Highest Survival Percentage Research Articles

A first approach for the micropropagation of the medicinal halophyte Polygonum maritimum L. and phenolic profile of acclimatized plants.

Polygonum maritimum L. (sea knotgrass) belongs to a genus commonly used in folk medicine to treat inflammation-related disorders. In vitro pharmacological studies have confirmed these properties that were ascribed to bioactive flavonoids, such as myricetin and quercetin glycosides. Therefore, this study aimed at establishing a micropropagation procedure for sea knotgrass for obtaining standardized materials for its potential commercial cultivation. For that, a complete plant regeneration protocol was developed by improving shoot multiplication from nodal explants, rooting and acclimatization procedures, followed by the assessment of the phenolic profile of the in vitro-produced plants. The combination of 3 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) + 0.1 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) induced the maximum shoot formation (10.3), which was significantly increased from the first to the second cycle (18.3). The best rooting capacity was observed on shoots derived from the control medium (100%), followed by 2 mg/L kinetin (KIN) (97%) and 3 mg/L BA + 0.1 mg/L IAA (90%); however, the shoot number at the end of the rooting phase was higher on shoots derived from 3 mg/L BA + 0.1 mg/L IAA (6.16). The plant growth regulators used in the multiplication phase influenced survival in the acclimatization process, and plants derived from the control medium had the highest survival percentage (63.1%). Acetone extracts made from aerial organs of micropropagated sea knotgrass showed a predominance of the flavonoid myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside (8.135 mg/g). Overall, the halophyte sea knotgrass was successfully micropropagated showing its potential as a medicinal crop for the extraction of bioactive molecules.

Hacia la restauración con Annona glabra (Annonaceae) de una selva inundable: establecimiento y crecimiento de plántulas, y cambio en la vegetación acompañante

Antecedentes y Objetivos: Actualmente existe deterioro y disminución de selvas inundables debido a la deforestación para ganadería e introducción de pastos exóticos. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron evaluar el porcentaje de supervivencia de plántulas de Annona glabra, el cambio en la vegetación acompañante, y estimar los costos de los tratamientos experimentales de restauración ecológica de una selva inundable de A. glabra transformada en pastizal e invadida por el pasto exótico Echinochloa pyramidalis. Métodos: El estudio se realizó en un pastizal inundable en la costa central de Veracruz, México. Consistió en sembrar cuatro plántulas de A. glabra en cuadros experimentales expuestos a distintas técnicas de restauración. Se probaron 15 tratamientos experimentales que consistieron en cinco técnicas de restauración (sin modificación, cubierta plástica, plantación de Pontederia sagittata, remoción de suelo, y elevación del suelo) y tres pretratamientos aplicados a las plántulas sembradas (plántulas de vivero con y sin fertilizante, plántulas de selva) en un diseño de bloques al azar.Resultados clave: Se registró baja supervivencia de plántulas (30.7%), siendo mayor en plántulas de selva (41.1%). El mayor porcentaje de supervivencia se registró con la técnica de elevación del suelo, seguido de la de remoción. Se registraron 40 especies en la vegetación; la mayor riqueza específica se observó en las técnicas de elevación del nivel del suelo y remoción. Las especies con mayor Valor de Importancia Relativa fueron Echinochloa pyramidalis, Mimosa pigra y Annona glabra. El pretratamiento en el cual se obtuvieron las plántulas directamente de la selva fue el más económico.Conclusiones: Se requieren acciones para incrementar el éxito de la reforestación. Para futuros proyectos de restauración, recomendamos la elevación del suelo en áreas de transplante y cubierta de plástico previo a la plantación, para incrementar la probabilidad de supervivencia, y reducir la cobertura del pasto; además de la reforestación con plántulas colectadas de un fragmento de selva.

Chitosan-polymer based nanovaccine as promising immersion vaccine against Aeromonas veronii challenge in red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.)

Red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.), one of the important freshwater fish species in fish farming in Thailand, has for long been suffering from a serious bacterial disease named epizootic ulcerative syndrome and hemorrhagic septicemia. The disease is mainly caused by Aeromonas veronii. Vaccine is proposed to be a major impact tool for sustainable control and prevention strategies. Vaccination by immersion has many benefits over injection. However, the conventional immersion method suffers from a low potency due to the inefficient uptake of antigens across mucosal tissue. Here, we developed a chitosan-polymer based nanovaccine together with an efficient delivery vehicle to enhance the immunogenicity of immersion vaccination, increasing bioavailability and inducing local immune responses during transit to mucosal inductive immune sites. The physiochemical properties of nanovaccine, which was modified on surface particle by using a mucoadhesive polymer, were assessed for size, zeta potential, and particle distribution. Our study demonstrated by SEM image and microscopic fluorescence image that nanovaccine greatly increased the binding and penetrating ability into gills when compared with formalin killed vaccine. The nano-sized particles were well dispersed in water and trapped in core nanoparticle as confirmed by TEM image. The efficacy of vaccine was performed by immersion challenge with virulent A.veronii after 30 days post vaccination in tilapia. The result revealed a high level of mortality in the control, empty-polymeric nanovaccine and formalin killed bacterin vaccine groups. A high relative percentage survival (RPS) of vaccinated fish was noted with chitosan-polymer based nanovaccine. Our studies indicated that this chitosan-polymer based nanovaccine derived from cell fragments and supernatant was the improved version of the conventional formalin killed vaccine. The chitosan polymer based particle could increase the efficacy of nanovaccine toward the target mucosal membrane and enhance protection against A. veronii infection in red tilapia.

Performance Evaluation of Different Tomato Lines Grown Organically in Catarman, Camiguin, Philippines

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is considered an important crop, but local producers face difficulties in choosing the appropriate variety due to its diversity and ecological adaptability. In an effort to provide an alternative option of varieties and selection of suitable varieties, this research was conducted to evaluate the comparative performance of sixteen tomato varieties (11 AVRDC lines, five check varieties) at Tangaro, Catarman, Camiguin from January to April 2014 using randomized complete block design with three replications under field conditions. It was found out that plant height, days to 50% flowering, days to first harvest, plant vigor, percent survival, fruit yield, number of fruits, fruit weight, marketable yield, and resistance to tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) showed significant differences among the various tomato varieties under trial except for the fruit size. Maximum plant height (65.30 cm) at 60DAT was recorded in T11 (AVTO 1002) followed by T8 (AVTO 1130). Most check varieties produced first flowers earlier compared to AVRDC lines, with T15 (CV4 M) at 20.67 days and consequently mature early by having its first harvest (56DAT) at least two days earlier except for T1 (AVTO 1009), T2 (AVTO 1003) and T3 (AVTO 9803). T12 (CV1 TD) exhibited a vigorous plant stand compared to AVRDC lines T2 (AVTO 1003) and T8 (AVTO 1130), which showed a weak stand at the first harvest. Checked varieties T12 (CV1 TD) has the highest percentage of survival, while T7 (AVTO 0101) and T10 (AVTO 9001) showed a percent plant survival statistically comparable to other check varieties. T14 (CV3 MF1) produced the most number of fruits, while T5 (AVTO 1004) produced the least. The highest computed yield per hectare was observed from T14 (CV3 MF1), while the lowest yield was computed from AVRDC line T9 (AVTO 1008). AVRDC lines T1 (AVTO 1009), T2 (AVTO 1003), and T3 (AVTO 9803) are most susceptible to TYLCV, while checked varieties were more resistant. Considering the overall performance, it was found out that the checked varieties performed well. AVRDC lines T10 (AVTO 9001) and T4 (AVTO 1173) were also promising for their growth and yield performance and resistance to TYLCV. However, the potential of these varieties is needed to be further tested for verification under different growing seasons to elicit substantial conclusions.

In vitro Callus Induction of Catunaregam spinosa Using Leaves as Explant

Aims: C. spinosa (Family Rubiaceae) is a valuable medicinal since years ago. A protocol was developed including best sterilization and best medium for callus induction of C. spinosa using leaf discs as explants.
 Methodology: Sterilization protocol optimized using different concentrations of Carbendazim® (0.2,
 0.3%) and Clorox (10, 15%) exposing to different time intervals (10, 15 min). Percentage survival and contaminations were calculated. Best medium was optimized using different concentrations of 6-Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) and Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) (1.0-6.0 mg L-1). Growth regulators free Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium was used as control. Completely randomized design was followed with ten replicates in each concentration. Days taken to initiate calli, morphological characteristics and mean dry weights of calli were evaluated after 3 months of incubation.
 Results: Leaf discs sterilization with 0.3% Carbendazim for 10 min, 10 % Clorox for 10 min and 70% ethanol for 30 sec followed by two washings in sterile distilled water was found to be best sterilization protocol. It recorded lowest percentage contamination (13.34%) and highest percentage survival (86.66%) after 8 weeks. No observable changes were found in calli grown in growth regulators free MS medium. Calli growth and morphologies were significantly affected by the type of growth regulator and their concentrations in MS medium. Color of the calli varied from white opaque to yellow brown to green and the texture from foamy, loose, and friable to compact. Best medium with 1.0 mg L-1 BAP and 3.0 mg L-1 NAA produced green friable calli with 0.0969±0.01 g mean dry weight after 3 months. Some traits were found to be depended on synergetic effect of growth regulators and genotypic characteristics of explant.
 Conclusion: The study provides a better sterilization protocol and medium for in vitro calli induction and growth of C. spinosa.

Enhancing seed germination and seedling growth of chebulic myrobalan (Terminalia chebula Retz.) by appropriate soaking and sowing time after collection of fruits

The experiment was designed to enhance seed germination and seedlings’ growth of chebulic myrobalan (Terminalia chebula Retz.) by proper seed soaking and sowing time after collection of fruits during March to July 2020 at BAU-GPC of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. In total 900 seeds were subjected to five pre-sowing treatments e.g. control or without soaking of seeds (C1), soaking in water for two days (C2), four days (C3), six days (C4), and soaking cow dung slurry for six days (C5) and four sowing times: on collection date and after 10, 20 and 30 days of collection respectively. The field experiment was conducted following RCBD with three replications. Seeds soaked in cow dung slurry (C5) showed the highest germination percentage (85.25%), germination energy (43.41%) and survival percentage (85.65%). Seeds sowing after 10 days of collection (P2) recorded as the highest germination percentage (81.37%) and germination energy (39.60%) whereas the highest survival percentage was observed after 30 days of collection (P4) (76.71%). After 30 days of collection, seeds soaked in cow dung slurry for six days (C5P4) showed highest germination (93%), survival percentage (92.86%), leaf number (60) and shoot length (32cm). The lowest germination percentage (60%) and leaf number (32.50) was observed in the treatment C1P4 and the lowest survival percentage (40%) and shoot height (12 cm) in C1P1. Bangladesh J. Agri. 2019-2021, 44-46: 45-54

Isolation of bacteria from pulque with probiotic potential

Objective: To isolate bacteria from pulque with probiotic potential for animal feed. Design/Methodology/Approximation: Samples were taken from pulque in the municipalities Tlatlauquitepec, Puebla; Otumba and Tequexquináhuac, Estado de México. For the samples, pH, moisture, ash, and protein were determined. The bacteria colonies were isolated and identified morphologically. Gram dyeing and the catalase test were conducted in pre-selected strains from colonies. In the end, strains with probiotic potential, resistance to pH, biliary salts and antimicrobial activity were identified. Results: For pH, moisture, ash, and protein in pulque samples from Tlatlauquitepec, the results were 3.3, 96.17%, 5.98% and 0.352 g 100 mL-1; from Otumba, 3.25, 97.67% and 0.1763 g 100 mL-1; and from Tequexquináhuac, 2.25, 97.55%, 4.65% and 0.1765 g 100 mL-1. Six different strains were isolated (C2, C3 and C4 in Tequexquináhuac; C5 and C6 in Otumba; and C1 in Tlatlauquitepec). It was found that strain C1 could grow in a pH of 3.0 with survival of 84 % and 73% in biliary salts. Study Limitations/Implications: Bacteria from pulque present probiotic characteristics that can be used for animal feed. Findings/Conclusions: Strain C1 grew in pH of 3.0 and showed high percentage of survival, which is why it can be used as probiotic in animal feed.

Fabrication of neuroprotective silk-sericin hydrogel: potential neuronal carrier for the treatment and care of ischemic stroke

Ischemic stroke results in severe disabilities due to extensive cellular loss and the resulting impairment of brain functions. Current methods for regenerating brain tissue are ineffective. Stroke treatment requires innovative therapeutic techniques that are both safe and effective. For neuronal repair, a promising alternative is using a hydrogel-based tissue engineering technique that delivers neurotrophic cytokines and cells to injured sites. However, the limited encapsulation effectiveness, less in vivo cell survival ratio and cytokine loss make this strategy difficult to implement. We aim to design a biomaterial that can efficiently construct a matrix enriching the survival of cells and minimizing loss in vivo cytokines to overcome these constraints. We report the development of genipin conjugated sericin hydrogels (Gen-SH) with a high porous morphology and a moderate swelling rate utilizing sericin, a natural silk protein. In vitro, Gen-SH aids in the attachment and development of neurons. Our results indicate that sericin is inherently neuroprotective and neurotrophic, branching and publicizing axon extension and avoiding hypoxia-induced cell death in primary neurons. Notably, the breakdown products of Gen-SH inherit these capabilities, saving the expense of cytokines. Furthermore, we show that the Lkb1–Nuak1 pathway is required for this neurotrophic impact, whereas the Bcl-2/Bax protein ratio is necessary for the neuroprotective effect. Transplanted in vivo, Gen-SH has a high percentage of cell survival and promotes cell proliferation. Taking all this information into account, it's clear that Gen-SH can serve as a viable carrier for treatment and care for ischemic stroke healing, both in terms of delivering neuronal cells and protecting them from oxidative damage.

Does a Widespread Species Have a Higher Competitive Ability Than an Endemic Species? A Case Study From the Dongting Lake Wetlands.

The distribution range of plants is usually related to their competitiveness. The competitive ability between common widespread, which are generally considered to be invasive, and common endemic species, is still not very clear. Five plant communities were monitored in the field to compare the competitive abilities of widespread species, Phragmites australis, and endemic species, Triarrhena lutarioriparia, in the Dongting Lake wetlands. The ratios of individual numbers of T. lutarioriparia to P. australis per square meter were found to be 9:0, 14:1, 10:5, 7:6, and 0:11 in the five respective communities. A manipulation experiment was then performed with five planting modes (T. lutarioriparia: P. australis was 4:0, 3:1, 2:2, 1:3, and 0:4, respectively). Results from field monitoring showed that the two plant species exhibited similar decreased survival percentages during flooding. P. australis had higher aboveground biomass before the flooding and a higher relative elongation rate, whereas T. lutarioriparia had higher aboveground biomass after flooding and a higher relative growth rate (RGR). P. australis had a higher competitive ability than T. lutarioriparia before and after the flooding. The manipulation experiment revealed that P. australis had a higher survival percentage than T. lutarioriparia, with no differences in plant biomass, RGR, and the relative elongation rate between the two species. P. australis was found to have a higher competitive ability than T. lutarioriparia in the early growing stage and a lower competitive ability in the middle and later stages. The relative yield total in the field monitoring and manipulation experiment was 1, indicating that T. lutarioriparia and P. australis occupied different niches in the experimental conditions. It was concluded that, compared with T. lutarioriparia, P. australis has a higher competitive ability in submerged habitats and a lower competitive ability in the non-submerged habitat. The niche differences between the two species enabled their coexistence in the Dongting Lake wetlands with seasonal flooding.

Adaptive divergence and underlying mechanisms in response to salinity gradients between two Crassostrea oysters revealed by phenotypic and transcriptomic analyses.

Comparing the responses of closely related species to environmental changes is an efficient method to explore adaptive divergence, for a better understanding of the adaptive evolution of marine species under rapidly changing climates. Oysters are keystone species thrive in intertidal and estuarine areas where frequent environmental disturbance occurs including fluctuant salinity. The evolutionary divergence of two sister species of sympatric estuarine oysters, Crassostrea hongkongensis and Crassostrea ariakensis, in response to euryhaline habitats on phenotypes and gene expression, and the relative contribution of species effect, environment effect, and their interaction to the divergence were explored. After a 2-month outplanting at high- and low-salinity locations in the same estuary, the high growth rate, percent survival, and high tolerance indicated by physiological parameters suggested that the fitness of C.ariakensis was higher under high-salinity conditions and that of C.hongkongensis was higher under low-salinity conditions. Moreover, a transcriptomic analysis showed the two species exhibited differentiated transcriptional expression in high- and low-salinity habitats, largely caused by the species effect. Several of the important pathways enriched in divergent genes between species were also salinity-responsive pathways. Specifically, the pyruvate and taurine metabolism pathway and several solute carriers may contribute to the hyperosmotic adaptation of C.ariakensis, and some solute carriers may contribute to the hypoosmotic adaptation of C.hongkongensis. Our findings provide insights into the phenotypic and molecular mechanisms underlying salinity adaptation in marine mollusks, which will facilitate the assessment of the adaptive capacity of marine species in the context of climate change and will also provide practical information for marine resource conservation and aquaculture.

Transgenic tomato expressing an oxalate decarboxylase gene from Flammulina sp. shows increased survival to Moniliophthora perniciosa

Witches’ broom disease which affects cacao tree (Theobroma cacao L.) is caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa. Studies of the cacao-M. perniciosa interaction showed that the pathogenicity of M. perniciosa is associated to the presence of oxalic acid (OA). In some organisms, OA can be degraded into formate and CO2 by the oxalate decarboxylase (OXDC) enzyme. Here, we used the oxdc gene from Flammulina velutipes to generate transgenic tomato plants as a potential strategy to control M. perniciosa infection. Three transgenic T1 lines expressing the oxdc gene were obtained and two of them (P4 and P16) presented a significant delay in symptom development and higher survival percentage when inoculated with M. perniciosa in comparison to the non-transformed wild-type (WT) plants. Moreover, the P16 line test showed a decreased production of H2O2 in the presence of OA in comparison to the WT, as evidenced by the 3,3′-diaminobenzidine test. These results indicate that the P16 transgenic line is able to break down OA leading to normal plant development with few symptoms even when infected by M. perniciosa. Phenotypic and histological analysis showed differences between WT and transgenic plants. The amount of fungus hyphae was lower with thinner thickness in the transgenic plants. This study evidences of the reduction of witches’ broom disease progression by the presence of the oxdc gene leading to the plant survival.

P436 Efficacy and safety of biosimilars of anti-TNF-a in paediatric-onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Data from the Sicilian Network for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (SN-IBD)

Abstract Background Few data regarding the use of biosimilars of anti-tumour necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) in children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) have been reported. We aimed to assess the efficacy and the safety of biosimilars of infliximab (IFX) and adalimumab (ADA) in paediatric-onset IBD. Methods This was a multicentre, observational, retrospective study performed among the cohort of the Sicilian Network for the Inflammatory Bowel Disease (SN-IBD) and including all patients with paediatric-onset IBD treated with the biosimilars of IFX or ADA. Demographic and clinical data were collected from medical records. PUCAI and PCDAI scores at the time of IFX start, after, 14 and, 54 weeks were recorded. The primary outcome was the rate of clinical remission at weeks, 14 and, 54. Secondary outcomes included treatment duration and incidence of adverse events. Results They were included, 128 patients, of whom, 87 on IFX biosimilar (group, 1) and, 41 on ADA biosimilar (group, 2) (Table 1). Table, 1.Baseline characteristics of patients At week, 14, UC patients on IFX biosimilar had a median PUCAI score of, 10 (IQR, 5.0–22.5), while CD patients a median PCDAI score of, 5 (IQR, 5.00–10.8). Overall, the remission rate on IFX biosimilar at week, 14 was, 61.5%, and it was significantly associated with positive family history [OR, 13.18 (2.44–245.65, p=0.015)], older age at starting biosimilar [OR, 1.19 (1.02–1.41, p=0.038)], and diagnosis of CD (in comparison to UC) [OR, 3.45 (1.35–9.23, p=0.011)]. At week, 54, both UC and CD patients on IFX biosimilar had a median clinical score of, 5. The remission rate was, 69.1%, and no significant association with any variable was found. Patients on ADA showed a remission rate of, 75% at, 14 weeks, and of, 70% at, 54 weeks, both associated with shorter disease duration [OR, 0.67 (0.45–0.93, p=0.025) and OR, 0.55 (0.28–0.86, p=0.026), respectively]. At, 54 weeks, patients on IFX showed a >90% failure-free survival (Figure, 1), which was inversely associated with the presence of extraintestinal manifestations (HR, 5.12, p=0.014) and non-naive patients (HR, 3.81, p=0.025). Patients on ADA biosimilar had >83% failure-free survival at, 12 months (Figure, 2), associated with shorter disease duration (HR, 1.41, p=0.043). About safety, a total of, 13 adverse events were registered, 9 in group, 1 (incidence of, 6.13/100 PY) and, 4 in group, 2 (incidence of, 12.23/100 PY). Most (n=7) were acute infusion reactions. Figure, 1.Failure-free survival on IFX biosimilar Figure, 2.Failure-free survival on ADA biosimilars Conclusion This is one of the largest cohorts of paediatric-onset IBD on biosimilars, and confirmed these drugs are effective and safe in this group of patients, with high percentage of failure-free survival at, 1 year and low incidence of mild adverse events.

Sustainability of development, survivability, and biomass are a function of temperature and diet: implications in Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) with benefits for its management strategy

ABSTRACT Temperature and nutrition are two prominent environmental variables influencing insect life from development to reproduction. Here, we assessed various components of fitness (developmental times, survival rates, egg production, and weight gain) of Tribolium confusum fed on wheat, barley or corn flour at 15, 27 and 35°C with a view of understanding its level of susceptibility. The shortest developmental times, the highest survival percentage, egg production, and weight gain were achieved by feeding larvae on wheat flour at 35°C, while the opposite results were attained by feeding larvae on barley or corn flour at 15°C. Interaction of temperature × diet significantly affected the above-mentioned biological features. The correlation between the alterations in the biological features and the main nutrients of the flours tested (total protein, carbohydrate, and lipid contents) is discussed. The results of this study suggest the value of a strategy for managing T. confusum by exposure to low temperatures.

A Combination of Wounding, IBA and NAA Resulted in Better Rooting and Shoot Sprouting in White Adriatic Fig (Ficus Carica L.) Stem Cuttings

This research aimed to study effects of wounding, IBA, NAA and their combinations on rooting ability and shoot sprouting in White Adriatic fig cuttings. Cuttings were collected and treated with (in ppm w/w): 0, wounding, 2000 IBA, 4000 IBA, 500 NAA, 1000 NAA, wounding+2000 IBA, wounding+4000 IBA , wounding+ 500 NAA, wounding+ 1000 NAA, 2000 IBA+500 NAA, 4000 IBA+1000 NAA, wounding+2000 IBA+500 NAA, wounding+4000 IBA+1000 NAA. To record the timing and percentage of rooting, cuttings were treated with wounding, (in ppm w/w) IBA and NAA or without wounding and auxin as control. Total carbohydrates, total and reducing sugar, total indols, total free amino acids, total and conjugated phenols, N, P, K in leaves were determined. The results revealed that, treating cuttings with IBA /or NAA raised the rooting percentages. In addition data mentioned that wounding treatment and quick dipping of cuttings in IBA and NAA gave the highest percentages of rooting and consequently the high survival percentages in comparison to other treatments. Results also showed that the growth parameters of stem, roots and other chemical constituents took the same trend as affected by the previously treatment. The best treatment for rooting and shoot sprouting were (in ppm) wounding plus the highest rate of growth regulators (4000ppm indole butyric acid and 1000ppm of naphthalene acetic acid, either alone or together) 4000 IBA+1000 NAA, since it produced higher root length, better root morphology and higher shoot sprouting.

Somatic Embryogenesis in Papaya (Carica papaya L.).

High mortality rates of in vitro plants during ex vitro acclimatization, due to low rooting, is one of the main problems of papaya tissue culture. This work was carried out with the objective to obtain 100% hermaphroditic in vitro plants of the papaya cultivar "Maradol Roja" by somatic embryogenesis, which have an adequate rooting system that allows them a higher survival percentage in the ex vitro acclimatization phase. In international scientific literature, there are several protocols; however, not all of them cover the different phases of somatic embryogenesis. This chapter describes a complete and optimized protocol from immature zygotic embryos in this cultivar. It also looks at the morpho-anatomical characterization of somatic embryos in the different stages of ontogenetic development, as well as high survival rates under ex vitro conditions of the plants obtained. It can be used for genetic improvement and propagation of this species.

Regeneration of Medicinal Plant Solanum virginianum L. Via Somatic Embryogenesis from Seed Explant

Solanum virginianum L., belonging to the family Solanaceae is an important medicinal plant, used in traditional ayurvedic medicines. The present study was aimed to develop an efficient procedure for inducing somatic embryogenesis followed by regeneration in S. virginianum. The seeds of S. virginianum were used as explant and inoculated on ½ MS (Murashige and Skoog) basal medium. Stem explant from in vitro germinated seeds was used for callus induction. MS medium supplemented with 1 mg L-1 BAP (6- Benzylaminopurine) was used for callus induction. Callus proliferation started when initiated callus was sub-cultured on various concentrations and combinations of BAP, IAA (Indole-3-Acetic Acid), IBA (Indole-3-Butyric Acid), 2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and NAA (Naphthalene acetic acid). The highest embryogenesis took place in BAP (@ 2 mg L-1) + IAA (@ 5 mg L-1) combination. The somatic embryos were transferred onto MS basal medium for maturation. These embryos matured and were converted into complete plantlets with well-developed shoot and root system. Highest survival percentage (98±1.24%) was observed on red soil : sand (1:1) potting mixture used for acclimatization.

Influence of pre cut foliar application of plant growth substances on propagation of pomegranate

An experiment entitled, Influence of pre cut foliar application of plant growth substances on multiplication of pomegranate through sub apical cutting was carried out with two factors viz., time of cutting three levels and plant growth substances with four repetitions.The results of the study revealed that, significantly early sprouting (9.61 days), maximum number of shoots (2.41) and shoot length (10.85 cm) per cutting at 60 days after planting, maximum number of roots (8.40) and root length (7.61 cm) per cutting at 60 days after planting was recorded with treatment c1 (Cutting taken at 3 days after spraying). Among the treatments of growth substances, significantly early sprouting (9.27 days), highest survival percentage (80.98) at 45 days after planting, highest length shoot per cutting at 60 days after planting (12.08 cm), maximum number of roots (9.36) and root length (8.47 cm) per cutting at 60 days after planting was recorded with treatment p1 (spray of ethrel 1000 ppm). Use of pomegranate cutting after three days of foliar spray of ethrel 1000 ppm on mother plant for getting early sprouting, highest survival, maximum number and length of shoots and roots of cutting under green house.

Effects of Phytohormones and Alternative Sources on the Propagation of Ternstroemia cameroonensis Cheek. by Marcotting in the Lebialem Highlands, Cameroon

Marcotting is a method of vegetative propagation which still finds its relevance in the present day forest management and routine practice to produce viable seedlings for the regeneration of Ternstroemia cameroonensis. There is dearth of information regarding the propagation of T. cameroonensis by marcotting. Hence effects of phytohormone application (Indole-3-acetc acid, Indole-3-butyric acid) and alternative sources (coconut water) on the propagation of T. cameroonensis by marcotting were investigated in the Lebialem Highlands. Mortality rates, number of roots, root length as well as marcotts position in the crown was evaluated. The propagation trials were carried under natural environmental conditions. Marcotts had an overall survival percentage of 35.41%. Those established at the middle of the crown had the highest survival percentage (15.27%) followed by those at the lower (11.80 %). Also marcotts established on branches with larger diameter (4-6 cm) and shorter length (50 cm) had the highest survival percentage (20.13 and 19.44 respectively). Again marcotts treated with IBA and CW had the best performance compared to other pre-treatments. According to the result, T. cameroonensis can be amenable through marcotts.

Screening of selected ageing-related proteins that extend chronological life span in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Ageing-related proteins play various roles such as regulating cellular ageing, countering oxidative stress, and modulating signal transduction pathways amongst many others. Hundreds of ageing-related proteins have been identified, however the functions of most of these ageing-related proteins are not known. Here, we report the identification of proteins that extended yeast chronological life span (CLS) from a screen of ageing-related proteins. Three of the CLS-extending proteins, Ptc4, Zwf1, and Sme1, contributed to an overall higher survival percentage and shorter doubling time of yeast growth compared to the control. The CLS-extending proteins contributed to thermal and oxidative stress responses differently, suggesting different mechanisms of actions. The overexpression of Ptc4 or Zwf1 also promoted rapid cell proliferation during yeast growth, suggesting their involvement in cell division or growth pathways.

Influence of Cavity Size on the Survival of Single Surface Atraumatic Restorative Treatment Using Glass Ionomer Cement with or without Chlorhexidine Diacetate—A Randomized Trial

The purpose of the present study was to assess the influence of cavity size on the survival of conventional and CHX modified GIC in single surface primary molars receiving Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART). A randomized controlled trial with a split-mouth design was conducted on 90 children with symmetrical bilateral single surface carious lesions on primary molars. The teeth were randomly allotted to the conventional GIC group (group 1, n = 90) and CHX modified GIC group (group 2, n = 90). Both groups received atraumatic restorative treatment under rubber dam isolation. The cavity size was measured in terms of depth, mesiodistal, and buccolingual dimensions. The survival of ART restorations was measured after 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. The difference in proportion was tested using the Kruskal–Wallis H test, and survival curve estimation was carried out using the Kaplan–Meier method. The overall survival of all ART restorations was 83.3% at 24 months for the total sample. The survival of conventional GIC at 24 months was 83.9%, and for CHX-modified GIC was 82.7% (p > 0.05). The collective overall success of 65.1% was seen in the cavity volume category of 10–29.9 mm3. CHX modified GIC showed high survival percentage (60%) with depth >3 mm. To conclude, no significant difference was observed in the overall survival percentage of conventional and CHX modified GIC. Survival percentage was highest for cavities with a volume of 10–19.9 mm3.