Highest Radical Scavenging Activity Research Articles

Comparative study on the effect of different drying techniques on phenolic compounds in Australian beach-cast brown seaweeds

Marine seaweeds have increased their interest among researchers worldwide due to their beneficial health-promoting compounds such as phenolic compounds. Drying is one of the ancient methodologies to preserve food for a long shelf-life. It will help remove the moisture content from the seaweed and thus increase the bioactive compounds' shelf-life. This study was conducted to compare the fresh and dried seaweed's phenolic compounds of five different brown seaweeds, the seaweed were dried by using three different drying methods (freeze, oven, vacuum), and to evaluate their potential antioxidant activities. Subsequently, individual compounds were characterized and identified using LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. Vacuum-dried Cytosphora sp., had high TPC (39.53 GAE mg/g), TFC (3.40 QE mg/g), DMBA (2.86 PGE mg/g), PBA (27.90 PGE mg/g), and FDA (0.85 PGE mg/g) whereas freeze-dried Cytosphora sp., had high radical scavenging activity in DPPH (47.66 TE mg/g). However, vacuum-dried Cytosphora sp., exhibited high antioxidant potential in FRAP (91.28 TE mg/g), ABTS (80.86 AAE mg/g), RPA (96.90 AAE mg/g), and ·OH-RSA (252.22 TE mg/g). Freeze-dried Ecklonia radiata had high antioxidant potential in FICA (14.70 EDTA mg/g) and freeze-dried Sargassum sp., exhibited high total antioxidant activity (29.29 AAE mg/g). The total phenolic and total flavonoid content were highly correlated with antioxidant potential. Construction of the Venn diagram demonstrated high phenolic profiling of unique compounds in Cystophora sp., and in the vacuum-dried seaweeds followed by the freeze-dried seaweeds. The LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS identified and characterized 22 compounds in vacuum-dried and 20 compounds in oven-dried seaweed species. While 18 and 5 compounds were identified in freeze-dried and fresh seaweed samples, respectively. Our results will provide vital information to industries including food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical for upscale drying and extraction of phenolic compounds.

The Effect of Hydrothermal Treatment on the Biological Properties of Anting-Anting (Acalypha indica Linn.) Plant Extract Containing Carbon Dots

Anting-anting plant (Acalypha indica Linn.) is shrubs that grow as a weed in most parts of tropical countries. The plant has a record of ethno-pharmacological uses by native Asians, the plant has especially been used widely in the therapeutically practice in India. Owing to its rich biological active compounds content, Acalypha indica is rendered as a wild-plants with excellent antioxidant activities. In this work, hydrothermal extraction was performed to obtained liquid products containing high biological active compounds and carbon dots from Acalypha indica plant powder. The effect of hydrothermal temperature of 100, 110, 120, 130, and 140°C was evaluated on the optical properties and biological activity of the resultant liquid products from A. indica. The results imply that the liquid products obtained at highest investigated hydrothermal temperature of 140°C had the highest total phenolic and total flavonoid content, specifically the calculated total phenolic content is 5.50 mg GAE/g and total flavonoid content is 0.53 mg QE/g; that is higher than the non-hydrothermally treated extract. Owing to the high biological active compounds, the liquid products also show high radical scavenging activity, that is 78.5% against DPPH and 47.2% against superoxide radicals. The antibacterial assays show that the liquid product obtained from hydrothermal treatment at 140°C has better activity than the extract, with inhibition rate of 61.1 and 97.2% against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively.

Physicochemical Properties, Phenolic, Flavonoid Contents and Antioxidant Potential of Stingless Bee (Heterotrigona Itama) Honey From Thailand

This research aimed to investigate the impact of heat treatment on stingless bee honey obtained by Heterotrigona itama, a commercial stingless bee found in the southern region of Thailand. Ten honey samples originating from three different forest types (mangrove forest, swamp forest, and mixed forest) were heated to 37 °C and 45 °C for 24 and 48 h and then analyzed for their physicochemical properties, total phenolic content, the flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity by radical scavenging activity on 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The results showed the raw honey from mixed forest had the highest radical scavenging activity with IC50 of 43.996±0.377 mg/ml. In addition, this honey sample also exhibited the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents with 89.916±0.358 mg GAE /100 g of honey and 58.093±0.294 mg QE/ 100 g of honey, respectively. After heat treatment, the honey samples showed little change in physicochemical properties when compared to raw honey samples. After incubation at 45 °C for 48 hours, the moisture content decreased 27.93±0.17 to 20.14±0.34 g/100 g. Interestingly, heat treatment at 37 °C and 45 °C did not affect the total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activities (p > 0.05) in the honey samples. While heat treatment aids in keeping the physicochemical and bioactive properties of dehydrated honey, it can be concluded that the proposed method can be employed as an alternate method for preserving honey from stingless bees.

Comparative Studies of DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity and Content of Bioactive Compounds in Maca (Lepidium meyenii) Root Extracts Obtained by Various Techniques

The effect of the extraction conditions on the DPPH radical scavenging activity and isolation of bioactive compounds from the maca (Lepidium meyenii) root was investigated. Different extraction techniques (maceration, maceration with shaking, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and reflux extraction) were compared. Moreover, the effect of the extraction time and two various solvents (water and ethanol) was studied. The antioxidant activity of extracts was determined by the spectrophotometric method with the DPPH radical, while total phenolic content (TPC) was analyzed by the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Using gas chromatography with a mass selective detector (GC-MS), some characteristics of maca bioactive compounds were identified in the extracts: benzylalkamides (macamides), sterols, nitriles, fatty acids, and their derivatives. The influence of various factors on the extraction process of health-promoting antioxidant compounds from maca root was discussed. It was found that water was a more effective solvent than ethanol for obtaining extracts characterized by high radical scavenging activity and phenolics content. Nevertheless, some ethanol-extractable valuable compounds specific for maca, e.g., macamides or fatty acids derivatives, were not present in water extracts. In developing nutritional and therapeutic formulations based on maca extracts, it is important to take into account that the bioactivity of maca extracts varies depending on the solvent used.

Pyrogallol is a key component for xanthine oxidase inhibition by the leaves of Ammannia baecifera

Ammannia baecifera Linn is an important plant in traditional medication system of Bangladesh. In order to give the scientific clarification for using this plant in the treatment of gout, this study was designed to identify the xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors present in the extract of Ammannia baecifera leaves along with evaluating its antioxidant effect. First aqueous extract was prepared from leaves and then water insoluble part (WIP) was separated from water soluble part (WSP) as precipitate with ethanol. In DPPH and ABTS assays, WSP with rich amount of phenolic compound exhibited high radical scavenging activity than WIP. WSP also showed potent XO inhibition with IC50: 18.03 ± 1.65 μg/mL value. Using different chromatographic techniques, the key XO inhibitor was isolated from WSP and identified as pyrogallol based on its different spectroscopic data. In XO inhibition assay, pyrogallol (IC50: 11.67 ± 0.45 μg/mL) showed potent inhibitory effect as compared to a known XO inhibitor (allopurinol; IC50 = 27.35 ± 1.15 μg/mL) and it also displayed strong DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging effect. In addition, an inhibition kinetics study indicated that WSP and pyrogallol are mixed competitive inhibitors of XO. The overall results suggest that the presence of pyrogallol as XO inhibitor and free radical scavenger in Ammannia baecifera leaf justifies the traditional uses of this plant.
 Keywords: Ammannia baecifera, Leaves, Xanthine oxidase, Pyrogallol, Inhibitor

Extraction of bioactive polysaccharide from Ulva prolifera biomass waste toward potential biomedical application

Ulva prolifera macroalgae blooming caused by water eutrophication seriously affects the marine ecological environment. Exploring an efficient approach to turning algae biomass waste into high-value-added products is significant. The present work aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of the bioactive polysaccharide extraction from Ulva prolifera and to evaluate its potential biomedical application. A short autoclave process was proposed and optimized using the response surface methodology to extract Ulva polysaccharides (UP) with high molar mass. Our results indicated that UP with high molar mass (9.17 × 105 g/mol) and competitive radical scavenging activity (up to 53.4 %) could be effectively extracted with the assistance of Na2CO3 (1.3 %, wt.) at a solid-liquid ratio of 1/10 in 26 min. The obtained UP mainly composes of galactose (9.4 %), glucose (73.1 %), xylose (9.6 %), and mannose (4.7 %). The biocompatibility of the UP and its potential application as a bioactive ingredient in 3D cell culture has been evaluated and confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and fluorescence microscope imaging inspection. This work demonstrated the feasibility of extracting bioactive sulfated polysaccharides with potential applications in biomedicine from biomass waste. Meanwhile, this work also provided an alternative solution to deal with the environmental challenges incurred by algae blooming worldwide.

Determination of the Total Phenolics Content and Antioxidant Activity of Extracts from Parts of Plants from the Greek Island of Crete.

Oxidative damages are responsible for many adverse health effects and food deterioration. The use of antioxidant substances is well renowned, and as such, much emphasis is placed on their use. Since synthetic antioxidants exhibit potential adverse effects, plant-derived antioxidants are a preferable solution. Despite the myriads of plants that exist and the fact that numerous studies have been carried out so far, there are many species that have not been examined so far. Many plants under research exist in Greece. Trying to fill this research gap, the total phenolics content and antioxidant activity of seventy methanolic extracts from parts of Greek plants were evaluated. The total phenolics content was measured by the Folin-Ciocalteau assay. Their antioxidant capacity was calculated by the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging test, the Rancimat method based on conductometric measurements, and the thermoanalytical method DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry). The tested samples were obtained from several parts of fifty-seven Greek plant species belonging to twenty-three different families. Both a remarkably high phenolic content (with gallic acid equivalents varying between 311.6 and 735.5 mg/g of extract) and radical scavenging activity (IC50 values ranged from 7.2 to 39.0 μg/mL) were found in the extract of the aerial parts of Cistus species (C. creticus subsp. creticus, C. creticus subsp. eriocephalus, C. monspeliensis, C. parviflorus and C. salviifolius), Cytinus taxa (C. hypocistis subsp. hypocistis, C. hypocistis subsp. orientalis and C. ruber), and Sarcopoterium spinosum. Furthermore, the sample of Cytinus ruber showed the highest protection factor (PF = 1.276) regarding the Rancimat method, which was similar to that of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (PF = 1.320). The results indicated that these plants are rich in antioxidant compounds, potentiating their use either as food additives to enhance the antioxidant properties of food products, or protect them from oxidation, or as sources for the preparation of food supplements with antioxidant properties.

Synthesis and Pharmacological Characterization of Metronidazole-Oxadiazole Derivatives.

The use of antibiotics with or without prescription is increasing worldwide. With certain limitations, metronidazole (MTZ) is extensively used as an antibacterial and antiparasitic drug. Derivatives of 1,2,4-oxadiazole (ODZ) are used to modify the chemical structure of drugs. The present study aimed to synthesize new MTZ-ODZ derivatives that could potentially lead to new medications. The reaction of MTZ with ethyl chloroacetate and potassium carbonate anhydrous was used to produce compound 7. This compound was treated with hydrazine hydrate in methanol to obtain compound 8. Carbon disulfide and potassium hydroxide were then added to obtain compound 9, which was then mixed with various α-haloketones to obtain compounds 10a to 10f. Subsequently, the structures of the new MTZ-ODZ derivatives were determined. All new compounds exhibited excellent activity against all tested organisms. The synthesized compounds showed a significant radical scavenging activity. The IC50 value for compounds 10a, 10b, 10c, 10d, 10e, and 10f was 70.42±0.15, 70.52±0.54, 85.21±0.85, 80.10±0.46, 82.52±0.13, and 70.45±0.12 g/mL, respectively. In terms of antigiardial activity, the IC50 value for compounds 10a,10b, 10c, and 10d ranged from 1.31±0.11 µM to 2.26±0.49 µM. In contrast, the IC50 for MTZ was 3.71±0.27 µM. Compound 10f showed the highest antigiardial activity with an IC50 value of 0.88±0.52 µM. Most of the MTZ-ODZ derivatives showed high radical scavenging activity in the benzene ring due to the activation of certain groups, such as OCH3, NO2, and OH. The results suggest that the newly synthesized compounds could be used as an antiparasitic drug.

Synthesis and evaluation of the antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities of thiazolyl hydrazone derivatives and their application in the anti-browning of fresh-cut potato

Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of melanin, which is responsible for the browning of foods as well as many skin disorders. In order to develop new anti-browning agents with dual antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase capacities, a series of 30 thiazolyl hydrazone derivatives were synthesized. Among the molecules prepared, 6 and 30 were found to be the most potent tyrosinase inhibitors with IC50 values ​​comparable to that of kojic acid. Interestingly, 6 also has the highest radical scavenging activity among the prepared molecules. The inhibition kinetics study indicated that 6 is a non-competitive inhibitor while 30 inhibits tyrosinase competitively. The anti-browning assay of fresh-cut potato slices revealed that 6 and 30 are potent anti-browning agents with a capacity as high as kojic acid. The mechanisms of free radical scavenging and tyrosinase inhibition have been fully investigated in silico using computational kinetics, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations.

Effect of solvent, pH, extraction time and temperature on the extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Carpobrotus edulis

Two 23 factorial design studies were performed to determine the effect of solvent, pH, extraction time and temperature on the extraction of phenolics and radical scavenging activity contained in crude leaf extracts of Carpobrotus edulis. For the aqueous model, pH 9, 72 h and 40 °C provided the highest yield (31.03 ± 0.58%), while the highest yield for the methanolic extracts was obtained using the same temperature and pH, but with a longer extraction time of 168 h (64.21 ± 2.12%). Quantitative phytochemical analysis was performed to determine the amount of phenolics, tannins and flavonoids contained in the crude extracts. When water was used as an extraction solvent, the highest concentration of phenolics was obtained using pH 9 and extracting for 72 h at 40 °C (6.42 ± 0.03 milligrams Gallic Acid Equivalent per gram of extract). However, when methanol was used as a solvent, the highest concentration of phenolics was obtained when the same pH and time of extraction was used, but at a lower temperature (25 °C) – 7.44 ± 0.50 mg GAE/g of extract. Antioxidant activity was determined using the ABTS and DPPH assays. For both, methanol extracts produced lower IC50 values than the aqueous extracts. The best combination of extraction conditions for aqueous extracts is pH 9, and 72 h of extraction at 40 °C. This produced the lowest IC50 values for both assays (298.28 μg/mL for DPPH and 140.77 μg/mL for ABTS assay). When methanol is used as a solvent, the extraction conditions producing the lowest IC50 values were pH 9, 72 h and 25 °C for the DPPH assay (109.84 μg/mL), and pH 5, 168 h and 25 °C for the ABTS assay (26.79 μg/mL). These values are all higher than for the positive control, ascorbic acid. A positive correlation exists between phenolic content and radical scavenging activity – higher phenolic content resulted in higher radical scavenging activity. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was higher for the aqueous extracts than for the methanol extracts. Thus, extraction conditions must be modified to maximise extraction of phenolics, to obtain maximum radical scavenging activity.

Saccharified and Fermented Helianthus tuberosus L. Beverage Attenuates High-Fat Diet-Inducible Metabolic Complications in C57BL/6 Mice.

The prevalence of obesity has been recognized as a major public health issue with rapid increase globally. Obesity triggers other metabolic complications, such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, liver diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. Helianthus tuberosus L. (the Jerusalem artichoke) is an important edible plant that may provide health benefits in treating metabolic diseases. In this study, we investigated potential antiobesity effects of saccharified H. tuberosus L. (SH) and its fermented vinegar (fermented H. tuberosus L. [FH]) in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity murine model. FH exhibited significantly lower pH, Brix, and total sugar content compared with the SH, along with higher radical-scavenging activity. The body weight and adipose tissue weights were significantly decreased with the administration of SH and FH compared with the HFD group. SH and FH groups significantly attenuated hepatomegaly and lipid accumulation. The increased triglyceride (TG) content in obese mice was remarkably lower in the SH and FH groups. SH and FH alleviated serum dyslipidemia and atherogenic risk. Furthermore, expression of adipogenic genes was significantly downregulated after SH and FH supplementation compared with the HFD group. The TG and total cholesterol (TC) content of serum and adipose tissues significantly decreased by SH and FH administration in comparison with the HFD group. Reduced adiposity with SH and FH administration was confirmed by reduced adipocyte size and weight with inhibition of lipoprotein lipase expression. Our study showed that SH and FH, indeed FH was superior to SH, had antiobesity effects by decreasing adiposity, regulating dyslipidemia in systemic tissues, and inhibiting adipogenic gene expression.

Protective Effects of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus in Blue Light-Induced Macular Degeneration in A2E-Laden ARPE19 Cells and Retina of Balb/c Mice.

Natural products with significant antioxidant activity have been receiving attention as one of the treatment strategies to prevent age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) including oxo-N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (oxo-A2E) and singlet oxygen-induced damage, are believed to be one of the major causes of the development of AMD. To investigate the therapeutic effects of methanol extracts of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. (MED) against blue light (BL)-caused macular degeneration, alterations in the antioxidant activity, apoptosis pathway, neovascularization, inflammatory response, and retinal degeneration were analyzed in A2E-laden ARPE19 cells and Balb/c mice after exposure of BL. Seven bioactive components, including 2α-hydroxyursolic acid, ε-viniferin, asiatic acid, bergenin, ellagic acid, gallic acid and oleanolic acid, were detected in MED. MED exhibited high DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity. BL-induced increases in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and nitric oxide (NO) concentration were suppressed by MED treatment. A significant recovery of antioxidant capacity by an increase in superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD) activity, SOD expression levels, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) expression were detected as results of MED treatment effects. The activation of the apoptosis pathway, the expression of neovascular proteins, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mediated pathway, inflammasome activation, and expression of inflammatory cytokines was remarkably inhibited in the MED treated group compared to the Vehicle-treated group in the AMD cell model. Furthermore, MED displayed protective effects in BL-induced retinal degeneration through improvement in the thickness of the whole retina, outer nuclear layer (ONL), inner nuclear layer (INL), and photoreceptor layer (PL) in Balb/c mice. Taken together, these results indicate that MED exhibits protective effects in BL-induced retinal degeneration and has the potential in the future to be developed as a treatment option for dry AMD with atrophy of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells.

Biological Activities of Selenium Nanoparticles Synthesized from Camellia sinensis (L) Kuntze Leaves.

Selenium in the form of selenoproteins is formed through a unique translocation recoding pathway and plays a vital role in human metabolism. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) when synthesized using green synthesis from plant extract offer more advantages than physical and chemical methods. Previous studies have synthesized selenium nanoparticles from green tea and white tea; here, we report the synthesis of selenium nanoparticles from Camillia sinensis (L) Kuntze leaves (black tea) by green synthesis. Moreover, we have tested the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the plant extract, SeNPs, and combination of plant extract and SeNPs which have not been previously studied. The antimicrobial efficacy of SeNPs was tested against Klebsiella pneumonia, Candida albicans, and Staphylococcus aureus. They showed inhibitory effects against these organisms individually and in combination with Camellia sinensis leaf extract. The antioxidant properties of SeNPs were checked using FRAP and DPPH assays, where high radical scavenging activity was exhibited by SeNPs and in combination with the plant extract. Furthermore, synthesized SeNPs were examined for cytotoxicity tolerance against Vero cells and their IC50 values determine that plant-mediated SeNPs showed high cytotoxicity at minimal concentrations. If explored further, the reducing, capping, and stabilizing capabilities of SeNPs may demonstrate other inhibitory effects and could be explored for understanding the role of selenium in cellular metabolism.

Extraction Optimization, Antioxidant, Cosmeceutical and Wound Healing Potential of Echinacea purpurea Glycerolic Extracts.

Echinacea purpurea is a plant with immunomodulating properties, often used in topical preparations for treatment of small superficial wounds. In the presented study, the best conditions for ultrasound-assisted extraction of caffeic acid derivatives (caftaric and cichoric acid) (TPA-opt extract), as well as the conditions best suited for preparation of the extract with high radical scavenging activity (RSA-opt extract), from E. purpurea aerial parts were determined. A Box-Behnken design based on glycerol content (%, w/w), temperature (°C), ultrasonication power (W) and time (min) as independent variables was performed. Antioxidant, antiaging and wound healing effects of the two prepared extracts were evaluated. The results demonstrate that glycerol extraction is a fast and efficient method for preparation of the extracts with excellent radical scavenging, Fe2+ chelating and antioxidant abilities. Furthermore, the extracts demonstrated notable collagenase, elastase and tyrosinase inhibitory activity, indicating their antiaging properties. Well-pronounced hyaluronidase-inhibitory activities, with IC50 values lower than 30 μL extract/mL, as well as the ability to promote scratch closure in HaCaT keratinocyte monolayers, even in concentrations as low as 2.5 μL extract/mL (for RSA-opt), demonstrate promising wound healing effects of E. purpurea. The fact that the investigated extracts were prepared using glycerol, a non-toxic and environmentally friendly solvent, widely used in cosmetics, makes them suitable for direct use in specialized cosmeceutical formulations.

Glycerol ginger extract addition to edible coating formulation for preventing oxidation and fungal spoilage of stored walnuts

During storage, walnuts can undergo oxidation processes that lead to a decay of product quality and the development of rancidity and off-flavor. The present study investigated how the application of a chitosan coating, containing a glycerol ginger extract (GGE) rich in bioactive compounds, can preserve walnut quality during storage. Glycerol can be considered a green extraction solvent, which allows to obtain extract rich in polyphenols and with high radical scavenging activity. GGE employed in the formulation of a chitosan-based coating determined significantly lower (p < 0.05) lipid oxidation and peroxides values in walnuts stored under stressing temperature conditions (45 °C), in comparison to Control (uncoated sample) and even in comparison to the walnuts coated with sole chitosan. Moreover, when artificially inoculated with Aspergillus flavus spore suspension, walnuts treated with GGE-enriched coating evidenced the lowest disease incidence and the lowest spore concentration. Results obtained encourage the application of coating containing GGE even in other rich lipid matrices that can easily undergo oxidation process or spoilage caused by phytopathogenic fungi.

Antioxidant activity and enzymatic of lichen substances: A study based on cyclic voltammetry and theoretical

The antioxidant activity of nine lichen substances, including methylatrarate (1), methyl haematommate (2), lobaric acid (3), fumarprotocetraric acid (4), sphaerophorin (5), subsphaeric acid (6), diffractaic acid (7), barbatolic acid (8) and salazinic acid (9) has been determined through cyclic voltammetry. The compounds 1–4 presented slopes close to the Nernst constant of 0.059 V, indicating a 2H+/2e− relation between protons and electrons, as long as the compounds 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 present slopes between 0.037 V and 0.032 V, indicating a 1H+/2e− relation between protons and electrons. These results show a high free radical scavenging activity by means of the release of H+, suggesting an important antioxidant capacity of these molecules. Theoretical calculations of hydrogen bond dissociation enthalpies (BDE), proton affinities (PA), and Proton Transfer (PT) mechanisms, at M06-2x/6-311+G(d,p) level complement the experimental results. Computations support that the best antioxidant activity is obtained for the molecules (3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8), that have a carboxylic acid group close to a phenolic hydroxyl group, through hydrogen atomic transfer (HAT) and sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET) mechanisms. Additional computations were performed for modelling binding affinity of the lichen substances with CYPs enzymes, mainly CYP1A2, CYP51, and CYP2C9*2 isoforms, showing strong affinity for all the compounds described in this study.

Comparative Phytochemical Profiling (GC-MS and HPLC) and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities of Wild, in Vitro Cultured and Greenhouse Plants of Kaempferia grandifolia Saensouk and Jenjitt and Kaempferia siamensis Sirirugsa; Rare Plant Species in Thailand

Background Kaempferia grandifolia and Kaempferia siamensis are rare plant species in Thailand used for medicinal, food, and ornamental purposes. Objectives To compare the phytochemical profiles of leaf and rhizome extracts from wild, in vitro culture, and greenhouse plants of K. grandifolia and K. siamensis. Materials and Methods Leaf and rhizome were extracted and analyzed phytochemically by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), total phenolic contents (TPC), and total flavonoid contents (TFC). Antioxidant activities were examined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) assays. Results The results of HPLC analysis showed that the main compounds found in all plants were p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and quercetin. GC-MS results revealed 38 compounds in K. grandifolia and 19 compounds in K. siamensis. Major constituents in the leaf and rhizome extracts were 9-octadecenamide, (Z)-, hexadecanamide, and octadecanamide. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of leaf extracts decreased from wild to in vitro cultured and greenhouse plants, respectively, whereas rhizome extract contents increased from wild to greenhouse plants. Antioxidant activities of rhizome extracts showed higher activity than leaf extracts in DPPH and ABTS assays. Conclusion The present research is the first report to study the phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activities of these plants. Rhizome extracts of K. grandifolia and K. siamensis in greenhouse plants presented the highest phenolic and high free radical scavenging activity compared to rhizome extracts of wild plant. The phytochemical profiles of the compounds found in the K. grandifolia and K. siamensis extracts showed that these plants have potential for future health benefits.

Evaluation of some essential traditional medicinal plants for their potential free scavenging and antioxidant properties

ObjectivesIn this study, extracts from different parts of traditionally used medicinal plants were evaluated for their antioxidant activities in vitro. MethodsThe free radical hunting or scavenging activity was measured by sample absorbance at 517 nm using spectrophotometer. Methanol and DPPH were used as a blank and negative control, respectively. ResultsMedicinal plants showed high values of total phenolic (expressed as gallic acid equivalent, GAE) and flavonoid (expressed as quercetin equivalent, QE) contents of ethanolic extracts of Euphrasiae stricta (E. stricta, 58.19 GAE μg/mg) and (42.44 QE μg/mg), Euphorbia platyphyllos L. (E. platyphyllos L., 46.05 GAE μg/mg) and (43.39 QE μg/mg), Epimedium brevicomum Maxim. (E. brevicomum Maxim., 51.93 GAE μg/mg), and (39.21 QE μg/mg), respectively. Plants have been found to be rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds, and their hydroxyl groups are responsible for scavenging free radicals. Highest radical scavenging activity was observed in the E. stricta (IC50 = 38.972 μg/mL), E. platyphyllos L. (IC50 = 40.817 μg/mL), and E. brevicomum Maxim (IC50 = 46.265 μg/mL), medicinal plants for both of their ethanolic and methanolic extracts as compared to the ascorbic acid scavenging activity (IC50 = 37.337 μg/mL). ConclusionsIt was found that the studied plants are capable of acting as important antioxidants that can be used to treat and inhibit extensive degenerative diseases caused by oxidative stress., including cancer, cardiovascular and inflammation diseases, atherosclerosis, dementia, diabetes, asthma, and eye degenerative diseases.

Comparison of chemical property and in vitro digestion behavior of polysaccharides from Auricularia polytricha mycelium and fruit body

The antioxidant activity of Auricularia polytricha is associated tightly with its polysaccharide concentration, molar mass and architecture. This study aims to explore the differences in structural and physicochemical traits and oxidation resistances between the polysaccharides from fruit body (ABPs) and mycelial (IAPs) of Auricularia polytricha. The results showed that ABPs and IAPs were constituted by glucose, glucuronic acid, galactose and mannose. However, the molecular weight distribution of IAPs (3.22 × 104 Da (52.73%) and 1.95 × 106 Da (24.71%)) was wider than that of ABPs (5.4 × 106 Da (95.77%)). The shear-thinning performance and viscoelastic behavior of both IAPs and ABPs are representative. IAPs are scattered in sheets, with folds and holes, and have a triple helix structure. ABPs are compact in structure and clear in texture. The main functional groups and thermal stability of both polysaccharides were similar. Concerning the in-vitro oxidation resistance, both of the studied polysaccharides exhibited the potent potential to scavenge hydroxyl radicals (IC50 = 3.37 ± 0.32 and 6.56 ± 0.54 mg/mL, respectively) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals (IC50 = 0.89 ± 0.22 and 1.48 ± 0.63 mg/mL, respectively), as well as the moderate reduction power. In addition, IAPs and ABPs were both completely undigested in simulated contexts of saliva, small intestine and stomach, and the two polysaccharide types maintained high DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities. DDPH scavenging rate during digestion was positively correlated with uronic acid content. To conclude, this study suggests the potential of IAPs as an equivalent alternative to ABPs.

Glycemic Index, Antioxidant Activity and Starch Composition of Various Varieties of Oryza sativa L (Rice) Available in Pakistan

The 10 samples of different rice were collected from Ashraf road firdos bazaar Peshawar and were tested for glycemic indices, total starch content, free radical scavenging activity, and amylose to amylopectin ratio. The glycemic indices were in the range of 72.88 ±1.70 to 89.08 ±6.19, and total starch content from 7 to 35.1%. The free radical scavenging activity of Basmati Chawal 18.46±0.33 (lowest) to Mota Chawal 44.98±2.02 (highest). The Amylose to Amylopectin ratio was from 0.12 to 1.822. The highest Amylose to Amylopectin ratio was of Seela Lazat (1.822) and the lowest one was of Seela Dakra Dobar (0.12). The sample of lowest glycemic index was Seela Dakra Dobar (72.88 ±1.70) and the highest was Mota Chawal (89.08 ±6.19). The DPPH method was followed for the measurement of antioxidant activity. The %inhibition of DPPH activity by an antioxidant was in the range of 18.46±0.33 to 44.98±2.02 for 100µg/ml. Conclusion: The research performed was to determine radical scavenging activity, Glycemic Index Starch content and Amylose to Amylopectin ratio for different rice varieties. A variety which has high radical scavenging activity, low Glycemic index and high Amylose Content will be a good variety to use to be healthier. That variety should be preferred for diabetic patient.