Highest Retention Time Research Articles

Identification of Active Compounds from Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Belimbing Wuluh) Flower using LC-MS and Antidiabetic Activity Test using in vitro and in silico Approaches

Averrhoa bilimbi L., (Belimbing wuluh), is traditionally used for various antidiabetic, anti-larvicidal, antioxidant, hypoallergenic, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory treatments. This study evaluated 3 extracts (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol) isolated from starfruit flowers for antidiabetic effects using in vitro and in silico methods. Ethyl acetate extract showed the highest activity, followed by n-hexane and n-butanol extracts in inhibiting α-glucosidase. Each extract has an IC50 value of 89.84, 52.88, and 114.86 µg/mL. The active compounds contained in the ethyl acetate extract were determined using LC-MS, and the compounds with the highest retention time were identified as tautomycetin (8.585) and lithocholic acid (8.993). Tautomycetin and lithocholic acid showed promising results in the in silico test. The computational predictions showed that tautomycetin (−6.2 kcal/mol) and lithocholic acid (−10.0 kcal/mol) have better binding affinity values than miglitol (−5.4 kcal/mol). This is the first time the antidiabetic test of starfruit flower extract has been carried out. HIGHLIGHTS Averrhoa bilimbi L well-known as belimbing wuluh. is a highly nutritious plant and an endemic and tropical species mainly used as a traditional medicine to treat several diseases. Its fruit is food with economic value in Indonesia Extracts of ethyl acetate from the flower showed the highest antidiabetic activity with IC50 52.88 μg/mL In the phytochemical determination from Averrhoa bilimbi L flower using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometer (LC-MS), several compounds were suspected of having antidiabetic activity, namely the compound lithocholic acid, and tautomycetin Lithocholic acid and tautomycetin have been tested for their bioactivity as antidiabetic with in vitro and in vivo methods GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Regulation of Lipid metabolism in Bombyx mori using minor millet malt

Current study investigates transesterification and regulation of lipid metabolism activity of minor millet malt using Bombyx mori as model organism. Minor millet malt extracts were examined for transesterification reaction on sunflower oil through gas chromatographic analysis. In-vivo lipid regulation was investigated on silkworm larvae and in-vitro biochemical assays were carried out to evaluate lipid levels using spectophotometric techniques. Little millet treated oil showed decreased retention time with 1.69 min and highest retention time was observed in oil treated with kodo millet and foxtail millet with 1.96 min. In the current study, silk worm larvae were fed with mulberry leaves dipped with millet malt extract in order to examine their morphological, body weight and biochemical changes. Silk worm larvae fed with little millet showed overall best results exhibiting lesser increase in the body weight gain by 0.9±0.16gms during the course of treatment. Biochemical examination of little millet treated silkworm larvae showed significantly lower triglyceride levels (24.67±2.3mg/dl), VLDL (4.93±0.4mg/dl) and glucose (74.67mg/dl). Therefore, minor millet malt extracts can be potential agents for further exploration of its lipolytic properties in mammals in order to understand the mechanism of lipid regulating activity by minor millets.

GC- MS SCREENING AND IN-SILICO PREDICTION OF PILA GLOBOSA EXTRACT AGAINST THE BONE DISEASES IN CALCITONIN RECEPTOR

India’s flora and fauna has diverse medicinal properties and constitutes the major portion of our traditional medicine system. One among them is snails. Snails have a long history of being used for treating diseases in traditional medicinal systems around the world including India and China. Pila globosa is one of the largest land snails, mainly used as food. Here in this study, the gas chromatography and mass spectrometry discovered the presence of thirteen bio active constituents with various medicinal applications. The constituent Stigmasta-4, 22-dien-3-beta-ol had the highest retention time and exhibited a efficient binding with the human protein calcitonin receptor ectodomain. The calcitonin receptor types is expressed widely in various tissues and cells but most importantly in the osteoclates and hence a very important receptor in the treatment for bone disorders. The binding of the Pila globosa snail constituent with the human calcitonin receptor proved that a novel drug can be developed from the snail for the treatment of bone disorders such as osteoporosis, hypercalcemia of malignancy and paget’s disease. In addition to that, the snail extract exhibited no cytotoxicity and an efficient antioxidant property against DPPH and H2O2 free radicals. The FTIR analysis revealed the snail contained biologically significant functional groups with properties suitable for a drug and prevalent in most of the pharmaceutical drugs. Thus, these results imply the safety and efficacy of the snail Pila globosa for a novel drug development.

Isolation and Purification of the Anti-Bacterial Compound of Cinnamon Oil Extracted from South India

Cinnamon oil is derived from the leaves of the cinnamon tree, the essential oil of the plant is extracted by steam distillation, while its bark is used to make cinnamon spice. The present study was conducted to isolate the most important bioactive compounds from cinnamon oil extracted from South India. The thin-layer chromatography (TLC) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to determine and estimate the isolates obtained. It found that the organic phase's highest retention time was 5.433, and the peak area percentage was 88.8 %. The organic phase sample had a high peak area percentage, indicating that there was a lot of bioactive chemical in it. The broad absorption band at 3270 cm-1 is due to the (-OH) group, 1670 and 1623 cm-1 to the C=C group, 1449 and 1381 cm-1 to the (-C-H) group, and the band at 1120 cm-1 to the (-C-O) group. A pseudo molecular ion peak at m/z 275 for a [M+H] +. This study resulted in finding a peak in the positive mode mass spectra, indicating a molecular weight of 274 and the molecular formula of C15H14O5.1H 13CNMR investigations verified the presence of phenol hydroxide groups, two aromatic ring systems, methylene groups, and a phenoxy carbon in the chemical composition of the compound. Moreover, the composition is quite similar to catechins, and this chemical is separated from the organic phase of cinnamon oil. The potent inhibitory activity of the newly synthesized catechin antagonist against S.aureus and E.coli was found to assess cell death by detection of DNA fragments using agarose gel electrophoresis and SEM analysis.

Phytochemistry and antioxidant activity of Amaranthus viridis L (Green leaf)

Phytochemistry and antioxidant activity of Amaranthus viridis L (Green leaf) were undertaken with standard methods. The leaf sample after being screening for phytochemicals, contained tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, phenolic compounds, proteins and anthraquinones at different concentrations. A further study using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS) analytic method on the leaf sample revealed a total of twenty-two detailed compounds among which are 3-Hydroxy-N-methylphenethylamine, Erucic acid, n-Hexadecanoic acid, 1,2-Propanediol,3-chloro-, and Cystamine. 3-Hydroxy-N-methylphenethy lamine had the highest retention time; Erucic acid had the highest molecular weight while n-Hexadecanoic acid had the highest peal area. Most of the compounds have important applications in body care products and cosmetics, pharmaceutical or food industries. A. viridis leaf extract exhibited a better antioxidant activity against the ascorbic acid used as control in the present study. The phytochemicals present in the leaf sample could be behind its antioxidant activity. The study has shown the phytochemistry and antioxidant activity of A. viridis leaf sample.

Phytochemistry and Antioxidant Activity of Irvingiagabonensis (Bush mango) Seed Sample

Phytochemistry and antioxidant activity of Irvingiagabonensis (Bush mango) seed sample were evaluated. Dried milled seeds of I.gabonensis popularly known as “ogbono” passed through phytochemical screening, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and antioxidant studies. Tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, and reducing sugars were among the phytochemicals found present after screening. About 20 constituents were revealed by the GC-MS analysis out of which 1,3-O-Benzylidine glyceryl-2-myristate had the highest molecular weight, 2-Undecanone had the highest peak area of 45.39% whereas 3-Dibenzofuranamine had the highest retention time. Some of these constituents could have one or two applications in medicinal, food or cosmetic industries. I.gabonensis seeds showed better antioxidant activity against the control at concentrations considered in this study. Some of these constituents as well could be behind the observed antioxidant activity. This study has evaluated the phytochemistry and antioxidant activity of I.gabonensis (Bush mango) seed sample.

Phytochemical Screening, GC-MS Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of CurcurbitapepoL. usingIts Leaf Sample

This study evaluated the phytochemical screening, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and antioxidant activity of Curcurbitapepo L. using its leaf sample with standard methods. The sample used for the study was procured from Imo State University school farm and was properly identified. Result of phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, phlobactannins, proteins, and anthraquinnones, while the GC-MS analysis revealed a total of 78 compounds, out which Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (C24H38O4) had the highest molecular weight, 2,4,6-Octatriene, 2,6-dimethyl- (C10H16) had the highest peak area of 10.21% while Morphinan-6-ol, 4,5-epoxy-N-methyl-, (5α 6α- (C17H21NO2) had the highest retention time. The antioxidant activity of the studied sample was enhanced against the control. Some of the compounds as revealed by GC-MS analysis could be of healthcare or industrial importance. There is need for further studies on the leaf sample to ascertain further the observations of the present study. This study has evaluated the phytochemical screening, GC-MS analysis and antioxidant activity of C.pepo L. using its leaf sample.

Phytochemical Screening, GC-MS Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Three Medicinal Plants From Nigeria

Phytochemical screening, GC-MS analysis and antioxidant activity of some medicinal plants were investigated using standard methods. Leaves of Gongronema latifolium, Petrocarpus mildbraedii, and Piper guineense plants were prepared properly and used in the entire study. Results of phytochemical screening for the plants revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, reducing sugars amongst others at different concentrations. Results of GC-MS analysis for G.latifolium showed a total of thirty-three compounds of which Cyclohexano, 2-l(methlaminomethyl)-trans had the highest retention time, squalene had the highest molecular weight and phytol had the highest peak area. GC-MS result for P.mildbraedii revealed a total of twenty-three of which Acatamide,2,2,2-trichloro- had the highest retention time, Erucic acid had the highest molecular weight whereas n-Hexadecanoic acid the highest peak area. Only ten compound were observed in P.guineense of which Ethyl (3-hydroxyphenyl) carbamate had the highest retention time, Benzaminde, N-(4,5-dichloro-1,3-benzothiazol-2yl)-3,5-dimethoxy- had the highest molecular weight and Benzene, 1,2,3-trimethoxy-5-(2-propenyl)- has the highest peak area in P. guineense. The antioxidant activity of the plant extracts as assessed, followed the order P.guineense > G.latifolium> P. mildbraedii in comparative with ascorbic acid used as the control. The observed compounds become very important when the usefulness of these plants as medicinal plants are considered. They could as well be behind the antioxidant property of the plants in this study. This study has revealed the phytochemical screening, GC-MS analysis and antioxidant activity of some medicinal plants.

Molecular recognition of oligonucleotides and plasmid DNA by l-methionine.

The present study explores the effect of oligonucleotide composition on the mechanism of retention to l-methionine agarose support by chromatography and saturation transfer difference (STD)-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. All chromatographic experiments were performed using 1.5 M (NH4 )2 SO4 . The binding profiles obtained by chromatography show that oligonucleotides with thymine had the highest retention time. In general, the larger homo-oligonucleotides are more retained to the l-methionine agarose support. Moreover, the study with hetero-oligonucleotides confirms that the presence of guanine reduces the retention on the l-methionine chromatographic support. These results are in accord with STD-NMR experiments, which show that the strongest signals were observed for the methyl group of thymine, and no STD signals were observed for the guanosine protons. Finally, the retention behaviour of linear plasmid DNA (pDNA) with different sizes and base composition (2.7-kbp pUC19, 6.05-kbp pVAX1-LacZ, 7.4-kbp pVAX1-LacZgag and 14-kbp pcDNA-based plasmid) was also evaluated by chromatography. The results indicate that the underlying mechanism of retention involves not only hydrophobic interactions but also other elementary interactions responsible for the biorecognition of pDNA molecules by l-methionine ligands.

GC–MS and FTIR evaluation of the six benzoyl-substituted-1-pentylindoles: Isomeric synthetic cannabinoids

This report compares the GC–MS and FTIR properties of all 6 regioisomeric benzoyl substituted-1-n-pentylindoles. These compounds have the benzoyl-group attached at each of the possible ring substituent positions of the indole ring. The six compounds have the same elemental composition C20H21NO yielding identical nominal and exact masses. Additionally, the substituents attached to the indole ring, benzoyl- and 1-n-pentyl-groups, are identical for all six isomers. The electron ionization mass spectra show equivalent regioisomeric major fragments resulting from cleavage of the groups attached to the central indole nucleus. Fragment ions occur at m/z 77 and 105 for the phenyl and benzoyl cations common to all six regioisomeric substances. Fragmentation of the benzoyl and/or pentyl groups yields the cations at m/z 234, 220, 214, 186 and 144. While the relative abundance of the ions varies among the six regioisomeric substances the 1-n-pentyl-3-benzoylindole and 1-n-pentyl-5-benzoylindole share very similar relative abundances for the major fragment ions.Chromatographic separations on a capillary column containing a 0.5μm film of 100% trifluoropropyl methyl polysiloxane (Rtx-200) provided excellent resolution of these six compounds. The elution order appears related to the relative distance between the two indole substituted groups. The latest eluting compounds (highest retention time) have the two substituents on opposite sides of the indole nucleus. Infrared absorption spectral data show the carbonyl absorption band for each of the benzoylindoles and provide distinguishing and characteristic information to individualize each of the regioisomers in this set of compounds.

GC–MS and IR studies on the six ring regioisomeric dimethoxybenzoyl-N-methylpiperazines (DMBzMPs)

The complete series of regioisomeric dimethoxybenzoyl-N-methylpiperazines were synthesized and evaluated in GC–MS and FTIR studies. The EI mass spectra show fragment ions characteristic of both the dimethoxybenzoyl and the N-methylpiperazine portions of the molecules. These characteristic fragments include the dimethoxybenzoyl cation at m/z 165 as well as the m/z 99 N-methylpiperazine cation and the low mass cation species at m/z 56 (C3H6 N+) and the m/z 70 ion (C4H8N+). Unique radical cations characteristic for the benzoyl-N-methylpiperazines were observed at m/z 83 (C5H9 N+) and m/z 207 (C11H13NO3+) Deuterium labeling experiments were used to characterize the mechanism of formation of these fragment ions. Attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy provides direct confirmatory data for the differentiation between the six regioisomeric aromatic ring substituted dimethoxybenzoyl-N-methylpiperazines. Gas chromatographic separation of this series of compounds was accomplished on an Rtx-200 stationary phase and relative retention appears related to the degree of steric crowding of the aromatic ring substituents. The most crowded patterns of substitution elute first while the more symmetrical 1-, 3-, 5-substitution pattern has the highest retention time.

Study of the specific interaction between l-methionine chromatography support and nucleotides

The interaction of l-methionine-agarose with 5′-mononucleotide was investigated by saturation transfer difference (STD)-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Chromatographic experiments were also performed using homo-oligonucleotides of distinct molecular masses (1–30 nucleotides) to explore the effect of base hydrophobicity, temperature, pH and salt concentration on the retention of homo-oligonucleotides to l-methionine-agarose support. With STD-NMR, the results reveal that hydrophobic residues, such as the CH3 of thymine and adenine, can preferentially recognise the l-methionine side chain of the support. Also, 5′-TMP led to more contacts with the support, while 5′-UMP presented fewer STD contacts. For 5′-UMP, 5′-CMP and 5′-GMP, the main interaction with the support was through the sugar-phosphate backbone. Similar binding profiles were obtained using chromatographic experiments. Indeed, 5′-TMP had the highest retention time, followed by 5′-GMP, 3′-AMP, 5′-UMP and 5′-CMP. In general, the retention factor of homo-oligonucleotides was higher for ammonium sulphate concentration 1.5M. For the polyT3–polyT30 series, the retention time increased by about three-fold, indicating that larger homo-oligonucleotides have more hydrophobic bases, thus enhancing contact with the l-methionine support. The temperature (5, 20 and 35°C) did not influence homo-oligonucleotide retention. However, the retention time slightly increased when the pH was lower than 9. The STD-NMR technique combined with chromatographic experiments was thus successfully used to screen amino acid–nucleotide interactions.

On the electrochemistry of dopamine in aqueous solution. Part I: The role of [SDS] on the voltammetric behavior of dopamine on a carbon paste electrode

Abstract From CV and HPLC experiments, the influence of [SDS] on the dopamine electrochemical behavior was determined in aqueous solution. It is shown that in the absence of SDS the dopamine electrochemical oxidation at a carbon paste electrode is a quasi-reversible process, mass transfer controlled that is coupled to a slow chemical reaction (EC mechanism), however, as the [SDS] in solution is increased, the heterogeneous standard rate constant, k 0 , drastically increases. When [SDS] reaches a value of 5 mM, which is higher than the corresponding critical micellar concentration (CMC), the dopamine electrooxidation reaction becomes adsorption controlled and the chemical reaction is avoided. In all these cases, it was found that, the electrode reaction involves a monoelectronic transfer step. From HPLC experiments it was found that, after imposing a macroelectrolysis (oxidation) of dopamine, two products were detected except when the [SDS] in solution was 5 mM. In this case, just one product was formed corresponding to that having the highest retention time, which can be associated to dopamine semiquinone.

Gastro‐Intestinal transit time in South American deer

AbstractThe study of diet and physiological peculiarities of the digestive system of neotropical deer is not well known and the literature shows inconsistencies. To better understand the digestive system of these mammals the difference in the gastro‐intestinal transit time of four species of neotropical deer (Mazama americana, Mazama gouazoubira, Mazama nana, Blastocerus dichotomus), kept in captivity, was evaluated. Four plants (Neonotonia wightii, Morus albans, Medicago sativa, Leucaena leucocephala) were utilized and two variables were measured, mean time of the beginning of the elimination (BE) and mean time of permanence (TP). The results obtained for BE indicated similarity among the deer species, with significant differences between M. gouazoubira (mean=13.62 hr) and M. Americana (mean=19.25 hr). For the plants, the BE was faster with N. wightii and L. leucocephala, and slower for M. sativa. The TP results for B. dichotomus showed longer time when compared to the other species, whereas M. gouazoubira had a lower permanence. Overall, N. wightii had the highest retention time in the digestive tract of all the deer species studied. Associated with this observation, N. wightii had the highest quantity of plant fiber of the plants tested. In a similar fashion M. sativa showed the lowest TP in the digestive tract of the deer and had the lowest quantity of acid detergent fiber. The data from this study showed that, within species, the shape of the excretion curve of the plants was similar when the animals consumed N. wightii or M. sativa. Blastocerus dichotomus and M. gouazoubira had the highest and the lowest gastro‐intestinal transit time, respectively. This suggests that these species characterize different abilities to digest high fiber food, and consequently, represent the two extremities in the morphophysiological adaptation within the deer species evaluated. This information is vital because it is important to know the digestive physiology to define the diet of captive animals, particularly regarding the quantity and quality of fiber. Zoo Biol 0:1–11, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Processamento da cana-de-açúcar: efeitos sobre a digestibilidade, o consumo e a taxa de passagem

O objetivo neste trabalho foi estudar o efeito do tratamento alcalino da cana-de-açúcar com hidróxido de sódio (1,5 a 50% de NaOH) sobre a digestibilidade total e o consumo de matéria seca das dietas experimentais e as taxas de passagem das canas-de-açúcar. Foram utilizados quatro bovinos mestiços (Zebu x Holandês) alimentados com canas-de-açúcar in natura, hidrolisada, hidrolisada fenada e hidrolisada ensilada como fontes volumosas, constituindo 70% das dietas. O tratamento alcalino foi mais eficiente na fração fibra, proporcionando aumentos de pelo menos 45% na digestibilidade. Os aumentos de 25,0 e 16,7% no consumo das dietas contendo as cana-de-açúcar hidrolisada (1,5% PV) e hidrolisada fenada (1,4% PV) provavelmente foram influenciados pela maior digestibilidade da fibra. Os valores estimados de taxa de passagem ruminal no ceco-cólon e o tempo de retenção em cada compartimento não diferiram entre as cana-de-açúcar in natura, hidrolisada e hidrolisada fenada. Entretanto, para a cana-de-açúcar hidrolisada ensilada, observaram-se as menores taxas (1,5 e 7,4%/h) e o maior tempo de retenção (71,4 horas). Concluiu-se que o tratamento alcalino com hidróxido de sódio, com ou sem fenação, melhorou a digestão da fibra da cana-de-açúcar no trato digestivo total e proporcionou acréscimo do consumo de matéria seca da cana-de-açúcar hidrolisada, sem afetar a taxa de passagem. Entretanto, a posterior ensilagem pode não trazer esses benefícios.

Dinâmica da Degradação Ruminal por Novilhos Mantidos em Pastagem Natural, em Diferentes Épocas do Ano

Este trabalho foi conduzido para avaliar a cinética de degradação ruminal da matéria seca, proteína bruta e da fibra e a dinâmica de partículas das fases sólida e líquida no rúmen de novilhos em pastagem natural na Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais, durante diferentes épocas do ano. A época 1 (E1) compreendeu os meses de fevereiro, março e abril, e a época 2 (E2), os meses de agosto, setembro e outubro. O trabalho foi conduzido seguindo delineamento inteiramente casualizado, utilizando cinco novilhos dotados de fistulas no rúmen e no esôfago, onde cada animal constituía uma repetição. A degradação efetiva da MS, PB e FDN foi maior na E1, e a taxa de degradação da PB apresentou diferença entre as épocas, sendo de 2,99%/hora na E1 e 6,01%/hora na E2. A taxa de passagem foi maior na E1(4,84%/hora) em relação à E2 (3,59%/hora). A alta fração indegradável dos nutrientes poderia ser a principal responsável pelo maior tempo de retenção e pela repleção ruminal da fração fibrosa no rúmen. Portanto, a maior repleção ruminal na E2 (20,93 horas), em relação à E1(14,84 horas), foi provavelmente devido mais ao efeito físico de passagem do alto teor da fração indegradável, naquela estação, quando comparado à E1, que ao da fermentação pelos microrganismos.

Entrained-flow chlorination of ilmenite to produce titanium tetrachloride and metallic iron

The reaction of FeCl2 vapor with TiO2 in ilmenite to yield TiCl4 and metallic iron was studied at 1523 to 1723 K in an entrained-flow reactor. Ilmenite/carbon mixtures containing carbons with internal surface areas from 1 to 600 m2/g were milled to various average particle diameters ranging from 6 to 65 μm. Up to 44 pct of the stoichiometric FeCl2 reacted at the highest retention time of 34 seconds when a sixfold excess of FeCl2 vapor was used. Maximum ex-perimental reaction yields were only about two thirds of the theoretical yield calculated for equilibrium conditions. For large particles, a negative effect of temperature on reaction rate indicated that the reaction rate was controlled by ash layer diffusion resistance. For small par-ticles, under the higher turbulence conditions, the early stages of reaction appear to be influ-enced by film mass transfer.