Higher Peak Area Research Articles

Phytochemical Screening, GC-MS Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Three Medicinal Plants From Nigeria

Phytochemical screening, GC-MS analysis and antioxidant activity of some medicinal plants were investigated using standard methods. Leaves of Gongronema latifolium, Petrocarpus mildbraedii, and Piper guineense plants were prepared properly and used in the entire study. Results of phytochemical screening for the plants revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, reducing sugars amongst others at different concentrations. Results of GC-MS analysis for G.latifolium showed a total of thirty-three compounds of which Cyclohexano, 2-l(methlaminomethyl)-trans had the highest retention time, squalene had the highest molecular weight and phytol had the highest peak area. GC-MS result for P.mildbraedii revealed a total of twenty-three of which Acatamide,2,2,2-trichloro- had the highest retention time, Erucic acid had the highest molecular weight whereas n-Hexadecanoic acid the highest peak area. Only ten compound were observed in P.guineense of which Ethyl (3-hydroxyphenyl) carbamate had the highest retention time, Benzaminde, N-(4,5-dichloro-1,3-benzothiazol-2yl)-3,5-dimethoxy- had the highest molecular weight and Benzene, 1,2,3-trimethoxy-5-(2-propenyl)- has the highest peak area in P. guineense. The antioxidant activity of the plant extracts as assessed, followed the order P.guineense > G.latifolium> P. mildbraedii in comparative with ascorbic acid used as the control. The observed compounds become very important when the usefulness of these plants as medicinal plants are considered. They could as well be behind the antioxidant property of the plants in this study. This study has revealed the phytochemical screening, GC-MS analysis and antioxidant activity of some medicinal plants.

Electroactivity of polyphenols in sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) cultivars.

Polyphenols and other potential health-promoting components of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) drove its recent growth in the U.S. consumer food industry. Linear sweep (cyclic voltammetry, CV) and differential (cyclic differential pulse) voltammetry methods were developed to detect target polyphenols and amino acids in sweet sorghum juice without interference from the dominant secondary (trans-aconitic acid) and primary (sucrose) metabolites. Of 24 cultivars investigated, No.5 Gambela showed the highest electron-donating capacity, as indicated by the highest peak area, height, and peak anodic potential. Pearson’s correlation analysis indicated the contribution of polyphenols (rather than amino acids) on CV voltammograms of juice samples. The Eh-pH values of 173 sweet sorghum juice samples collected in 2017 aligned with quercetin model polyphenol. Accumulation of quercetin-like polyphenols in No.5 Gambela could offer antioxidant-rich juice for conversion to edible syrup as well as an increased tolerance against a recently emerged pest, sugarcane aphid [(Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner)].

Comprehensive identification of potential antioxidant components in the aerial parts of Polygonum chinense L. var. hispidum using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

The aerial parts of Polygonum chinense L. var. hispidum are one of the key herbs in Cantonese herbal tea, which is quite a common local beverage in LingNan area of China. Previous investigation has found that this herb possesses antioxidant activity and the ethyl acetate fraction of its ethanol extract shows the strongest antioxidant activity. However, little is known about its antioxidant chemical constituents. The aim of this research was to investigate the active constituents of this plant by identifying and characterizing the chemical profile in ethyl acetate fraction using ultra high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, which can provide characteristic ultraviolet absorption, accurate molecular weight, and diagnostic tandem mass spectrometry fragment ions. As a result, 85 compounds were identified including 22 flavonoids, 12 ellagic acids, 34 ellagitannins, 16 phenolic acids, and one phenolic amide. All the phenolic compounds identified in this work, especially ethyl gallate, geraniin, chebulagic acid, and quercitrin with the higher peak areas in the ultra high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry chemical profile of this plant, could be the bioactive principles responsible for the antioxidant activity. These findings in the present study could benefit further studies involving the functions and chemicals of this plant, and provide scientific evidence for usage of Cantonese herbal tea.

Catalytic Pyrolysis Vapor Upgrading of Corncob into Furans over Pyrolysis-Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry: Significance of Catalyst and Temperature

Analytical pyrolysis-comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC×GC/MS) was employed for the on-line analysis of catalytic pyrolysis products distribution and furans selectivity of corncob. Different catalysts (TiO2, ZrO2, MCM-41 and activated carbon (AC)) and catalytic temperature (350 °C, 400 °C, 450 °C and 500 °C) were investigated. The catalysts were subjected to several characterization methods, including temperature programmed decomposition of ammonia (NH3-TPD) and N2 adsorption-desorption, to investigate the effects of physical-chemical properties of the catalysts on products distribution and furans selectivity. The experiment results showed that a lower catalytic temperature (≤ 400 °C) was conductive to form furans and higher catalytic temperature (≥ 450 °C) was promoted hydrocarbons formation, among the four catalysts. The AC catalyst gave higher furans relative peak area (54.48%) than other catalysts (31.24% ~ 41.99%). And higher total acidity (weak acidity) of AC was favored for the formation of furfural and furan, 2-methyl- at 350 °C. Moreover, AC had the great thermal stability, and the catalyst recycling tests showed that the prepared AC can be reused for five times in furan-rich bio-oil production. After cycle, the relative peak area of furans also maintained above 40%. In addition, furan, 2-methyl- always maintained a high relative peak area (8%). It was expected that four type catalysts can be widely used for biomass catalytic conversion to produce furans processes at low catalytic temperature, especially the AC.

Aromatics production from fast co-pyrolysis of lignin and waste cooking oil catalyzed by HZSM-5 zeolite

Lignin and waste cooking oil are wastes from paper and food industries, respectively. In this work, the catalytic fast co-pyrolysis of lignin and waste cooking oil for the production of aromatics in a pyroprobe was investigated with an aim to improve the utilization of lignin waste and waste cooking oil. Furthermore, lignin-derived monomers, including phenol, o-cresol, and guaiacol, were also used as model feedstock for the catalytic co-pyrolysis in order to study the mechanism underlying aromatic formation. The mechanistic study helped lay theoretical foundation for the industrial application of the co-pyrolysis process. The effects of catalyst and waste cooking oil addition on co-pyrolysis product fractional yield and selectivity were studied. High amount of waste cooking oil in the feedstock with appropriate catalyst-to-feedstock ratio (3:1) contributed to high peak-area yields of the total detected compounds and aromatics. The alkylation and demethoxylation of phenols were enhanced at high ratios of catalyst to feedstock and waste cooking oil to lignin. When the ratio of waste cooking oil to lignin was 1:1, the highest mono-aromatic selectivity (82.6%) and synergistic extent (52.1%) for mono-aromatic production were obtained. The catalytic co-pyrolysis of the lignin-derived monomers and waste cooking oil showed that guaiacol was the most active compound to be converted to aromatics, followed by o-cresol, and phenol. The reaction mechanism underlying the formation of aromatics from the synergistic conversion of aliphatics and phenolics was elaborated.

Determining the probability of locating peaks using computerized peak-location methods in gamma-ray spectra as a function of the relative peak-area uncertainty

The probabilities of locating peaks with a high relative peak-area uncertainty were determined empirically with nine types of peak-location software used in laboratories engaged in gamma-ray spectrometry measurements. It was found that it is not possible to locate peaks with a probability of 0.95, when they have a relative peak-area uncertainty in excess of 50%. Locating peaks at these relatively high peak-area uncertainties with a probability greater than 0.95 is only possible in the library-driven mode, where the peak positions are supposed a-priori. The deficiencies of the library-driven mode and the possibilities to improve the probabilities of locating peaks are briefly discussed.

PH responsive delivery of lumefantrine with calcium phosphate nanoparticles loaded lipidic cubosomes for the site specific treatment of lung cancer

The present work aim to develop pH responsive nanosystem comprising lumefantrine with calcium phosphate nanoparticles loaded lipidic cubosomes for the effective treatment of lung cancer. FTIR results showed that, compatibility nature of selected excipients for the synthesis of LF-CaP-Cs. The XRD results showed developed LF-CaP-Cs were non crystalline in nature. The selected developed LF-CaP-Cs were in cubic phase with average particle size of 259.4 ± 19 nm with a charge of -2.28 ± 0.7 mV. The encapsulation efficiency for LF within LF-CaP-Cs was about 78.76 ± 0.5%. RP-HPLC analysis showed that LF release rate gets significantly enhanced with higher peak area at pH 4.0 compared to pH 5.0/pH 7.4. The in-vitro release of LF-CaP-Cs showed that LF release gets significantly increased at pH 4.0 (84.04 ± 0.4%) compared to pH 7.4 (48.32 ± 1.6%) at 12 h. Further, CAM assay showed the superior anti-angiogenesis potential of developed LF-CaP-Cs compared to LF-Cs/blank Cs. The cytotoxicity effect of LF-CaP-Cs (28 ± 1.8 μg/mL) was significantly higher than that of free LF (40 ± 0.9 μg/mL). The results of cellular uptake study proved the localization of LF at cellular level and AO/EB staining results revealed that the A549 cell undergoes apoptosis in A549 cells.

Plant Growth Regulators Improve the Production of Volatile Organic Compounds in Two Rose Varieties.

The study focused on the influence of the plant growth regulators (PGRs) benzyladenine (BA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the flowers of two modern rose varieties, Hybrid Tea and Floribunda. Thirty-six plants of Hybrid Tea and Floribunda were tested. Benzyladenine and naphthalene acetic acid were applied at 0, 100 and 200 mg/L to both rose varieties. Gas chromatography, coupled with flame ionization detection and mass spectrometry, was used to analyze and identify the volatile organic compounds from the flowers. A three-phase fiber 50/30 µm divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane was used to capture VOCs, at 2, 4 and 8 weeks, and 4 weeks was selected as it had the highest peak area. In total, 81 and 76 VOCs were detected after treatment of both rose varieties with BA and NAA, respectively. In addition, 20 compounds, which had significant differences between different treatments, were identified from both rose varieties. The majority of VOCs were extracted after the application of 200 mg (BA and NAA) /L of formulation, and four important compounds, cis-muurola-4(141)5-diene, y-candinene, y-muurolene and prenyl acetate, increased significantly compared to the controls. These compounds are commercially important aroma chemicals. This study used the rapid and solvent-free SPME method to show that BA and NAA treatments can result in significant VOC production in the flowers of two rose varieties, enhancing the aromatic value of the flowers. This method has the potential to be applied to other valuable aromatic floricultural plant species.

Analysis of brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Feeding induced volatiles in rice cultivars

The brown plant hopper (BPH) is an economically important insect pest of rice. Herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) have greater role in plant defense as repellents or feeding inhibitors or cues for natural enemies. In this study, volatiles induced after BPH infestation from susceptible (TN1) and resistant (Ptb33) rice varieties were identified using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometer (GCMS) and NIST MS 2 library. Ptb33 infested samples had defensive volatiles like stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, hexadecenoic acid, benzothiazole, phytol, nonanal with highest peak area %. In infested samples of TN1, only a few defense related volatiles like α-copaene were found. Eleven and sixteen overlapping volatiles were identified in infested and uninfested samples of TN1 and Ptb33, respectively. In addition to the host plant resistance in Ptb33 to BPH, induced volatiles provide indirect defense.

Comparative Expression Analysis of Defence-Related Genes in <i>Bacillus</i>-Treated <i>Glycine Max</i> upon Challenge Inoculation with Selective Fungal Phytopathogens

Activation of defence-related genes by the application of beneficial bacteria leads to prior protection against pathogens through induced systemic resistance. The present study was carried out to examine the qRT– PCR-based relative quantification of differently expressed defence-related genes in soybean ( Glycine max L. Merrill) plants primed with Bacillus sp. strain SJ-5 against the fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum . In this context, molecular characterization of plant growth promoting and biocontrol genes of SJ-5 was done by PCR followed by homology analysis. In the GC-MS analysis of SJ-5 volatile organic compounds, potent antifungal compound bis(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate and antioxidant compound butylated hydroxy toluene were reported with the highest peak area 47.96% and 21.82% respectively, along with other antifungal compounds in small proportion. Qualitative expression of different defence-related genes like lipoxygenase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 2, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, endo-1,3-beta-glucanase, catalase, defensin-like protein, vegetative storage protein and chitinase class I was found elicited in the plants primed with SJ-5 against the fungal pathogens. In the qPCR analysis, the highest upregulation was observed in the transcript profile of ppojh2 in the treatments T 5 and T 6 with 4.12- and 4.06-fold increase respectively.

Formulation of chelating agent with surfactant in cloud point extraction of methylphenol in water.

Cloud point extraction (CPE) is a separation and preconcentration of non-ionic surfactant from one liquid phase to another. In this study, Sylgard 309 and three different types of additives for CPE, namely CPE-Sylgard, CPE-Sylgard-BMIMBr and CPE-Sylgard-GLDA, are investigated to extract methylphenol from water samples. The methylphenols are well separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with isocratic elution of acetonitrile : water; 60 : 40 (v/v) and detection at 260 nm. The optimized parameters for the effect of salt, surfactant, temperature, time of extraction, pH, interference study and the performance of different additives on methylphenol extraction are investigated. CPE-Sylgard-GLDA is chosen because it gives us a high peak and good peak area compared with CPE-Sylgard and CPE-Sylgard-BMIMBr. The recovery extractions of CPE-Sylgard-GLDA are obtained in the range of 80–99% as the percentage of relative standard deviation (RSD) is less than 10. The LOD and LOQ are 0.05 ppm and 0.18 ppm, respectively. The method developed for CPE-Sylgard-GLDA coupled with HPLC is feasible for the determination of methylphenol because it is simple, effective, cheap, and produces a high percentage of recovery.

Multiwalled boron nitride microtubes (BNMTs) shielding in thermal neutron absorbing

ABSTRACTIn this study, multiwalled boron nitride microtubes (BNMTs) were synthesised from amorphous boron powder in pure nitrogen atmosphere controlled graphite furnace at 1300°C for 6 h with amorphous boron/manganese (IV) oxide (MnO2) catalyst mass ratio of 1/1. It was found that the synthesised BNMTs outer diameters and the lengths vary between 0.68 and 1.57 µm and between 6.79 and 31.23 µm, respectively, by the scanning electron microscope analysis. The surface layer of AISI 1040 steel material was coated with multiwalled BNMTs at 950°C for 4 h in a foundry furnace. Transport phenomena of BNMT molecules on surfaces of the steel were considered by diffusion. Neutrons from obtained 241Am-Be source were irradiated on the 58Fe nuclei. The irradiation properties of the without and with BNMT coated steel materials were studied in the field of gamma emitted by 60Co. The radiation exposure rate of gamma radiation sources used at 1099 and 1291 keV, respectively. The higher peak area was obtained in steel coated with BNMT according to non-coated steel from irradiation results of samples. These results show that BNMT coated steel was more capable for radiation shielding.

Investigation of the impact of Lead exposure on the inorganic and organic compounds profile of lung tissue in a rat model

The heavy metal lead (Pb) is considered one of the highly toxic substances among environmental pollutant that have entered and accumulated in the lung, the major soft organ for exposure, and alter multiple biological functions. These alterations may act as a driving force for the susceptibility to various diseases, including lung diseases, and it may be mediated through the changes in inorganic ions and organic compound level in lung tissues. These changes may responsible for immune toxic effects of Pb exposure and could be used as biomarkers that may provide observable end points of events of lung disease induction. Therefore, we investigated the production of inorganic ions and organic compound in lung tissues by Pb exposure in vivo rat model, which may explain the histopathological changes and identify the biological mechanisms of Pb induced lung disease. Wistar albino rats were subdivided into fourth groups; three groups were exposed for 3 consecutive days with intraperitoneal injection of Pb nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) while the control group was injected with intraperitoneal saline and all groups were sacrificed on the fourth day. Serum biomarkers, histopathology, and lung tissues homogenate contents of inorganic ions and organic compound were investigated. Lung tissues were extracted by solid‐phase extraction method and inorganic ions and organic compound were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and gas chromatography mass spectrometry, respectively. Serum analysis reflected significant increase serum myeloperoxidase, creatine kinase‐MB, and lactate dehydrogenase, while slightly decrease in immunoglobulin IgG. These serum biomarkers alterations are associated with significant increase the lung distribution of Pb in a dose dependent manner, while the inversely proportion to the lung concentrations of magnesium in a dose dependent manner. In addition, the histopathological changes indicative of severe lung interstitial inflammation and fibrosis. Moreover, the organic compound profile in lung tissues affected due to Pb exposure were identified, among them mainly tyrosine and p‐octylacetophenone were only detected in Pb‐exposed group and the high percentage peak area of butyltrimethoxysilane, 1‐hexadecanol, 1‐nonadecene, methyl stearate, and 1,2‐octadecanediol, which modulate lung immune responses, were found in Pb‐exposed compared to control group in a dose dependent manner. The present study demonstrates that Pb exposure is associated with the changes in the profile of inorganic ions and organic compounds of lung tissues that may play a role in initiation of inflammatory lung diseases.Support or Funding InformationThis Project was funded by the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Award Number (1‐17‐03‐001‐0025)This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Separation and evaluation of natural antileishmanial potential against Leishmania major and infuntum isolated from the Tunisia strains

<p class="Abstract">Besides its nutritional value as a dietary supplement, Tribulus terrestris is used as a remedy for fertility disorder in Ayurveda and Chinese medicine as well as by modern herbalists. The aim of this study was to explore the biological potential (antileishmanial effect) of an extract rich in saponins from Tunisian tribulus. The chloroform extract of the various parts of T. terrestris was subjected to partial purification by solvent partitioning with ethanol and n-butanol. All prepared extracts were tested for their anti-leishmanial activity. The result showed that n-butanolic extract (saponin fraction, when isolated from leaves part) exhibited the best antileishmanial effect against both pathogenic parasites Leshmania L. major (GlC94) and L. infuntum (LV50) evaluated in vitro assessment through MTT assay. n-Butanolic extract had been detected, quantified and purified using the RP-HPLC finger print (Hypersil ODS coupled to UV-vis). High peak area (5116.82 at 3.03 min) was detected at 205 nm.</p>

Determination of Plant Constituents in Fractions of Cordia obliqua Willd. Leaf Methanol Extract using GC-MS Analysis

Cordia obliqua Willd. is an important medicinal plant of family Boraginaceae. It is commonly known as Clammy Cherry. It is a deciduous tree and found throughout Himalayan region in India. Traditionally, it possesses a number of medicinal activities like diuretic, expectorant, antipyretic, anthelmintic and maturant. The current work is aimed to investigate chemical constituents present in fractions of leaf methanol extract of Cordia obliqua plant using GC-MS analysis. Two fractions of methanol extract (CO1 and CO3) were studied and about 30 components were detected in each sample. Highest peak area was observed for moncyclic sesquiterpene alcohol α-Bisabolol oxide b at RT 20.84 in CO1 and for o-methyl-d-glucose at RT 16.53 in CO3. The important constituents detected were Amino acids, Oleic acid, Oleanolic acid, Sesquiterpene lactone, trietrpenoids, various steroids, galactopyranoside, Hexadecanoic acid, Phthalic acid, Azafrin, Decatrienoic acid, Docasenamide, Morphinan and carotenoids. Among these Morphinan is an opoid alkaloid and good psychoactive drug. Other constituents are also medicinally important and many have reported biological activities. Thus GC-MS analysis revealed the existence of various types of constituents in Cordia obliqua leaf methanol extract fraction which confirm the application of this plant for a number of medicinal activities.

Analysis on the exposure level and geographic distribution trend of toxicological indicators in rural drinking water, Shandong Province, in 2015

Objective: To analyze the exposure level and the geographical distribution trend of toxicological indicators of rural drinking water in Shandong Province. Methods: The drawing method was used to randomly select no less than 60% villages and towns from 137 counties (cities, districts) of 17 cities in Shandong Province in 2015, and then 1-3 rural centralized water supply units were selected according to the circumstance of rural centralized water supply units in each village and town. In total, 735 villages and towns, 1 473 rural centralized water supply units were selected, and 1 473 water samples were collected. The water treatment process, water supply population and other circumstances of the rural centralized water supply units were investigated, the water quality was monitored, the content of toxicological indicators of drinking water in different areas was compared, and the trend surface isogram of excessive toxicological indicators was drawn. Results: The qualified rate of toxicological indicators in 1 473 water samples was 83.64% (n=1 232). The main toxicological indicators that affected the qualified rate of toxicological indicators of drinking water in rural areas in Shandong Province were nitrate and fluoride. The excessive rate of fluoride was 5.70% (n=84) and the exposed population was 1 736 709 (4.22%). The excessive rate of nitrate (as nitrogen) was 12.29% (n=181) and the exposed population was 1 393 612 (3.39%). The P(5)0 content of fluoride in the eastern, middle and western regions was 0.24, 0.29 and 0.59 mg/L, respective;which was higher in the western region than in the east and the middle regions (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the eastern and the middle regions (P>0.05). The P(50) content of nitrate (as nitrogen) in the eastern, middle and western regions was 8.00, 7.48, and 2.00 mg/L, which was higher in the eastern and middle regions than in the west region (P<0.05), there was no significant difference between the eastern and the middle regions (P>0.05). The trend surface isogram of nitrate and fluoride content showed that the content of nitrate (as nitrogen) in rural drinking water in the eastern region was significantly higher than that in the western region, especially there was a high peak area in the northeastern region, and this high content distribution extended diagonally to the central region, while the other regions were in a relatively low range. The content of fluoride in rural drinking water in the western region was significantly higher than that in the eastern region, and there were high peaks in the southwest and northwest regions, and the other regions were in a relatively low range. Conclusion: The high exposed toxicological indicators in rural drinking water in Shandong Province were nitrate (as nitrogen) and fluoride, and their distribution showed obvious geographical distribution trend.

Insight into the effect of ZnCl2 on analytical pyrolysis behavior of cellulolytic enzyme corn stover lignin

The target of this work is to investigate the effect of impregnated ZnCl2 on the analytical pyrolysis behavior of waste cellulolytic enzyme corn stover lignin (CECL). Pyrolysis of CECL in a thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) exhibited that ZnCl2 promoted the formation of solid product, resulted in high activation energies (114–236kJ/mol). The evolution amount of CO2 and H2O increased 2–3 times with ZnCl2. Pyrolysis in a pyrolyzer coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) showed that 4-vinylphenol and 4-vinylguaiacol exhibited high peak areas, and the formation of most monomeric phenols was substantially suppressed by ZnCl2. A possible mechanism was provided considering that ZnCl2 promoted the formation of char and non-condensable gases while suppressed the formation of bio-oil. The substantial evolution of gases could be responsible for the highly porous structure of activated carbon prepared with ZnCl2. Our work provides a foundation towards understanding the effect of ZnCl2 on lignin pyrolysis.

PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS SPECTROMETRY SPECTRA OF CHLOROFORM EXTRACT FROM SPERMACOSE HISPIDA L. SEED

Objectives: Globally, scientific evaluation of traditional uses of herbal medicine, isolation, and characterization of bioactive constituents from herbs are some of the leading research areas. Spermacoce hispida (SH) is well known for its hypolipidemic and anti-obesity activity. The aim of this study is to qualitatively analyze the presence of primary and secondary metabolites in various extracts of SH seeds and to examine the presence of bioactive principles of chloroform extract from SH seeds.Methods: Physicochemical analysis such as ash content, acid-soluble ash, water-soluble ash, moisture content, fiber content, ethanol soluble extractive value, and water-soluble extractive value for seeds of SH was determined as per WHO guidelines. Cold percolative extracts of seeds of SH with different solvents were carried out. Preliminary phytochemical analysis for the presence of various primary and secondary metabolites in extracts was determined. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of chloroform extract was carried out.Results: Physicochemical analysis values were found to be present in permissible level (&lt;5%). Yield of ethyl acetate (4.9/100 g), ethanolic (4.2/100 g), and hydroalcoholic extract (4.0/100 g) of seeds of SH was found to be higher than that of extract obtained by soaking with different low polar solvents. Secondary metabolites such as phenol, flavonoid, and tannin are present in ethyl acetate, ethanolic, hydroalcoholic extract. Fat and alkaloid are present in chloroform extract. GC-MS spectra show the presence of 30 different bioactive constituents. Among them, n-hexadecanoic acid was found to constitute (5.83%) highest peak area than the remaining compounds.Conclusion: Seeds of SH is a rich source of primary and secondary metabolites and various bioactive phytoconstituents.

Size exclusionchromatography-high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for measuring the stability of cadmium telluridequantum dots

Objective: To investigate the peak time and peak area of elements in cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe QDs) using size exclusion chromatography-high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, as well as the biological stability of CdTe QDs in vivo and in vitro. Methods: Transmission electron microscope and ultraviolet fluorescence were used for characterization and synthesis of water-soluble CdTe QDs, and CdTe QDs were added to double-distilled water, mobile phase, or bovine serum medium to observe the change in stability after different periods of time. CdTe QDs were injected into the vein of mice, and the changes in the morphology of CdTe QDs in serum and the liver were measured at 1, 24, and 72 hours after exposure. Size exclusion chromatography-high-performance liquid chromatography was used for the elution of the compounds in the solution based on their volume, and then inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was performed for the eluent. The flow time of (114)Cd and (130)Te and molar ratio were used for qualitative analysis of CdTe QDs, and the peak area was used to judge whether CdTe QDs were degraded. Results: CdTe QDs were diluted to a concentration of 0.5 mmol/L with double-distilled water and then placed in a dark place at room temperature; CdTe QDs were completely degraded after 60 minutes. CdTe QDs were diluted to a concentration of 0.005 mmol/L with a mobile phase, and the peak of CdTe QDs was not detected. After CdTe QDs were placed in a dark place at room temperature for 48 hours at a concentration of 0.005 mmol/L in bovine serum mediumin vitro, the peak area of (114)Cd was 6179841-7346084, and the peak area of (130)Te was 1077913-1191066. CdTe QDs had the highest peak area at 1 hour after exposure, and the peak areas of (114)Cd and (130)Te were 18183894 and 25187987, respectively. CdTe QDs were quickly degraded in the liver; at 1 hour after exposure, the degradation products of CdTe QDs containing Cd were observed in liver tissue homogenate, and CdTe QDs were largely degradedat 24 hours. Conclusion: This method can be used to investigate the biological stability of CdTe QDs. CdTe QDs are degraded in the liver and produce Cd(2+), which may cause toxic reaction.

Growth-arresting Activity of Acmella Essential Oil and its Isolated Component D-Limonene (1, 8 P-Mentha Diene) against Trichophyton rubrum (Microbial Type Culture Collection 296).

Background:Spilanthes acmella is used as a remedy in toothache complaints by the tribal people of Western part of Odisha, India.Objective:The objective of this study was to study the growth-arresting activity of an indigenous Acmella essential oil (EO) (S. acmella Murr, Asteraceae) and its isolated component, d-limonene against Trichophyton rubrum (microbial type culture collection 296).Materials and Methods:The EO was extracted from flowers of indigenous S. acmella using Clevenger's apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was carried out to isolate the major constituent. The isolated fraction was subjected to fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The antidermatophytic activity was screened for using “disc diffusion” and “slant dilution” method followed by optical, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. The molecular dockings were made between d-limonene with cell wall synthesis-related key enzymes (14 methyl deaminase and monooxygenase).Results:The GC-MS analysis EO had inferred the presence of 7 number of major (≥2%) components. The component with highest peak area (%) was found to be 41.02. The HPLC-isolated fraction was identified as d-limonene (1,8 p-Mentha-diene) by FTIR and NMR. Qualitative and quantitative assays had suggested the growth inhibitory activity of Acmella EO and its component. Shrinkage, evacuation, cell wall puncture, and leakage of cellular constituents by the activity of Acmella oil and d-limonene were evidenced from optical, SEM, and TEM studies. The computer simulation had predicted the binding strengths of d-limonene and fluconazole with dermatophyte cell wall enzymes.Conclusion:There could have been synergistic action of all or some of compounds present in indigenous Acmella EO.SUMMARY There was presence of seven number of (d-limonene, ocimene, β-myrcene, cyclohexene, 3-(1, 5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-6-methylene, β-caryophyllene, and β-sesquiphellandrene and β-phellandrene) major components in the indigenous Acmella essential oilThe d-limonene content was 41.02% in the indigenous oilThe antidermatophytic activity of Acmella essential oil could have been attributable to its chemotypes. Abbreviations used: °C: Degree centigrade; w/v: Weight/volume; TS: Transverse section; min: minute; Hz: hertz: h: Hr.