High Oxalate Content Research Articles

Enhancing magnesium oxalate cements with copper slag and silica fume

Magnesium oxalate cement is an alternative binder made by reacting dead-burned magnesia and oxalic acid salts. Dead-burned magnesia, which has a high carbon footprint, was replaced at different levels (25–100 %) with copper slag, as a source of iron and thus a reactive component, or silica fume, as an inert or low-reactivity component. The powder mixtures contained ∼25–35 % oxalate, by mass. Physical and mechanical properties were investigated as well as changes in the mineralogy and morphology of paste and mortar specimens. Replacement of up to 50 % of dead-burned magnesia yielded strong (> 30 MPa) and water-resistant mortars with extended setting times, for mixtures with lower oxalate content. Mixtures with higher oxalate content and those without any dead-burned magnesia suffered significant strength loss in water. When copper slag was used, humboldtine, an iron oxalate, formed instead of or in addition to glushinskite, the main reaction product of magnesium and oxalate ions. Silica fume did not yield any crystalline reaction products.

ONE-STEP ETHANOL EXTRACTION FOR PRODUCING PURIFIED GLUCOMANNAN FLOUR FROM PORANG CHIPS (AMORPHOPHALLUS ONCOPHYLLUS)

Porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) is unable to be consumed directly due to high calcium oxalate content. Two methods commonly used to reduce calcium oxalate contents are a mechanical method by grinding and sieving and in chemical process by using sodium chloride immersion. Most studies focused on how to increase glucomannan content in porang flour. Glucomannan is a hydrocolloid complex sugar used as dietary fiber. It is utilized as a thickening agent, gel-forming agent, and applied in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In previous studies, purification of glucomannan has been done by milling fresh tuber and extraction with multilevel ethanol concentration. In this study, extraction with ethanol 50% and 70% have been done with a variation of extraction time: 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes. For preparation, porang chips are ground and sieved into 40 mesh flour. After extraction, glucomannan flour was filtered and dried, then characterized. Glucomannan content, calcium oxalate content, moisture content, ash content, viscosity, morphology, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were conducted. The experiment results show that the longer duration of extraction significantly decreased calcium oxalate content. Moisture content ranged from 9.99 – 10.85%. Better ash content was obtained at 50% ethanol, which exhibited under 3% of all immersion duration. The morphology of purified glucomannan flour observed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed a small amount of calcium oxalate as indicated by a needle-like structure. Ethanol concentrations and extraction duration effects on the purity and characterization of glucomannan flour from porang chips have been discussed in detail in this study.

Extraction of oxalic acid from porang tuber by mechanical separation method

Porang tuber is a source of food that has many benefits. It also has the disadvantage of increasing the risk of health problems because of its high oxalate content. One of the methods for capturing oxalic acid from porang tuber flour is the Mechanical Separation method. Porang flour was added to ethanol-water solvent with a ratio of the solvent mixture-porang flour and an ethanol-water composition according to the variable. The mixing of porang flour and the solvent mixture were heated and added with HCl. The filtrate obtained was taken and diluted. The diluted filtrate was taken and titrated using KMnO4. This study aims to examine the effect of material size (between 60 - 80 mesh, between 80 - 100 mesh, and >100 mesh), the composition of the solvent mixture (60:40 v/v, 78:22 v/v, 96:4 v/ v), and the ratio of solvent with porang tuber flour (10:1, 15:1, 20:1) to oxalic acid yield in porang tuber flour. The results showed that the optimum conditions obtained from this RSM method are flour size of 100 mesh, composition of ethanol: water = 96:4, and the ratio of solvent to flour 20:1. Oxalic acid yield obtained in this variable is 30.2469%.

Personalized Medicine in Urolithiasis: AI Chatbot-Assisted Dietary Management of Oxalate for Kidney Stone Prevention.

Accurate information regarding oxalate levels in foods is essential for managing patients with hyperoxaluria, oxalate nephropathy, or those susceptible to calcium oxalate stones. This study aimed to assess the reliability of chatbots in categorizing foods based on their oxalate content. We assessed the accuracy of ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, Bard AI, and Bing Chat to classify dietary oxalate content per serving into low (<5 mg), moderate (5-8 mg), and high (>8 mg) oxalate content categories. A total of 539 food items were processed through each chatbot. The accuracy was compared between chatbots and stratified by dietary oxalate content categories. Bard AI had the highest accuracy of 84%, followed by Bing (60%), GPT-4 (52%), and GPT-3.5 (49%) (p < 0.001). There was a significant pairwise difference between chatbots, except between GPT-4 and GPT-3.5 (p = 0.30). The accuracy of all the chatbots decreased with a higher degree of dietary oxalate content categories but Bard remained having the highest accuracy, regardless of dietary oxalate content categories. There was considerable variation in the accuracy of AI chatbots for classifying dietary oxalate content. Bard AI consistently showed the highest accuracy, followed by Bing Chat, GPT-4, and GPT-3.5. These results underline the potential of AI in dietary management for at-risk patient groups and the need for enhancements in chatbot algorithms for clinical accuracy.

Calcium oxalate levels, glucomannan levels, and antioxidative activities of different sized Amorphophallus oncophyllus particles and the maceration of Strobilanthes crispus

Porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) is a type of tuber widely planted in Indonesia. It has a high glucomannan content, but its use is limited due to high calcium oxalate content. However, it has previously been shown that the maceration of porang with the ethanolic extract of Strobilanthes crispus (SC) can serve to reduce its calcium oxalate content. This study sought to determine the impact of sieving in combination with ethanolic extract of SC maceration on the calcium oxalate levels, glucomannan levels, and antioxidant activities of different sized particles of porang. The calcium oxalate levels were analyzed by the atomic absorption method, whereas the glucomannan levels were determined based on the yield of glucomannan derived from the ethanolic extraction process. The porang particles were then analyzed to assess their antioxidant activities using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl). The particles were grouped into six in different particle size and maceration: AX, AY, AN, BY, and BN. The results revealed that porang with a particle size of <40 mesh that was macerated with SC exhibited lower calcium oxalate levels and higher glucomannan levels than porang with a particle size of >40 mesh. The antioxidant activity of the porang decreased after maceration with the ethanolic extract of SC.

MP10-02 DIETARY INTERVENTION IN ENTERIC HYPEROXALURIA

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023MP10-02 DIETARY INTERVENTION IN ENTERIC HYPEROXALURIA William DeFoor, Joonsue Lee, Nehus Edward, Marion Schulte, Sydney Huesman, Ashleigh Libs, and Prasad Devarajan William DeFoorWilliam DeFoor More articles by this author , Joonsue LeeJoonsue Lee More articles by this author , Nehus EdwardNehus Edward More articles by this author , Marion SchulteMarion Schulte More articles by this author , Sydney HuesmanSydney Huesman More articles by this author , Ashleigh LibsAshleigh Libs More articles by this author , and Prasad DevarajanPrasad Devarajan More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003225.02AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Medically complex, gastrostomy-fed children are particularly vulnerable to forming kidney stones. We have previously shown that there are elevated urinary oxalate levels in patients using enteral feeding formulas primarily based on soy protein, a known high oxalate food. Enteric hyperoxaluria may predispose patients to calcium oxalate stones. The objective of this study is assess if targeted dietary intervention decreases urinary oxalate excretion. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed on medically complex children with cerebral palsy and severe developmental delay presenting to a high-volume Pediatric Stone Center with nephrolithiasis from 2015 to 2020. Inclusion criteria included those who underwent a dietary and urinary metabolic evaluation before and after the index visit. Diets were analyzed by a registered dietitian. Urinary metabolites including calcium, oxalate, and citrate as well as the supersaturations of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate were analyzed via two 24-hour urine collections. Dietary oxalate load was determined by evaluating individual recipes for known high oxalate ingredients or soy-based formulas. Patients were stratified into those on a low versus high oxalate diet. Statistical analysis was performed using paired t-tests. RESULTS: A total of 13 medically complex stone-forming children met inclusion criteria. All patients were non-ambulatory. 11 of 13 (85%) were primarily fed via gastrostomy. Of the 13 patients, 4 were on a low oxalate diet and 9 were found to have a diet of high oxalate foods. The baseline urinary oxalate excretion (26 vs. 71 mg/m2/day, P = 0.001) and supersaturation of calcium oxalate (6.1 vs. 14.3, P=0.01) were lower in those with a low oxalate diet. Four patients on high oxalate diets were targeted for lowering the enteral oxalate load. A follow-up urinary metabolic evaluation was performed a mean of 6.5 months after the dietary intervention. The urinary oxalate level decreased from 71 to 33 mg/m2/day (P=0.049). Urinary excretion of calcium and citrate as well as the supersaturation of calcium phosphate were similar following dietary modifications. CONCLUSIONS: Urinary oxalate excretion and supersaturation of calcium oxalate were elevated in medically complex stone-forming children with high dietary oxalate content. Targeted dietary intervention to reduce the oxalate load in enteral formulas can lead to a substantial decrease in urinary oxalate excretion. Further investigation is required to determine if this leads to lower stone recurrence, hospitalizations, and the need for surgical interventions. Source of Funding: None © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e114 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information William DeFoor More articles by this author Joonsue Lee More articles by this author Nehus Edward More articles by this author Marion Schulte More articles by this author Sydney Huesman More articles by this author Ashleigh Libs More articles by this author Prasad Devarajan More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Metabolomic analysis of rice brittle culm mutants reveals each mutant- specific metabolic pattern in each organ.

Plant cell walls play an important role in providing physical strength and defence against abiotic stress. Rice brittle culm (bc) mutants are a strength-decreased mutant because of abnormal cell walls, and it has been reported that the causative genes of bc mutants affect cell wall composition. However, the metabolic alterations in each organ of bc mutants have remained unknown. To evaluate the metabolic changes in rice bc mutants, comparative analysis of the primary metabolites was conducted. The primary metabolites in leaves, internodes, and nodes of rice bc mutants and wild-type control were measured using CE- and LC-MS/MS. Multivariate analyses using metabolomic data was performed. We found that mutations in each bc mutant had different effects on metabolism. For example, higher oxalate content was observed in bc3 and bc1 bc3 mutants, suggesting that surplus carbon that was not used for cell wall components might be used for oxalate synthesis. In addition, common metabolic alterations such as a decrease of sugar nucleotides in nodes were found in bc1 and Bc6, in which the causative genes are involved in cellulose accumulation. These results suggest that metabolic analysis of the bc mutants could elucidate the functions of causative gene and improve the cell wall components for livestock feed or bioethanol production.

Despite Higher Oxalate Content, Whole Grains Should Be Encouraged in Patients with a History of Calcium Kidney Stones

Despite Higher Oxalate Content, Whole Grains Should Be Encouraged in Patients with a History of Calcium Kidney Stones

Evaluation of Oxalate Content in Cassava Roots and Sweet Potato Tubers in Areka, Ethiopia

Oxalic acid (or its dissociated form oxalate) is a product of protein metabolism and is one of the important nutrients in the human diet. Regular consumption of large amounts of food with high oxalate contents over a long period may result in nutrient deficiencies notably calcium and contribute to kidney stone formation. The aim of this study is to assess some physicochemical properties and the oxalate content of cassava and sweet potato grown in Areka, Ethiopia using titration and UV-visible spectrophotometric methods. The moisture content of dry flour and fresh roots of cassava was found to be 10.33 and 55.27 %, respectively, while the moisture content of dry flour and fresh tuber of sweet potato was 9.07 and 68.47 %, respectively. The ash content of the flour sample of cassava and sweet potato was 3.60 and 4.13 %, respectively. The pH of the flour sample of cassava and sweet potato was 6.23 and 6.13, respectively. All physicochemical parameters were significantly different (P &lt; 0.05). The oxalate content determination was done using titration and UV-visible spectrophotometer methods. The oxalate level of samples using the titration method gave 77.66 and 197.90 mg/100g for cassava and sweet potato, respectively. By the UV-visible spectrophotometer, the oxalate content of cassava was 151.19 and 153.56 mg/100g for sweet potato. The results of the statistical analysis on the generated data indicated that there was a significant difference at p≤ 0.05 among the physicochemical investigated in this study. Keywords: Cassava, oxalate, physicochemical, sweet potato, UV-visible spectrophotometer. DOI: 10.7176/FSQM/117-02 Publication date: July 31 st 2022

PD05-12 WHAT IS THE BEST PLANT-BASED YOGURT FOR PATIENTS WITH KIDNEY STONES AND/OR CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE?

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 May 2022PD05-12 WHAT IS THE BEST PLANT-BASED YOGURT FOR PATIENTS WITH KIDNEY STONES AND/OR CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE? James Borin, John Knight, Ross Holmes, Shivam Joshi, David Goldfarb, Wilson Lin, and Stacy Loeb James BorinJames Borin More articles by this author , John KnightJohn Knight More articles by this author , Ross HolmesRoss Holmes More articles by this author , Shivam JoshiShivam Joshi More articles by this author , David GoldfarbDavid Goldfarb More articles by this author , Wilson LinWilson Lin More articles by this author , and Stacy LoebStacy Loeb More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002524.12AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Patients with kidney stones are counseled to eat a diet low in animal protein, sodium and oxalate, with a modest amount of calcium, usually from dairy. However, approximately 2/3 of the global population is lactose intolerant, and plant-based diets are becoming increasingly popular due to health and environmental benefits. Restriction of sodium, potassium and oxalate may also be recommended in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We previously reported a comparison of oxalate and other nutrients that are important for kidney stones and CKD in plant-based milks. The objective of this study was to compare the nutritional composition between popular brands of plant-based yogurt. METHODS: Oxalate content of commercially available plant-based yogurts was measured by ion chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. We obtained calories, sodium, calcium and potassium content from nutrition labels. RESULTS: Nutritional information per 150 g serving size is shown in the table. Calcium content is highest in fortified soy, oat, almond and coconut yogurts (10-15% recommended dietary allowance (RDA)). Similar to our prior findings in plant-based milk substitutes, almond milk yogurts have the highest oxalate concentration whereas oxalate is lowest in the coconut and oat-based products. Caloric content was modest, ranging from 120-180 calories and the majority of products had low sodium content, 5-30 mg. CONCLUSIONS: As consumption of plant-based dairy substitutes increases, it is important for health professionals and patients with renal conditions to be aware of their nutritional composition. Plant based yogurts that are fortified with calcium can provide a valuable non-dairy source of calcium. However, some nut-based yogurts (e.g., almond and cashew) have a higher oxalate content which may be problematic for patients with kidney stones or CKD. Calcium-fortified soy, oat and coconut-based yogurts have a favorable nutritional composition for patients with kidney conditions. Future studies are warranted to examine the effect of plant-based yogurts on urine chemistry. Source of Funding: National Institute of Health (grant numbers P20DK119788, 2R01DK087967) © 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 207Issue Supplement 5May 2022Page: e90 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information James Borin More articles by this author John Knight More articles by this author Ross Holmes More articles by this author Shivam Joshi More articles by this author David Goldfarb More articles by this author Wilson Lin More articles by this author Stacy Loeb More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...

Evaluation of the Mineral Content and Their Bioavailability in &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Macrotermes subhyalinus&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; (Winged, Queen and Soldier)

Edible insects are an important source of nutrients that can help to cover certain nutritional deficiencies. This is the case with <i>Macrotermes subhyalinus</i>, a species of termite widely consumed in Côte d'Ivoire. This study was carried out to assess the mineral content and their bioavailability in the different castes (winged, queen and soldier) of this species. For this, the levels of antinutritional factors, the levels of minerals and their bioavailability were determined. Magnesium and potassium contents vary respectively from 977.18 mg/100g DM to 1405.45 mg/100g DM and from 6658.20 mg/100g DM to 9879.38 mg/100g DM. The winged <i>M. subhyalinus</i> had the higher levels of copper (62 mg/100g DM) and manganese (2867 mg/100g DM). While the queen had the highest values for sodium (2158.9 mg/100g DM) and selenium (0.67 mg/100g DM). As for <i>M. subhyalinus</i> soldier, it was rich in calcium (3323.4 mg/100g DM), zinc (127 mg/100g DM), iron (2657 mg/100g DM) and molybdenum (0.48 mg/100g DM). Regarding the content of antinutritional factors, the highest values are observed with <i>M. subhyalinus</i> soldier in phytate (451.85±28.49 mg/100g DM) and in tannins (35.32±0.98 mg/100g DM). <i>M. subhyalinus</i> queen has the highest oxalate content (12.57±0.48 mg/100g DM). The calculated molar ratios vary from 0.02 to 0.9 with oxalate and from 0.09 to 35.57 with phytates. These insects could be recommended for children suffering from micronutrient deficiency malnutrition.

Effect of Black Tea Consumption on Urinary Risk Factors for Kidney Stone Formation.

Copious fluid intake is the most essential nutritional measure in the treatment of urolithiasis, and is suggested to be a protective factor in the primary prevention of urinary stone formation. Although the intake of black tea contributes to daily fluid intake, the high oxalate content could outweigh the beneficial effect of urine dilution. The present study investigated the effect of black tea consumption on urinary risk factors for kidney stone formation. Ten healthy men received a standardized diet for a period of ten days. Subjects consumed 1.5 L/day of fruit tea (0 mg/day oxalate) during the 5-day control phase, which was replaced by 1.5 L/day of black tea (86 mg/day oxalate) during the 5-day test phase. Fractional and 24-h urines were obtained. The intake of black tea did not significantly alter 24-h urinary oxalate excretion. Urinary citrate, an important inhibitor of calcium stone formation, increased significantly, while the relative supersaturation of calcium oxalate, uric acid, and struvite remained unchanged. No significantly increased risk for kidney stone formation could be derived from the ingestion of black tea in normal subjects. Further research is needed to evaluate the impact of black tea consumption in kidney stone patients with intestinal hyperabsorption of oxalate.

Optimization Process to Increase the Quality of Lombok Porang Flour

As a primary source of glucomannan, porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus Prain) has a decisive role in the food and non-food industry development. However, the naturally high calcium oxalate content in the corm is one obstacle why it is not safe as a food material. This paper describes and discusses the optimizing process to reduce the level of calcium oxalate content and improve the quality of the flour of porang locally grown in Lombok. Porang samples were obtained from the center of growing area in North Lombok. Series of trials were carried out, including treatment using a salt solution, blanching, and fermentation technology. The parameters observed in this study were the calcium oxalate content, moisture content, and the color of porang flour. The results from these trials indicated that soaking in salt solution and blanching technology significantly reduced the calcium oxalate concentration in the flour. However, the oxalate levels in the flour were slightly higher than the quality standard requirement. In contrast, fermentation treatment was not effective in reducing the oxalate level. In general, all treatments significantly reduced the flour-moisture content. Further research is required in order to produce quality local porang flour that meets quality standards.

Calcium Oxalate Crystals as Raw Food Antinutrient: A Review

The nutritional value of food can be altered by the presence of antinutrients such as oxalates present abundantly in plants as ergastic crystals. High oxalate content in plant-based raw food can lead to oxalonephropathy, nephrolithiasis and renal dysfunction. Presence of oxalate can hinder the absorption of other minerals such as calcium and magnesium present in food. CaOx antinutrient intake can be minimised by avoiding plant with high oxalate content or by decreasing oxalate levels through cooking practices like, boiling, fermenting, treating with baking soda, adding yoghurt and milk etc. More sophisticated ways of minimising antinutrient intake through raw diet is by choosing genetically modified crops which are bred for low oxalate content or by choosing mutant varieties which are devoid or low in oxalate content in food crops. The future for sustainable antinutrient management and nutritional value enhancement is by incorporating genes from bacteria or fungi which are capable of breaking down oxalate using the enzyme oxalate decarboxylase, on to plants and thereby modifying them to have less antinutrient effects in raw consumption.

High and low oxalate content in spinach: an investigation of accumulation patterns.

Oxalic acid is a common antinutrient in the human diet, found in large quantities in spinach. However, spinach is highly regarded by vegetable producers because of its nutritional content and economic value. One of the primary purposes of spinach-breeding programs is to improve the nutritional value of spinach by adjusting oxalate accumulation. Knowledge of the biosynthetic patterns of oxalic acid, and its different forms, is important for a better understanding of this process. We found three biosynthetic patterns of accumulation and concentration of oxalates. Two of them are related to the maximum type and one is related to the minimum type. We also developed a general model of variations in these compounds in the genotypes that were studied. This study introduced a unique type of spinach with high oxalate accumulation, which could be particularly suitable for consumption. This had the highest ratio of insoluble oxalate to soluble oxalate. It also accumulated more ascorbic acid (AA) than other types. Our findings in this study also indicate a small role for AA as a precursor to oxalate production in spinach, possibly confirming the significant role of glyoxylate as the most critical precursor in this plant. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and performance of crossbreed Boer goats fed with diets containing saltbush (Atriplex nummularia L.) and spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica).

Saltbush and spineless cactus are adapted to arid and semiarid regions and used as an important forage resource in ruminants' diet. However, spineless cactus restricts production due to its low crude protein and NDF levels and high salt and oxalate contents, which can limit the digestibility and intake of dietary nutrients. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the best ratio levels of saltbush associated with spineless cactus in diets for crossbreed Boer goats through ingestion, water balance, digestibility, nitrogen balance, growth and carcass weight. Twenty-four castrated crossbred Boer (Boer × Brazilian native) goats 6months of age and average body weight of 20.28kg were utilized. The animals were weighed and distributed in randomized blocks in four experimental diets with saltbush of 8.4, 18.8, 31.2 and 48.3%. The addition of saltbush hay promoted quadratic behaviour (P < 0.05) in intake of dry matter and nutrients. There was no effect (P < 0.05) from the addition of saltbush hay on the digestibility of organic matter, total carbohydrates, non-fibrous carbohydrates and neutral detergent fibre, whereas there was an increase in dry matter. The crude protein digestibility behaved quadratically (P = 0.06), where the maximum digestibility was obtained with the addition of 31.2% of hay. The balance and net nitrogen utilization presented a quadratic effect (P < 0.01). Saltbush in rations for goats presented promising results, the growth rate (0.15kg/day) obtained in diet with a lower proportion of saltbush, would satisfy smallholders when considering that this species, associated with spineless cactus, may reduce the use of concentrate feeds; however, the diet with 31.2% of saltbush hay provided the biggest gain in body and carcass weight of the goats.

Karakter Morfologi Talas (Colocasia Esculenta) Sebagai Indikator Level Kadar Oksalat Menggunakan Lensa Makro

Taro plant (Colocasia esculenta) is a type of tuber that contains many useful compounds, less fat and lots of vitamin A. The high calcium oxalate content in taro is an anti-nutritional and toxic which can cause itching in the mouth, burning sensation, irritation of the skin, mouth, and digestive tract. Taro processing reduced its oxalate levels, which also influenced the morphological changes observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM imaging. There is no practical way to predict the oxalate level of taro, making it easier to predict its toxicity. The purpose of this study is to predict the level of taro toxicity based on its morphology using a more practical tool such as a macro lens combined with a smartphone. The prediction of oxalate levels in taro was carried out by combining taro morphological data based on SEM and several object images produced by a macro lens equipped with a smartphone. The image of the object captured with a macro lens is supplemented with a fluorescent procedure to enhance the sharpness of the image. The prediction of oxalate levels in taro using a macro lens is distinguished based on the number of dark sides (dots) in the imaging results. The accuracy of macro lenses is of course lower than SEM, but at least the results are used as an initial prediction of oxalate levels in taro.

Dietary Oxalate Loading Impacts Monocyte Metabolism and Inflammatory Signaling in Humans.

Diet has been associated with several metabolic diseases and may impact immunity. Increased consumption of meals with high oxalate content may stimulate urinary calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals, which are precursors to CaOx kidney stones. We previously reported that CaOx stone formers have decreased monocyte cellular bioenergetics compared to healthy participants and oxalate reduces monocyte metabolism and redox status in vitro. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether dietary oxalate loading impacts monocyte cellular bioenergetics, mitochondrial complex activity, and inflammatory signaling in humans. Healthy participants (n = 40; 31.1 ± 1.3 years) with a BMI of 24.9 ± 0.6 kg/m2 consumed a controlled low oxalate diet for 3 days before drinking a blended preparation of fruits and vegetables containing a large amount of oxalate. Blood and urine were collected before (pre-oxalate) and for 5 h after the oxalate load to assess urinary oxalate levels, monocyte cellular bioenergetics and mitochondrial complex activity, and plasma cytokine/chemokine levels. Urinary oxalate levels significantly increased in post-oxalate samples compared to pre-oxalate samples. Monocyte cellular bioenergetics, mitochondrial complex I activity, and plasma cytokine and chemokine levels were altered to varying degrees within the study cohort. We demonstrate for the first time that dietary oxalate loading may impact monocyte metabolism and immune response in a cohort of healthy adults, but these response are variable. Further studies are warranted to understand oxalate mediated mechanisms on circulating monocytes and how this potentially influences CaOx kidney stone formation.Clinical Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03877276.

PLANT PHYTATES AND OXALATES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON NUTRIENT UTILIZATION BY GOATS

The leaves of 37 browse species usually fed to ruminants in Nigeria were analysed for their phytic acid, pleytin - P and oxalic. The study indicated average phytic acid of phytic acid, i.e the mixed Ca and Mg salts contents ranged from 65.05 to 350.64 mg/g-1 in 18.32 - 100 mg g- and 0.10 -3.5 mg 100 mg. The Herbs leaves had the highest concentration Phytic acid while shrubs had the highest oxalate content. The in vivo trial with dwarf goats showed that, when maintained on browse and cassava peels, goats consumed 3.37 ±0.30 to 24.00 ±1.06 mg kg 1734 of phytic acid and 0.06 20.02 to 0.51 10.02 g d'W kg * 0.734 of oxalic acid. The CP, Ca and P intakes and excretion were also monitored. These two toxicants were correlated with protein; DM intake, DM digestibility and body weight Browse phytates and oxalates did not quite impair the performance of ruminant animals (Oke, 1996). Calcium animals significantly. Following digestion, nutrients sent into the soil Include Ca, P, N, C, being the main site of Zn etc.

Averrhoa bilimbi ingestion and acute kidney injury: A case series

Averrhoa bilimbi (Irumban puli) is commonly used in South India for variety of household preparations and also as a remedy for hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia. The fruit has very high oxalate content which, when consumed in large quantities, forms calcium oxalate crystals in the renal tubules. These crystals get adhered to the tubular cells and cause cell necrosis resulting in acute kidney injury. We describe a series of 4 such cases who presented to us in acute renal failure after consumption of Averrhoa bilimbi in excess. 3 out of 4 patients required hemodialysis. There was recovery of renal function at the end of 2-6 weeks.