High Mortality Worldwide Research Articles

Current Status of Research on Nanomaterials Combined with Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke.

Ischemic stroke (IS) is a disease with high mortality and disability rates worldwide and is a serious threat to patient health. Owing to the narrow therapeutic window, effective treatments during the recovery period are limited. However, in recent years, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted attention and have shown therapeutic potential in IS treatment because of their abilities to home and secrete multiple bioactive substances and potential for differentiation and substitution. The therapeutic mechanisms of MSCs in IS include the regulatory effects of MSCs on microglia, the dual role of MSCs in astrocytes, how MSCs connect innate and adaptive immunity, the secretion of cytokines by MSCs to counteract apoptosis and MSC apoptosis, the promotion of angiogenesis by MSCs to favor the restoration of the blood‒brain barrier (BBB), and the potential function of local neural replacement by MSCs. However, the low graft survival rate, insufficient homing, poor targeting, and inability to achieve directional differentiation of MSCs limit their wide application. As an approach to compensate for the shortcomings of MSCs, scientists have used nanomaterials to assist MSCs in homing, survival and proliferation. In addition, the unique material of nanomaterials adds tracking, imaging and real-time monitoring to stroke treatment. The identification of effective treatments for stroke is urgently needed; thus, an understanding of how MSCs treat stroke and further improvements in the use of nanomaterials are necessary.

Mitochondrial targeting of Candida albicans SPFH proteins and requirement of stomatins for SDS-induced stress tolerance.

Stomatins and prohibitins coordinate respiration and stress adaptation in fungi. Invasive mycoses caused by Candida albicans are a significant cause of morbidity, and candidemia patients show high mortality rates worldwide. Mitochondria are essential for C. albicans commensalism and virulence, and mitochondrial proteins are targets for antifungal interventions. C. albicans encodes five SPFH proteins: two stomatin-like proteins and three prohibitins. We have previously shown that Slp3 is important for C. albicans adaptation to various types of environmental stress. Moreover, synthetic compounds that bind to mammalian prohibitins inhibit C. albicans filamentation and are fungicidal. However, there is limited information available regarding the remaining SPFH proteins. Our findings show that mitochondrial localization of SPFH proteins is conserved in C. albicans. In addition, we demonstrate the importance of stomatins in plasma membrane and mitochondrial stress tolerance.

Consensus on immunotherapy for small cell lung cancer(2024 edition)

Lung cancer is one of the malignant tumors with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive neuroendocrine tumor that is closely associated with tobacco exposure, accounting for 13% to 15% of all lung cancer cases. It is characterized by a high proliferation rate and exceptional metastatic capacity. At the time of diagnosis, approximately 70% of the patients have metastasized and are classified as extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC). From 1980 to 2018, chemotherapy and radiotherapy were the main treatment strategies for SCLC. Etoposide combined with platinum has remained the standard first-line treatment for ES-SCLC. Although SCLC is very sensitive to initial treatment, the majority of patients have disease progression within 6 months, and treatment options after recurrence are very limited, and the median survival time is only about 8-10 months. The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), particularly programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and programmed death -1 (PD-1) inhibitors, has brought new hope to patients with SCLC. PD-1/PD-L1 plus chemotherapy have significantly prolonged overall survival of patients with ES-SCLC, which has become the new standard of first-line treatment for ES-SCLC. Currently, a raised number of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been approved in China for the treatment of SCLC, providing more treatment options for SCLC patients. To further standardize the clinical practice of SCLC immunotherapy, the "Expert Consensus on Immunotherapy for SCLC" has been developed based on domestic and international guidelines, consensus, and relevant medical evidence, aiming to provide reference and guidance for domestic clinicians.

Theoretical–Cheminformatic Study of Four Indolylphytoquinones, Prospective Anticancer Candidates

Background/Objectives: Breast cancer is a disease with a high mortality rate worldwide; consequently, urgent achievements are required to design new greener drugs, leaving natural products and their derivatives as good options. A constant antineoplastic effect has been observed when the phytoproduct contains an indole fragment. Methods: Therefore, the objective of this work was to carry out a thoughtful computational study to perform an appropriate evaluation of four novel molecules of the class of the 3-indolylquinones as phytodrug candidates for antineoplastic activity: thymoquinone (TQ), 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DMQ), 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (DMMQ), and 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DHQ). It is important to highlight that the obtained computational results of the target compounds were compared-correlated with the theoretical and experimental literature data previously reported of several indolylquinones: indolylperezone, indolylisoperezone, indolylmenadione, and indolylplumbagin (IE-IH, respectively). Results: The results revealed that the studied structures possibly presented antineoplastic activity, in addition to the fact that the reactivity parameters showed that two of the evaluated compounds have the option to present IC50 values lower than or similar to 25 mg/mL, activity like that of indolylisoperezone; moreover, they show molecular coupling to PARP-1. Finally, the prediction of the calculated physicochemical parameters coincides with the Lipinski and Veber rules, indicating that the adsorption, metabolism, and toxicity parameters are acceptable for the studied compounds, obtaining high drug score values. Conclusions: Finally, a comparison between the proposed molecules and others previously synthesized was appropriately performed, establishing that the synthesis of the studied compounds and the determination of their pharmacological properties in an experimental manner are of interest.

Glucosamine mitigates ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury through anti-inflammatory mechanisms

ObjectiveAcute kidney injury (AKI), a syndrome with high morbidity and mortality worldwide, frequently arises from renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, particularly in surgical contexts. Despite extensive research, effective therapies for both AKI and its progression to renal interstitial fibrosis remain elusive. This study investigates the potential therapeutic efficacy of glucosamine (GS), an endogenous amino sugar, in alleviating I/R-induced AKI.MethodsA murine I/R injury model was utilized to evaluate the protective effects of GS. Mice were treated with GS prior to I/R injury, and renal tissues were harvested for biochemical, histological, and molecular analyses. Key markers of oxidative stress, mitochondrial integrity, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress were measured. Additionally, inflammatory responses in proximal convoluted tubular epithelial cells exposed to TPHP, an environmental toxin, were assessed in vitro.ResultsGS administration markedly reduced oxidative stress levels, preserved mitochondrial structure, and mitigated ER stress in renal tissues following I/R injury. Moreover, GS significantly attenuated TPHP-induced inflammatory responses in proximal tubular epithelial cells, suggesting a targeted anti-inflammatory action.ConclusionThese findings highlight glucosamine’s potential as a therapeutic agent for AKI, offering protection through the modulation of oxidative, mitochondrial, and inflammatory pathways. This study provides foundational evidence for GS as a promising candidate for AKI intervention and opens avenues for further exploration of glucosamine in kidney disease therapeutics.

Bioinformatic Analysis and Molecular Docking to Elucidate the Anticancer Effect of Silver Nanoparticles in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma is the cancer with the highest mortality rate worldwide. Currently, existing treatments are not very effective for this disease. Different science areas have focused on developing new therapies, including nanomedicine. In-vitro studies have reported the anticancer activity of silver nanoparticles, particularly those coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (AgNPs-PVP). Aims: Characterize the effect of AgNPs on the HepG2 by bioinformatics analysis. Methods: From a list of proteins, we performed in-silico analysis to predict protein-protein interaction, hub gene, gene ontology, KEGG pathways, hub gene expression, protein expression, survival, cell infiltration immune, and molecular docking of AgNPs-PVP to target proteins. Cytoscape and UCSF Chimera software, DAVID, UALCAN, TISIDB, and HDOCK databases were included in the predictive analysis. Results: Gene ontology and KEGG pathways showed that AgNP exposure causes cellular organelles dysregulation and deregulation of protein production mechanisms. Additionally, metabolic pathways were altered, including glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and amino acid biosynthesis. Hub genes RPS15, RPLP0, EEF1B2, RPL12, and NACA showed differential expression for gene expression, protein, and survival analysis. Furthermore, RPS15 and RPL12 were positively correlated with CD8+ T cell infiltration, and RPLP0, EEF1B2, and NACA were negatively correlated with NK cell infiltration. Finally, molecular docking showed that AgNPs-PVP interacts highly with the target proteins. Conclusion: AgNPs cause alterations in cell viability. Furthermore, the deregulation of hub genes and the modulation of the immune system are associated with anticancer effects, and molecular docking demonstrated high interaction with the target proteins that should be studied experimentally.

Evaluation of risk factors for 14-day and 30-day mortality among treatment regimens against Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to carbapenem but susceptible to traditional antipseudomonal non-carbapenem β-lactam agents.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with hospital-acquired infection is often resistant to various antibiotics and is associated with high mortality worldwide. The appropriate treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to carbapenems but susceptible to traditional antipseudomonal non-carbapenem β-lactam agents (Car-R/NonCar-S P. aeruginosa) remains unclear. This retrospective study evaluated risk factors for 14-day and 30-day mortality among treatment regimens against Car-R/NonCar-S P. aeruginosa. This study enrolled 180 patients with Car-R/NonCar-S P. aeruginosa infection at Phramongkutklao Hospital between January 2019 and December 2023. The 14-day and 30-day mortality rates were 18.3% and 28.9%, respectively. Bloodstream infection (OR 1.97, 95% CI 0.88-4.43), septic shock (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.30-8.40), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II < 14 (OR 0.13, 95% CI 0.03-0.54), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) <7 (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.11-0.56), and Pitt bacteremia score <4 (OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.05-0.47) were associated with 14-day mortality. There was a higher 14-day and 30-day mortality in patients treated with piperacillin/tazobactam or aminoglycosides but there was no significant difference among antipseudomonal antimicrobial agents in the treatment of Car-R/NonCar-S P. aeruginosa infection. We supported the use of traditional antipseudomonal β-lactam agents to treat Car-R/NonCar-S P. aeruginosa infections, however the use of piperacillin/tazobactam might be concerned in some cases and further investigations were needed.

The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Quality of Life in Stage II-III Colorectal Cancer Patients Undergoing Adjuvant Chemotherapy: A Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial.

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer with the second highest mortality worldwide in 2020. Adjuvant chemotherapy is given for stage II-III colorectal cancer. However, there are side effects that decrease the patient's quality of life. Several studies have found that vitamin D could reduce the side effects of chemotherapy, but studies at Hasan Sadikin Hospital have not been done. A study regarding the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the quality of life of stage II-III colorectal cancer patients undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy from May 2022 to April 2023 at Hasan Sadikin Hospital was conducted. A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial (RCT) with consecutive sampling was done at the digestive surgery outpatients. Data was taken from the medical record, history taking, and personal interviews. Quality of life was measured at the first, third, and sixth months after chemotherapy using the validated Indonesian version of the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire. A total of 34 patients received vitamin D and 34 others received placebo. Serum vitamin D levels significantly increased (p < 0.001) in the intervention arm, from a median of 21.34 (5.26-29.95) to 27.92 (13.58-40.49). Meanwhile, it decreased in the placebo arm, from a median of 22.78 (8.3-29.93) to 21.37 (7.45-31.26). The patient's quality of life improved significantly after receiving vitamin D, compared with the placebo group on the third (median of 75.0 vs 45.83) and sixth (median of 83.33 vs 33.33) months after chemotherapy. Vitamin D consumption (10,000 IU/day) could improve the quality of life of colorectal cancer patients undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy.

Age as a Predictor of Overall Survival in Colorectal Cancer.

The diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) at early ages has become a challenging trend for oncology due to high rates of mortality worldwide. The correlation of clinical features with young-age prognosis in CRC remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to describe the clinicopathological features and their impact on the overall survival of young Mexican adults diagnosed with CRC treated in the National Cancer Institute. This was a retrospective, observational study. The included patients were treated at the National Cancer Institute between 2004 and 2020. The statistical analyses comprised the X2 and t tests, Kaplan-Meier, log rank, and Cox regression. Statistical significances were assessed when p was bilaterally < 0.05. A total of 3652 patients diagnosed with CRC attended the National Cancer Institute. Cases of early onset of CRC increased over the 16 years under study, with significant differences between the median age, from 57 in 2004 to 55 years old in 2020 (F = 5.49; gl: 12 p = 0.019). For this analysis, the population was divided in three groups: young (≤30 years), adults (31-70), and elderly (>70). The young population was mostly composed of men (62%; (n = 63), (p = 0.020), with high rates of metastatic disease (44%) (p = 0.001) and right-side tumors (57%), (p = 0.046), and with 44% with a moderate grade (p = 0.750). According to the overall survival (OS) analysis, the median OS was 29 months for young, versus 170 months for adult and 56 months for elderly patients (p <0.001, HR 1.53, 95% CI 1.11-2.10). A sub-analysis was performed considering only patients with metastatic disease. The median OS was 12 months for young, versus 17 and 9 months for adults and elderly (p = 0.08, HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.02-1.46). CRC diagnosis in the young population is increasing due unhealthy lifestyle habits and lack of screening. This population have clinical features of bad prognosis, such as left side, poor grade differentiation, and metastatic disease, precluding prognosis and OS.

Therapeutic Potential of Chinese Herbal Medicine and Underlying Mechanism for the Treatment of Myocardial Infarction.

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a prevalent disease with high mortality rates worldwide. The course of MI is intricate and variable, necessitating personalized treatment strategies based on different mechanisms. However, variety of postoperative complications and rejections, such as heart failure, arrhythmias, cardiac rupture, and left ventricular thrombus, contribute to a poor prognosis. Despite the inclusion of antiplatelet agents and statins in the conventional treatment regimen, their clinical applicability is constrained by potential adverse effects and limited efficacy. Additionally, the mechanisms leading to MI are complex and diverse. Therefore, the development of novel compounds for MI treatment. The use of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, including MI, is grounded in its profound historical background, comprehensive theoretical system, and accumulated knowledge. An increasing number of contemporary evidence-based medical studies have demonstrated that TCM plays a significant role in alleviating symptoms and improving the quality of life for MI patients. Chinese herbal formulations and active ingredients can intervene in the pathological process of MI through key factors such as inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, myocardial fibrosis, angiogenesis, and autophagy. This article critically reviews existing herbal formulations from an evidence-based medicine perspective, evaluating their research status and potential clinical applications. Additionally, it explores recent advancements in the use of herbal medicines and their components for the prevention and treatment of MI, offering detailed insights into their mechanisms of action.

Diagnostic value of 8-OHdG, 8-iso-PGF2α and TNF-α levels in blood for early carcinogenesis of erosive oral lichen planus.

Oral cancer has a high worldwide incidence and mortality rate showing an upward trend year by year, predominantly occurring in emerging countries. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the main types of oral cancer, accounting for more than 90% of all cases in oral cancer. To evaluate the diagnostic value of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 8-iso-Prostaglandin F2alpha (8-iso-PGF2α) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α as biomarkers in the early carcinogenesis of erosive oral lichen planus (EOLP) by measuring their levels in the blood of patients with EOLP and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). A total of 69 patients were enrolled in this case-control study [including an OSCC group (n= 23), an EOLP group (n= 23), and an age- and gender-matched healthy control group (n= 23)]. Blood levels of 8-OHdG, 8-iso-PGF2α and TNF-α were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical differences in these indicators among the three groups were analyzed. Plasma levels of 8-OHdG and 8-iso-PGF2α in the OSCC group were significantly higher than those in both the EOLP group and the control group (all P< 0.05); no significant statistical difference was found between the EOLP group and the control group. Serum levels of TNF-α in both the OSCC and EOLP groups were elevated compared with the control group, showing significant differences among all three groups (all P< 0.05). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves revealed that plasma 8-OHdG and 8-iso-PGF2α levels and serum TNF-α levels had diagnostic effects on early carcinogenesis in EOLP patients. When these indicators were combined for diagnosis, the diagnostic effect was enhanced, with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) values of 0.819. 8-OHdG, 8-iso-PGF2α and TNF-α may serve as biological indicators for monitoring the early carcinogenesis of EOLP, and the diagnostic effect was augmented when these indicators were combined.

Mechanisms of microRNA Regulation of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in Lung Cancer.

Lung cancer remains the cancer with the highest mortality worldwide, largely due to a limited understanding of the precise molecular mechanisms that drive its progression. microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as crucial regulators of lung cancer progression by influencing key cellular processes, notably the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is a complex and potentially reversible process where epithelial cells lose their polarity and adhesion, reorganize their cytoskeleton, and transition to a mesenchymal phenotype, enhancing their migratory and invasive capacities. While EMT plays an essential role in normal physiological contexts such as tissue development and wound healing, it is also a critical mechanism underlying the progression and metastasis of lung cancer. This review aims to summarize the latest research findings on the role of endogenous and exosome-derived microRNAs in regulating EMT in lung cancer, focusing on studies conducted over the past five years. It also provides an overview of EMT's essential molecular mechanisms to better understand how miRNAs regulate EMT in lung cancer.

Knockdown of Inhibin Beta A Reversed the Epithelial Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Resistance and Enhanced the Therapeutic Effect of Radiotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Lung cancer is a malignant tumor with the highest mortality rate worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately half of all lung cancer cases. Inhibin beta A (INHBA) is a ligand of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. This study aimed to analyze the function of INHBA in NSCLC resistance cells. Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas databases were used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in NSCLC resistance cells and patients. DEGs were further analyzed by gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis. A colony formation assay was performed to determine cell growth. Cell migration and invasion were tested by Transwell assay. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes were analyzed using qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Using bioinformatics tools, INHBA was demonstrated to be overexpressed in NSCLC resistant cells and patients. Gefitinib treatment affected NSCLC resistant cells. Additionally, INHBA silencing or X-ray treatment suppressed the growth and metastasis of NSCLC resistant cells. Moreover, the combined application of INHBA silencing and X-ray treatment enhances the therapeutic effects. Moreover, EMT has been confirmed to occur in NSCLC resistant cell lines. Both INHBA silencing and X-ray treatment inhibited EMT development. This study demonstrated that INHBA silencing ameliorates EGFR-TKI resistance and enhances the therapeutic effect of radiotherapy in NSCLC.

Immune Response Modulation by HPV16 Oncoproteins in Lung Cancer: Insights from Clinical and In Vitro Investigations.

Lung cancer has the highest mortality rates worldwide, and Human Papillomavirus (HPV) has been associated with its carcinogenesis. In this study, HPV16 genes' expressions were investigated in patient samples, along with the immunological response promoted by lymphocytes and monocytes in A549 cells transfected with HPV oncogenes and co-cultured with PBMC. An increase in the expression of E5 was observed in the patients' samples. In the in vitro analysis, a decrease in the number of monocytes and cytotoxic cells was observed when co-stimulated by E6 and E7, and it promoted an increase in the Th2 profile. In contrast, the high proliferation of cytotoxic cells in A549 cells transfected with E5, associated with the high expression of costimulatory molecules in monocytes, suggests a low capacity of E5 to inhibit the presentation of antigens by antigen-presenting cells (APC) and a possible use of E5 in future therapeutic strategies against lung cancers associated with HPV.

Exploring the dual role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in urological cancers: Implications for tumor progression and cell death interactions.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is crucial for maintaining calcium balance, lipid biosynthesis, and protein folding. Disruptions in ER homeostasis, often due to the accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins, lead to ER stress, which plays a significant role in various diseases, especially cancer. Urological cancers, which account for high male mortality worldwide, pose a persistent challenge due to their incurability and tendency to develop drug resistance. Among the numerous dysregulated biological mechanisms, ER stress is a key factor in the progression and treatment response of these cancers. This review highlights the dual role of aberrant ER stress activation in urologic cancers, affecting both tumor growth and therapeutic outcomes. While ER stress can support tumor growth through pro-survival autophagy, it primarily inhibits cancer progression via apoptosis and pro-death autophagy. Interestingly, ER stress can paradoxically aid cancer progression through mechanisms such as exosome-mediated immune evasion. Additionally, the review examines how pharmacological interventions, particularly with phytochemicals, can stimulate ER stress-mediated tumor suppression. Key regulators, including PERK, IRE1α, and ATF6, are discussed for their roles in upregulating CHOP levels and triggering apoptosis. In conclusion, a deeper understanding of ER stress in urological cancers not only clarifies the complex interactions between cellular stress and cancer progression but also provides new opportunities for innovative therapeutic strategies.

Targeting Macrophage Phenotype for Treating Heart Failure: A New Approach.

Heart failure (HF) is a disease with high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide and significantly affects human health. Currently, the treatment options for HF are limited, and there is an urgent need to discover new therapeutic targets and strategies. Macrophages are innate immune cells involved in the development of HF. They play a crucial role in maintaining cardiac homeostasis and regulating cardiac stress. Recently, macrophages have received increasing attention as potential targets for treating HF. With the improvement of technological means, the study of macrophages in HF has made great progress. This article discusses the biological functions of macrophage phagocytosis, immune response, and tissue repair. The polarization, pyroptosis, autophagy, and apoptosis are of macrophages, deeply involved in the pathogenesis of HF. Modulation of the phenotypic changes of macrophages can improve immune-inflammation, myocardial fibrosis, energy metabolism, apoptosis, and angiogenesis in HF.

New magnetic iron nanoparticle doped with selenium nanoparticles and the mechanisms of their cytoprotective effect on cortical cells under ischemia-like conditions

Ischemic stroke is the cause of high mortality and disability Worldwide. The material costs of stroke treatment and recovery are constantly increasing, making the search for effective and more cost-effective treatment approaches an urgent task for modern biomedicine. In this study, iron nanoparticles doped with selenium nanoparticles, FeNP@SeNPs, which are three-layered structures, were created and characterized using physical methods. Fluorescence microscopy, inhibitor and PCR analyzes were used to determine the signaling pathways involved in the activation of the Ca2+ signaling system of cortical astrocytes and the protection of cells from ischemia-like conditions (oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation). In particular, when using magnetic selenium nanoparticles together with electromagnetic stimulation, an additional pathway for nanoparticle penetration into the cell is activated through the activation of TRPV4 channels and the mechanism of their endocytosis is facilitated. It has been shown that the use of magnetic selenium nanoparticles together with magnetic stimulation represents an advantage over the use of classical selenium nanoparticles, as the effective concentration of nanoparticles can be reduced many times over.

A Comprehensive Review on the Significance of Cysteine in Various Metabolic Disorders; Particularly CVD, Diabetes, Renal Dysfunction, and Ischemic Stroke.

Metabolic disorders have long been a challenge for medical professionals and are a leading cause of mortality in adults. Diabetes, cardiovascular disorders (CVD), renal dysfunction, and ischemic stroke are the most prevalent ailments contributing to a high mortality rate worldwide. Reactive oxygen species are one of the leading factors that act as a fundamental root cause of metabolic syndrome. All of these disorders have their respective treatments, which, to some degree, sabotage the pathological worsening of the disease and an inevitable death. However, they pose a perilous health hazard to humankind. Cysteine, a functional amino acid shows promise for the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders, such as CVD, Diabetes mellitus, renal dysfunction, and ischemic stroke. In this review, we explored whether cysteine can eradicate reactive oxygen species and subsequently prevent and treat these diseases.

Genetic selection for lung adenocarcinoma: a statistical approach based on pathological genetic data

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with high morbidity and mortality worldwide, posing a serious threat to human health. Due to the complex molecular mechanism of lung adenocarcinoma, which involves a variety of genetic and environmental factors, this makes early diagnosis and treatment a major challenge. This research aims to identify the key pathogenic genes of lung adenocarcinoma to solve the challenges in early diagnosis and treatment. In this paper, three differential analysis methods, limma, DESeq2 and edgeR, were used to select 3315 differential genes. Then, combined with Lasso regression and XGboost algorithm, the pathological gene data were analyzed in depth, and through these advanced statistical and machine learning techniques, the genes related to lung adenocarcinoma were screened from a large number of gene expression data, and 17 characteristic genes of the highest importance were found GO enrichment analysis and KEGG enrichment analysis were performed on these characteristic genes to clarify the biological functions of the genes. Finally, 8 significant pathogenic genes were identified by Cox survival analysis. The expression levels of these genes are closely related to the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma patients, providing a new perspective for understanding the disease mechanism. The conclusions of this study not only improve the understanding of the molecular mechanism of lung adenocarcinoma, but also provide potential biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and treatment. The discovery of these genes is expected to promote the development of early diagnosis technology and guide the formulation of personalized treatment plans, thereby improving the treatment efficacy and quality of life of lung adenocarcinoma patients. In the future, these genes may become key targets for the development of new drugs and therapeutic strategies.

Epidemiological characteristics and meteorological factors of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in hospitalized children in eastern Guangdong, China

Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are the most common issue in pediatric clinical practice. They pose a significant public threat, with high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Aiming at understanding the epidemiological characteristics of respiratory pathogens and their risk factors among children in eastern Guangdong, China. Samples obtained from 15,993 children hospitalized with ARIs in eastern Guangdong Province were tested for 14 pathogens via multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from May 2019 to July 2023. The number of hospitalizations for ARIs was correlated with pathogens, age, meteorological parameters, and the pandemic of COVID-19. The data were analyzed by different statistical methods. Among all the samples, the positive rate with ARIs accounted for 68.94% (11,026/15,993) in hospitalized patients. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (24.49%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) (20.54%), and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) (14.16%) were the top three pathogens with the greatest infection rates. Among hospitalized patients, there were more single infections in pediatric patients (40.91%, P < 0.001). Compared with bacterial infection and mixed infection, the detection rate of virus infection was higher in pediatric (36.04%, P < 0.001). Age-related increases in Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) infection (r = 0.729, P < 0.001) and decreases in RSV infection were observed (r = 0.88, P < 0.001). The virus infection peaked at six months, and the bacterial infection and mixed infection peaked at 1–3 years. Viral pathogens are on the rise in the post-pandemic era. The prevalence of SP infection was more influenced by the Air Quality Index (AQI), RSV infections were more clearly influenced by temperature, and Influenza A virus (IAV) infections were more strongly correlated with both the AQI and relative humidity (P < 0.001). This study highlights the need of keeping an eye on monitoring meteorological factors in assessing hospitalizations for pediatric ARIs in eastern Guangdong, China, especially RSV- and SP-associated hospitalizations.