Highest Percentage Reduction Research Articles

Magnetic Fe3O4–reduced graphene oxide composite decorated with Ag nanoparticles as electrochemical sensor and self-cleaning material for organic pollutants

The successful synthesis of silver incorporated Fe3O4–rGO ternary nanocomposite for the accurate detection of toxic phenolic isomeric compounds by electrochemical sensing along with self-cleaning ability of photo degradation of the organic dirts is described in this paper. The salient feature of this work is the high sensitivity of the synthesized sensor up to the nanomolar level. The detection limit of the phenolic isomeric compounds such as hydroquinone and catechol are found to be 37.5 nM and 335.4 nM respectively. The synthesized nanohybrid possessing large surface area and mesoporosity also aims to the effective photodegradation of various industrial acidic and basic dyes which may impair electrochemical sensing nature. The photo degradation capacity of the ternary composite was studied and found that a high reduction percentage of above 95 is obtained for these toxic industrial dyes. The dual applications of the ternary nanohybrid as an efficient electrochemical sensor with better photocatalytic self-cleaning property opened a new platform in the various analytical and industrial fields.

Influence of some insecticide sequences on the injurious insect- pests of cotton plants

BackgroundCotton growers in Egypt have experienced severe economic loss from cotton bollworms, especially the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.), and spiny bollworm, Earias insulana (Boisd.), so a field experiment was carried out to determine efficiency of eight insecticides in their seven sequence programs to evaluate the best solution for cotton bollworms problems, during two successive seasons.ResultsThe highest reduction percentages are effective sequences 7 and 5 (gave about 90% infestation reduction) were started and mediated with new insecticides, and when started and mediated with spinosad, or with cypermethrin, sequences 2 and 3 (gave about 86%) respectively, also, the repetition of the same insecticide twice in a regimen might increase, might decrease, or has no effect on the insecticide efficiency against cotton bollworms. The tested sequence programs showed high protection for green bolls with protection percentages ranged from 66.1 and 67.2% (sequence 1) to 92.6 and 94.1% (sequence 7) during two seasons respectively. On the other hand, the superiority in yield loss reduction can arrange in the following descending order: sequences 7, 5, 2, 3, 6, 4, and 1 respectively.ConclusionsFrom this study, it can be concluded that the importance of sequence insecticide programs included new groups of insecticides to directing tactics to fight against resistance development and used this sequence programs to restore susceptibility for conventional insecticides. This study devoted to obtaining the optimum regimen of insecticides that give low reduction of cotton bollworms’ infestation and high cotton yield.

Mustardé Versus Incisionless Otoplasty for Protruding Ear

Background: Prominent ear is one of the most common facial deformities affecting children. The aesthetic and psychosocial concerns surrounding an ear deformity serve as a catalyst for parents to seek correction, thereby propagating the strong desire for otoplasty at an early age. Objective: is to assess the role of Mustarde technique and incisionless otoplasty technique regarding aesthetic outcome in surgical treatment of protruding ear, complications and postoperative care. Subjects and methods: 24 patients (18 males and 6 females) suffering from prominent ear deformity (4 unilateral and 20 bilateral) were included in the present study. The reconstructive procedures were done for 44 ears divided by the procedure done into 2 groups. Group A: Mustarde procedure (21 ears, 8 patients with bilateral prominent ear and 2 patients with unilateral prominent ear); and group B: Incision-less procedure (23 ears, 9 patients with bilateral prominent ear and 2 patients with unilateral prominent ear). An approval of the study was obtained from Zagazig University academic and ethical committee and an informed written consent was obtained from each patient for acceptance of the operation. Results: The mean values of the duration of operation in Mustarde procedure (group A) was significantly longer than that of Incision-less procedure (P 0.05). Mustarde procedure (group A) has a significant high percentage of reduction in auriculocephalic distance (P 0.05). Conclusion: Both Mustarde and the incision-less suture techniques provide satisfactory results; however, the incisionless suture technique appears to be easier with less surgical time.

Mustardé Versus Incisionless Otoplasty for Protruding Ear

Background: Prominent ear is one of the most common facial deformities affecting children. The aesthetic and psychosocial concerns surrounding an ear deformity serve as a catalyst for parents to seek correction, thereby propagating the strong desire for otoplasty at an early age. Objective: is to assess the role of Mustarde technique and incisionless otoplasty technique regarding aesthetic outcome in surgical treatment of protruding ear, complications and postoperative care. Subjects and methods: 24 patients (18 males and 6 females) suffering from prominent ear deformity (4 unilateral and 20 bilateral) were included in the present study. The reconstructive procedures were done for 44 ears divided by the procedure done into 2 groups. Group A: Mustarde procedure (21 ears, 8 patients with bilateral prominent ear and 2 patients with unilateral prominent ear); and group B: Incision-less procedure (23 ears, 9 patients with bilateral prominent ear and 2 patients with unilateral prominent ear). An approval of the study was obtained from Zagazig University academic and ethical committee and an informed written consent was obtained from each patient for acceptance of the operation. Results: The mean values of the duration of operation in Mustarde procedure (group A) was significantly longer than that of Incision-less procedure (P 0.05). Mustarde procedure (group A) has a significant high percentage of reduction in auriculocephalic distance (P 0.05). Conclusion: Both Mustarde and the incision-less suture techniques provide satisfactory results; however, the incisionless suture technique appears to be easier with less surgical time.

English

Soil salinity is a growing problem on many irrigated parts of arid and semi-arid areas of Ethiopia. Utilization of improved salt-tolerant forage grasses help farmers to maximize production and reclaim saline soil. A study was conducted at Werer Agricultural Research Center (WARC) from 2012 to 2014 to evaluate performance of four forage grass species of salinity tolerance, ameliorative effect and biomass production. The result showed that dry matter yield obtained under saline soil was higher in Cinchrus ciliaris (37 ton/ha/year) followed by Chloris gayana (36 ton/ha/year), while the smallest was recorded from Sorghum sudanese (27 ton/ha/year). After exposing for salt stress, C. gayana and C. ciliaris dry matter production relative to normal soil only decrease by 15 and 9%, respectively. While, Panicum antidotale and S. sudanese dry matter reduction was Severe, by 53 and 45%, respectively. Reduction in electrical conductivity (ECe) varied between 52.60 and 74.81% in the upper 0 to 30 cm soil layer and 54.76 to 79.63% in the lower 30 to 60 cm. The highest reduction percentage of salinity under surface (74.81%) and sub-surface (79.63%) layer soil occurred under C. gayana grass. C. ciliaris, P. antidotale and S. sudanese cause the reduction at surface soil layer ECe by 70.55, 66.42 and 54.76%, respectively. The same trend was observed for reduction of ESP and pHe as a result of growing of grass species. Generally, C. gayana and C. ciliaris have excellent potential for its high salinity stress tolerance, biomass production and ameliorative effect on soil properties. Key words: Salinity, amelioration, forage grasses, biomass yield.

Electrochemical Degradation of Reactive Blue 21 and Synthetic Textile Effluent by Using Co47.5/C47.5-PVC5 Composite Electrode

In this study, cobalt/graphite-polyvinyl chloride (Co47.5/C47.5-PVC5) composite electrode was fabricated by mechanical alloying technique. The fabricated electrode and graphite rod were used as anode and cathode, respectively, in the decolourisation of aqueous C. I. Reactive Blue 21 (RB21) and synthetic textile effluent, containing a mixture of azo and anthraquinone dyes. The fabricated electrode showed high efficiency in the decolorisation of aqueous RB21 (99.95%) and synthetic textile effluent. This is further confirmed by the high reduction percentage (>75%) of COD and BOD5 for both treated samples. The elemental composition study by using FESEM-EDX showed no significant changes in the composition of elements (C, Co and Cl) in the freshly fabricated electrode and after electrolysis of synthetic textile effluent. This showed that the fabricated electrode has a high mechanical strength and strong binding ability between C and Co due to the use of PVC as a binder.

Recovery of Palladium(ii) and Platinum(ii) by Biocrystallization and Biodeposition Using a Pure Culture and Mixed Culture

Despite limited availability of platinum group metals such as palladium (Pd), there is an increasing demand to use them especially as catalysts. However, conventional recovery of these metals has proven detrimental to the environment, therefore, sustainable recycling and production is required. Biological synthesis of Pd (0) has proven to be an innovative method for recovery of palladium. This study aims to investigate the deposition of Pd at different concentrations by a pure isolate of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans and a consortium of Sulphate-reducing bacteria. The reduction was accelerated at the expanse of formate as an electron donor at a pH of 4. The results showed that after 12 hours of incubation a black precipitate of reduced Pd formed, the consortium produced a higher percentage reduction of 90% at a concentration of 2mM while the pure isolate had a percentage reduction of 77%. SEM showed electron oblique deposits on the surface of the bacteria, the deposits were between 40nm and 50nm in size. The use of the consortium proved to be highly efficient for the potential bioremediation of palladium contaminated environments.

Pengaruh Perendaman Alkali, Kalium Permanganat, dan Hidrogen Peroksida terhadap Perubahan Diameter Serat Sabut Kelapa Sebagai Bahan Komposit Ramah Lingkungan

This study aims to determine the effect of alkali treatment and hydrogen peroxide on the change in diameter of coconut fiber as an environmentally friendly composite material. This research was carried out with several stages, namely: preparation of materials and tools, treatments, measurement of diameter, analysis, and discussion. Materials and equipment used are coconut fiber, alkaline solution, hydrogen peroxide solution, distilled water, a set of immersion media, and digital microscopes. Coconut fiber was soaked in alkaline solution with 10% concentration for 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 hours, then dried in a furnace at 90oC for 5 hours. Furthermore, coconut fiber was soaked again in potassium permanganate solution with a concentration of 0.5% for 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 hours, then dried in a furnace at 90oC for 5 hours. Then the coconut fiber was soaked again in a hydrogen peroxide solution with a concentration of 10% for 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 hours, then dried in a furnace at 90oC for 5 hours. After that, using a digital microscope the diameter of coconut fiber is measured. Based on the measurement results, it was concluded that the diameter of coconut fiber was degraded in diameter after soaking in alkaline solution, potassium permanganate, and hydrogen peroxide. The highest percentage reduction in diameter was 58.08% in the third treatment.

Analisis Penurunan Parameter Pencemar Limbah Cair Laundry dengan Multi Soil Layering (MSL)

Laundry wastewater is grey water, which is part of domestic wastewater, which is not through the toilet. Laundry wastewater contains COD, BOD, TSS, Total Phosphate, pH, MBAS which includes derivatives of organic substances so that the accumulation causes an increase in the organic content of water or groundwater. The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of the hydraulic loading rate (HLR) and permeable layer (zeolite and gravel) on the efficiency of decreasing laundry wastewater pollutants. Variations in HLR consist of 500 l / m2 day, 750 l / m2 day and 1000 l / m2 day. In this study, laundry wastewater was introduced gravitationally into the MSL reactor with dimensions of 15x50x50 cm. The MSL reactor consists of impermeable layers and permeable layers. The impermeable layer is a layer consisting of a mixture of soil and charcoal with a ratio of 2: 1, and a permeable layer consisting of layers of gravel (MSL 1) and zeolite (MSL 2) with a diameter of 0.25 - 0.5cm. Based on the results of the study, the HLR and permeable media have an effect on the decrease of laundry wastewater pollutant parameters. The highest decrease in pollutants for COD, BOD, TSS, Total Phosphate, pH, and MBAS parameters was obtained at HLR 1000 l/m2.d with the highest percentage reduction is 95% at MSL 1 and 92% at MSL 2. Decreasing pollutant concentration of laundry wastewater is higher in MSL 2 (permeable layer of zeolite) compared to MSL 1 (permeable layer of gravel).

ARTESUNATE LOADED NANOFIBER AND ITS COMBINATIONS WITH SPIRAMYCIN FOR TREATMENT OF MURINE TOXOPLASMOSIS

Although toxoplasmosis is worldwide spread, the available medications have low efficacy and high toxicity. This research aims to study the effect of artesunate loaded nanofiber and its combination with spiramycin as an alternative treatment for murine toxoplasmosis. Two groups of male Swiss albino male mice were used for acute and chronic phases of Toxoplasma infection. Mice were infected with 100 viable tachyzoites of RH type-1 virulent strain intraperitoneally and orally with 100 viable tissue cysts of ME 49 Toxoplasma strain. They were orally treated with the drugs. The doses of the drug were administered from the first to the fifth day post-infection in acute infection and after six weeks in chronic one. Tachyzoites in peritoneum and cysts burden in the brain were subjected for parasitological analysis, Histopathological study and ultrastructural study by Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM). Liver enzymes analysis was done for biochemical assessment drugs. The combination artesunate loaded nanofiber and spiramycin gave the least number of tachyzoites (139) and brain tissue cysts (125) with the highest percentage reductions (85%, 84.3%) consequently. SEM revealed a reduction in the size of tachyzoites with surface irregularity and abnormal protrusions in the treated group with the drug combination. Brain tissue cyst of the same group showed a distortion in the shape and size with patches all over the surface.

Effect of <i>Commiphora molmol</i> (Myrrh) Extract on Mice Infected by <i>Giardia lamblia</i>

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of (Commiphora molmol(Myrrh)) extract as alternative treatment in hamsters against giardiasis. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the new compound (Commiphora molmol(Myrrh)), as agent a natural product extracted from the roots of Zingiber officinal, on Giardia lamblia infection as anti-protozoal and to study the parasitological and Histopathological impact of this treatment on the duodenal mucosa of infected hamsters. Fifty hamsters were divided into five groups: Group (A): normal control. Group (B): Giardia lamblia infected and untreated hamsters served as control. Group (C): infected with Giardia lamblia and treated with metronidazole in dose (120 μg/kg body weight twice daily for 7 successive days). Group (D) Giardia lamblia infected and orally treated with Myrrh (500 mg/Kg for 1 week). Group (E): Giardia lamblia infected and orally treated with combination 1/3 dose of (120 μg/kg body weight) metronidazole and Myrrh (250 mg/Kg) for 1 week). After 2 weeks of the treatment, hamsters were sacrificed. The highest percentages of reduction in the number of Giardia lamblia cysts and trophozoites were in the group receiving combined metronidazole and myrrh. Histopathological examination revealed complete healing of intestinal mucosa after the combined treatment, while partial healing of the lining epithelium of the intestine was noticed after metronidazole and either myrrh plant treatment.

In vitro and in vivo anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant activities of methanolic leaf extracts of Ocimum canum.

Background:Diabetes is a metabolic disorder with a highly complex, multifaceted and intricate etiologies and thus may require management options that proffers multimodal mechanism of action. This present study evaluated the antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of the methanolic extract/fractions of leaves of Ocimum canum.Methods:The antidiabetic potential was evaluated and using STZ-induced diabetic Wistar rat model (in vivo) and inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity (in vitro). Antioxidant activity was assessed in vitro by free radical scavenging and reducing power assays and in vivo via monitoring SOD and CAT activities; GSH and MDA levels.Results:The total phenolic content (221.0±3.0 mg catechol/g of sample) and tannins (146.0±4.0 mg tannic acid/g of sample) of the crude extract; and flavonoid of the aqueous-methanol fraction (216.0.0±1.0 mg of rutin/g of sample) were found to be significantly higher relative to others. The crude extract and the aqueous-methanol fraction exhibited a significantly (p<0.05) higher percentage reduction in fasting blood glucose and a concomitant increase in serum insulin level relative to the diabetic control group. The highest radical scavenging activity and reducing power were observed in the aqueous-methanol fraction. The aqueous-methanol solvent fraction also significantly reversed the alterations in oxidative stress markers occasioned by the diabetic condition.Conclusion:In conclusion, the result of the present study has demonstrated evidently that extracts of Ocimum canum leaves ameliorates hyperglycemia and the associated oxidative stress in STZ-induced rats.

Impact of the Optimal Tilt Angle on the Solar Photovoltaic Array Size and Cost for a 100 kWh Solar Power System in Imo State

In this paper the impact of adjusting the optimal tilt angle of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules on monthly bases was studied and compared to that of the annually-fixed optimal tilt angle. PVSyst software was used to determine the optimal tilt angle for each month for a given case study site in Imo state in Nigeria. Mathematical models for computing the required PV array power to meet the daily energy demand of 100 kWh were presented. Addition parameters considered in the study were the PV array number of modules as well as PV array area and cost. For the case study 100 kWh daily energy demand, the selected PV module had a peak power rating of 100W, with a unit cost of N 18,000 and with dimensions that gave an area of 0.65945m^2. The results showed that there is about 4 % (annual average) reduction in the required PV array power when the monthly adjustment of the optimal tilt angle is used. December had the highest percentage reduction in the required PV array power. The reduction in the PV array power resulted in the corresponding reduction in the number of PV modules needed to provide the required power, as well as a reduction in PV array area and cost.

To Compare the Bacterial Reduction from the Infected Root Canals Using ProTaper Universal, WaveOne and NeoNiTi Instrumentation Systems

Anticipation of root canal bacteria contamination is the foundation of endodontic treatment. The most predominant type is Enterococcus Faecalis strain, along with which several Gram negative enteric rods or Gram positive facultative may also be present. The aim of the present study was to compare the bacterial reduction from the infected root canals taking samples of pre-chemomechanical and post-chemomechanical preparation by ProTaper Universal, WaveOne and NeoNiTi instrumentation systems. Seventy-five systematically healthy patients was selected with permanent mandibular premolar teeth with single root and single canal. They are divided in three: Group I (ProTaper Universal), Group II (WaveOne) and Group III (NeoNiTi), in which each individual pre and post instrumentation sample of microorganism was taken and then analyzed using Paired ‘t’ test, One Way ANOVA with Post HOC comparison using Tukey test for microbiological evaluation. When pre-chemomechanical samples were compared by applying One-Way ANOVA test, the difference in pre-chemomechanical values in all three groups was statistically insignificant (p>0.05). Statistical analysis by applying paired ‘t’ test, One-Way ANOVA and p value showed that there was highly statistically significant change from pre-chemomechanical values to post-chemomechanical values in each study group (p<0.001). There was highly statistically significant difference in CFU count percentage reduction between the pre-instrumentation and post-instrumentation values in all the groups (p<0.001). Group I (ProTaper Universal) showed the highest percentage reduction followed by Group III (NeoNiTi) and Group II (WaveOne). Statistical analysis by paired ‘t’ test and p value showed that the reduction in number of colony forming units from S1 (pre-instrumentation) to S2 (post-instrumentation) was statistically highly significant (p<0.001). It may be concluded that the most effective instrumentation technique in eliminating microorganisms from the root canal was ProTaper Universal system in comparison to WaveOne and NeoNiTi.

Evaluation of the acaropathogen, Acremonium zeylanicum (Petch) Gams and Evans against Tetranychus truncatus Ehara (Prostigata:Tetranychidae) on cucumber under protected cultivation

The efficacy of two concentrations of Acremonium zeylanicum (Petch), two acaricide molecules viz., spiromesifen and diafenthiuron and two botanicals viz., neem oil and azadirachtin against Tetranychus truncatus (Ehara) on cucumber in polyhouse was evaluated. The results revealed that fourteen days after treatment, A. zeylanicum significantly reduced mite population to the tune of 55.03 to 58.98 per cent at 1×108 spores ml-1 and 72.71 to 74.51 per cent at 1×109 spores ml-1. However its efficacy was not comparable with that of the acaricides and botanicals which recorded significantly higher percent reduction in mite population.

A Review of Roofing Methods: Construction Features, Heat Reduction, Payback Period and Climatic Responsiveness

The roofs of buildings play an essential role in energy efficiency because a significant amount of solar radiation is absorbed by roofs in hot weather and a significant amount of heat is lost through roofs in cold weather. This paper is a systematic literature review about roofing methods for flat roofs. Ten roofing methods are reviewed in this paper. They are concrete roof, cool roof, insulated roof, roof garden, photovoltaic panels’ roof, biosolar roof, double-skin roof, roof ponds, skylight roof, and wind catcher. The review covers each roof’s main features, heat flux reductions, payback periods, and the appropriate climate for its implementation. Furthermore, the basic principles for selecting appropriate roofing methods are discussed and future studies for integrating these roofing methods are suggested. Some of these methods can eliminate the need of installing HVAC (Heating Ventilation and Air-conditioning) systems and others can achieve a high percentage of heat reduction if they are the right choice and they are implemented in the right circumstances. An incorrect selection could result in mild to severe energy penalties. The review contributes to the increasing knowledge about sustainable roofing and helps designers to increase building energy efficiency by selecting the appropriate roofing method.

Influence of abiotic factors on the efficacy of insect growth regulators against Trogoderma granarium (Everts)(Coleoptera: Dermestidae): Presentation

Present study was designed to investigate the effects of different combinations of three temperatures (20, 25 and 30?) and three relative humidity levels (55, 65 and 75%) on the efficacy of three synthetic IGRs i.e., pyriproxyfen, lufenuron and buprofezin at concentrations of 1, 5 and 10ppm on fecundity and adult emergence inhibition of T. granarium under controlled laboratory conditions. This study was conducted at Grain Research Training and Storage management Cell, Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. All the treatments were replicated three times using Completely Randomized Design. Larvae of T. granarium were exposed to IGRs at different levels of temperature and relative humidity. F1 adult emergence results showed that at temperature 20°C, the highest percent reduction in adult emergence (84.38, 70.65 and 79.94%) was recorded after exposure to lufenuron, buprofezin and pyriproxyfen treated diet, respectively. At 75% relative humidity, lufenuron, buprofezin and pyriproxyfen caused 77.53, 80.00 and 80.32% reduction in adult emergence, respectively. Adults were exposed to IGRs at different temperature and relative humidity to evaluate the oviposition inhibition. The results revealed that at temperature 20°C, maximum percent reduction in fecundity (87.95, 80.45 and 70.55%) was recorded after exposure to buprofezin, pyriproxyfen and lufenuron treated diet, respectively. At 75% relative humidity buprofezin, pyriproxyfen and lufenuron caused 86.73, 83.72 and 69.11% reduction in fecundity, respectively. It is concluded that temperature and relative humidity play an important role in the effectiveness of insect growth regulators.

A marine biofilm flow cell for in situ screening marine fouling control coatings using optical coherence tomography

A novel fouling marine flow cell was designed and fitted with a clear plastic lid to allow real-time imaging of biofilms using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Marine biofilms were grown under controlled shear flow on coupons coated with 6 different biocidal antifouling coatings (SPC1, SPC2, SPC3, SPC4, CDP1 and CDP2, AkzoNobel) and one inert coating which contained no biocidal actives (NB-D) for 8 weeks. One set of coupons coated with NB was statically immersed in sea water during the same time period (NB-S). Biofilm removal was assessed by increasing the flow velocity while OCT simultaneously measured the biofilm cross-sectional area (CSA). The highest initial removal rates were observed for NB-S, NB-D, and SPC2. Percent biofilm cross-sectional area reduction (%CSAred) was higher on SPCs (>60%) compared to CDPs (<50%). SPCs had the highest percent reduction in biofilm surface area coverage (%SACred >60%) compared to the CDPs (<20%). The marine biofilm flow cell combined with OCT can be used to screen for coating-specific differences in biofilm growth and removal in real time rather than traditional before and after surface area coverage measurements. Future testing will focus on how the biofilm-coatings interactions interact with biofilm mechanical and structural properties to produce drag.

Using Sarcocornia fruticosa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to remediate metal contaminated sediments of the Ria Formosa lagoon (SE Portugal)

Ria Formosa lagoon is a coastal system in the south of Portugal, characterized by sediments contaminated from urban and industrial pollution emissions. In this study, sediments from two contrasted metal contamination level sites, colonized by Sarcocornia fruticosa were used in an on-site experimentation. The heavy metal removal efficiencies of S. fruticosa with and without bioaugmentation using autochthonous metal resistant isolated yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were compared.After 15 days of incubation, the total amount of metal concentration (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, and Cu) in sediments and plant matter were compared. We found a striking difference between heavily contaminated site and less contaminated site. Metal reductions in heavily contaminated site were generated more by S. fruticosa which was inoculated with S. cerevisiae. In the less contaminated sediments, the higher percentage reductions were achieved with S. fruticosa alone. Our results indicate that despite the phytoremediation potential of S. fruticosa, the addition of S. cerevisiae, increases the plant phytoremediation capacity.

Volatile compounds flavoring obtained from Brazilian and Mexican spirit wastes by yeasts.

Vinasse is a waste obtained from the production of beverages, such as tequila and cachaça. The presence of acids, alcohols, sugars, minerals, amino acids, peptides, and nitrogen salts make vinasse a hazardous liquid waste to the environment, affecting the fauna, flora, and microbiota of rivers and lagoons. This study used biological treatment concomitant to volatile compound production. The yeasts used in the study were Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CCMA 0187 and CCMA 0188), Candida parapsilosis (CCMA 0544), and Pichia anomala (CCMA 0193). A higher percentage reduction in chemical and biochemical oxygen demand was observed in the tequila vinasse than in the cachaça vinasse. However, a higher production of volatile compounds was observed in the cachaça vinasse. C. parapsilosis CCMA 0544 produced the highest concentration of 2-phenylethanol (162mgL-1). These results indicated that the environmental damage of vinasse can be reduced by treating vinasse with yeasts, and this treatment produces aroma compounds. This biological treatment has high economic potential, especially for the tequila industry.