. These findings from the current work can provide a shed for the preparation of efficient catalysts and in-depth understanding of C1 catalysis in industrial level.

Rewiring gene circuitry for plant improvement.

Aspirations for high crop growth and yield, nutritional quality and bioproduction of materials are challenged by climate change and limited adoption of new technologies. Here, we review recent advances in approaches to profile and model gene regulatory activity over developmental and response time in specific cells, which have revealed the basis of variation in plant phenotypes: both redeployment of key regulators to new contexts and their repurposing to control different slates of genes. New synthetic biology tools allow tunable, spatiotemporal regulation of transgenes, while recent gene-editing technologies enable manipulation of the regulation of native genes. Ultimately, understanding how gene circuitry is wired to control form and function across varied plant species, combined with advanced technology to rewire that circuitry, will unlock solutions to our greatest challenges in agriculture, energy and the environment.

“Green” Synthesis of Substituted Tetraketones with Prominent Bactericide Effect

Abstract: Effective and “green” synthesis of tetraketone derivatives was elaborated. The last compounds developed prominent bactericide activity against both MIC and MBC S. aureus (ATCC-6538P) bacteria. The novelty of this approach is concluded in the application of Al(OH)3 catalyst for the Knoevenagel-Michael cascade reaction of aromatic aldehydes and 1,3-cyclic diketones in water. The process is chemoselective and affords high yield of tetraketones under benign conditions. The catalyst maintained 80% of initial activity within four cycles. The proposed method can be regarded as an alternative to the existing syntheses of biologically active tetraketones that utilize homogeneous and expensive heterogeneous catalysts. result: The reaction is chemoselective and gives high yields of tetraketones under mild conditions. The catalyst maintained 80% yield until the third reuse cycle.

Stable cytoactivity of piscine satellite cells in rice bran-gelatin hydrogel scaffold of cultured meat

In order to achieve high cell adhesion and growth efficiency on scaffolds for cultured meat, animal materials, especially gelatin, are necessary though the disadvantages of weak mechanical properties and poor stability of their hydrogel scaffolds are present during cell cultivation. Here, we use rice bran as a kind of filling and supporting materials to develop a composite scaffold with gelatin for fish cell cultivation, where rice bran is also inexpensive from high yield fibrous agricultural by-product. The rice bran (with a proportion of 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 to 3 of gelatin) could evenly distributed in the three-dimensional network composed of gelatin hydrogel. It contributed to delaying swelling and degradation rates, fixing water and improving elastic modulus. It is important that rice bran-gelatin hydrogel scaffolds (especially the hydrogel with 70 % rice bran, db) promoted piscine satellite cells (PSCs) proliferation effectively compared to the pure gelatin hydrogel, and the former could also support the differentiation of PSCs. Overall, this work showed a positive promotion to explore new source of scaffold materials like agricultural by-product for reducing the cost of cell cultured meat production.

Rhodium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Intramolecular Hydroalkoxylation of Allenes and Application in the Total Synthesis of (R,R,R)‐α‐Tocopherol

AbstractWe report herein of a novel, enantioselective and rhodium‐ catalyzed cyclisation of allenyl alcohols towards chiral α‐vinylic, cyclic ethers employing a rhodium/(R,R)‐Me‐ferrocelane catalyst. The corresponding chiral cyclic products were obtained in general high yields and enantioselectivities. The synthetic value of our obtained products was further exemplified by transformations of the allylic ether function. Furthermore, applying our newly developed method in our previously reported route towards the total synthesis of (R,R,R)‐α‐tocopherol, we accomplished a significantly improved 2nd generation synthesis of the chromane building providing a total number of 13 steps and an overall total yield of 27 %.

Asymmetric Organocatalytic Benzylation of Morita–Baylis–Hillman Carbonates with 2,4-Dinitrotoluene Derivatives

AbstractThe organocatalytic asymmetric benzylation of Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) carbonates with 2,4-dinitrotoluene derivatives as nucleophiles is described. The developed reaction provides a straightforward access to functionalized 2,4-dinitrotoluene derivatives of biological and synthetic relevance. Highly functionalized products have been chemoselectively and efficiently obtained in good to high yields (up to 84%) and with excellent stereoselectivity (up to >20:1 dr, >99 ee).