Highest Direct Effect Research Articles

The effect of the work-family conflict, subjective socio-economic status, and physical activity on the perceived quality of life of working women in Iran: the mediating role of quality of work life

IntroductionThe conflict between work and family responsibilities has created many challenges for working women in Iran. This study aimed to examine the effect of work-family conflict (WFC), subjective socio-economic status (SSS), and physical activity (PA) and quality of working life (QWL) on the quality of life (QOL) of working women in Kermanshah, Iran.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted with 392 working women in Kermanshah, the most populous city in western Iran. The data gathering tool was a six-part questionnaire, including demographic checklist, PA scale, a question on SSS, WFC scale, QWL questionnaire, and QOL questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS and AMOS software.ResultsThe majority of participants (69.4%) were inactive or had low levels of PA during their leisure times. The highest positive correlation was observed between QWL and QOL (r = 0.309, p-value < 0.001). The highest direct effect among the variables belonged to the SSS on QWL (β = 0.41, p-value = 0.001) and QOL (β = 0.20, p-value < 0.001). Furthermore, the analysis of indirect effects indicated that QWL played a mediating role between SSS and QOL (β = 0.092, p-value < 0.001).ConclusionThe findings of this study revealed that variables such as SSS, PA, and QWL had significant direct effects on QOL. However, WFC had no significant effect on QOL. Moreover, QWL had a significant positive mediating role between SSS and QOL.

Association between agronomic traits and metabolite profiles on yield response and water use efficiency in newly developed wheat populations under drought stressed conditions

ABSTRACT Multiple trait selection guides the deployment of wheat varieties with high grain yield (GY) and water-use efficiency (WUE). The study aimed to determine the degree and trend of association between agronomic traits and major metabolites to identify influential traits and metabolites optimised by wheat genotypes for improved GY, WUE and drought tolerance. One hundred wheat genotypes were evaluated under drought-stressed (DS) and non-stressed (NS) using a 5 × 20 alpha-lattice design with two replications. The recorded agronomic traits included GY, shoot biomass (SB), root biomass (RB) and plant biomass (PB). The WUE in relation to GY (WUEgy) was computed based on GY produced under DS and NS. The grain of 10 wheat genotypes with high GY under DS were assayed for their metabolic responses to DS. The WUEgy showed significant correlations with PB, RB and SB under DS and NS conditions. Citric acid was strongly correlated with GY and WUEgy than other metabolites under DS. The SB had high positive direct effects on GY under both treatments, while PB had high and positive direct effects on WUEgy under DS. Therefore, selection based on SB, PB and citric acid is effective when selecting wheat ideotypes for drought tolerance and WUE.

Genetic diversity, correlation and path analysis in female palmyrah (Borassus flabellifer L.) germplasm- a research article

In this study, 16 female germplasm of palmyrah were analysed to assess diversity among the accessions. The experiments were laid in Randomized Block Design with 2 replications. Around 27 characters were observed during the research, and they were subjected to correlation analysis, path analysis and genetic divergence. The results of the statistical analysis revealed the characters such as the number of leaves per tree, petiole length, number of inflorescences per tree, number of branches per inflorescence, number of fruit bunches per tree and number of fruits per bunch showed significant and positive correlations with fruit yield per tree. The path analysis showed, the traits viz., crown length (0.040), number of leaf segments per leaf (0.795), leaf length (0.845), inflorescence length (0.366), number of fruit bunches per tree (0.687), potassium (0.850), Total Soluble Solids (0.368), fruit length (0.230) and number of branches per inflorescence (0.170), petiole length (0.006), potassium content (0.850), phosphorous content (0.026) and calcium content (0.042) showed high positive direct effect with fruit yield per tree in female germplasm. In the genetic diversity analysis, the 16 germplasm were grouped into 12 clusters. The highest inter cluster distance was noticed between cluster VIII and cluster XI (959.377). The cluster VIII (Acc.11-KP-KKM) and cluster XI (Acc.2-OD -KKM) were showed high genetic divergence and utilized in the hybridization programme for developing superior genotypes with enhanced quality and improved yield. Among the various character studied, the maximum contribution to divergence was observed for zinc followed by number of fruits per bunch, fruit length, calcium and fruit weight.

Inter-association and path coefficient analysis for yield and yield attributing traits in ash gourd [Benincasa hispida (Thunb) Cogn.

Abstract Twenty nine genotypes of ash gourd (land races and released varieties) were evaluated during summer season (March to July) of 2022 and 2023. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the inter-associations among 15 yield and yield attributing traits, and estimate the direct and indirect effects of these traits on yield. Yield per plot (YPP) was significantly and positively correlated with number of fruits per plot (FPP), average fruit weight (AFW), equatorial diameter of fruit (ED), length of seed (LoS), width of seed (WdoS), weight of 100 seed (WoS), thickness of flesh (ToF) and equatorial diameter of cavity (EDC). The present study also revealed high positive direct effect of equatorial diameter of fruit (ED), fruit shape index (FSI), percent proportion of cavity (PPC), AFW, FPP and LoS on yield per plant. The combined results of path analysis and correlation coefficients indicated that AFW, ED, LoS, Wdos, WoS, Tof , EDC FSI and FPP are important yield attributing traits and more emphasis should be given to these traits, while going for selection of high yielding genotypes. Keywords: Ash gourd, Genotypic, Phenotypic correlation, Path coefficient analysis

Genetic variability and association studies in F2 populations of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Groundnut is an extensively self-pollinating crop with a narrow genetic base; therefore, it relies on the F2 generation for optimal segregation and recombination. The genetic variability resulting from segregation and re- combination is essential for effective selection in crop improvement pro- grammes. F2 populations derived from the crosses BSR 2 × GPBD 4 and BSR 2 × TMV 2 were assessed for examining genetic variation, and correla- tion coefficients along path coefficients. Twenty-four yield-attributing, physiological, as well as biochemical characteristics were covered in the research, in the Kharif season of 2024. The assessment of the PCV along with GCV revealed that a majority of yield-related traits, including the number of pods, kernels, and pod yield, demonstrated high PCV along with GCV in both crosses, indicating substantial genetic variation. Regarding yield-related characteristics, high GAM along with high heritability in a broad sense were noted for both the crosses, suggesting that a breeding approach based on simple selection can be successful in increasing groundnut yield. Correla- tion and path coefficients indicated that the number of mature kernels and pod yield calculated for each plant possessed a high positive direct effect on kernel yield. Transgressive segregants were identified over twice the stand- ard deviation of the better parent mean for various traits. These findings can serve as a foundation for future breeding programmes aimed at enhancing the yield and oil content.

Genotypic and Phenotypic Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis of Rhodes Grass (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Chloris gayana&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;) Genotypes

Evidence on the collective association of traits is important for effective selection in forage-breeding program. Twenty four genotypes of Rhodes grass and one check were evaluated at Mechara Agricultural Research Center (Onstation) with lattice design in 2023/24 main rainy season to evaluate the Genotypic and phenotypic correlation and determine the direct and indirect effects of yield-related traits on dry matter yield. The mean sum of squares of genotypes showed significant differences (p &amp;lt; 0.05) for stand vigor, days to 50% emergence, date to 50% flowering and Plant height and highly significant (p &amp;lt; 0.001) for biomass yield, dry matter and number of leaf per plant. Maximum phenotypic variance and genotypic variance value was recorded for days to maturity. The range observed for heritability (H&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;bs) was from (0.0%) to (55%). Stand vigor exhibited highest value of genetic advance as percentage of mean followed by number of leaf per plant. Highest genotypic coefficient variation were recorded from days to maturity (89.8%) flowed by Plant height (62.3%) and Highest phenotypic coefficient variation were recorded from plot cover (184.9%) followed by days to maturity (225.4%). Phenotypically and Genotypically dry matter yield was highly positive significant associated with of Plot cover (0.546**), stand vigor (0.566**), leaf per plant (0.439**) and showed highly negative significant with days to 50% emergence. The results of phenotypic path coefficient analysis showed that stand vigor (0.378) and leaf per plant had exerted moderate positive direct effect on dry matter. stand vigor followed by plant height, plot cover and leaf per plant had exerted high and positive direct effect on dry matter yield and genotypic path analysis showed stand vigor followed by plant height, plot cover and leaf per plant had exerted high and positive direct effect on dry matter yield. This indicates that selection based on these traits could be more effective to maximize dry yield.

Diversity and Selection of Cotton Germplasm Based on Morpho-Agronomic Character Performance

Cotton is a plant that produces natural fibers of high economic value. Developing a new superior variety of cotton is expected to support fiber demand in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of morpho-agronomic characters and obtain secondary characters and cotton accessions that support the development of a new superior cotton variety. The genetic material used was 266 cotton accessions from the ISFCRI germplasm collection. Primary data of the 16 quantitative morphological characters were observed and analyzed using descriptive data, correlation analysis, path analysis, scatterplot, and grouping. The fiber length character has a very low diversity with a value of 0.01, and the plant height character has the highest variance, which is 637.42. The lint percentage with a variance value of 9.37 is influenced by duplicate epistasis genes and controlled by many genes. The fiber's fineness character has a positive and very significant correlation value to the character of the lint percentage. It has fairly high direct and total effect values of 0.156 and 0.134, respectively. Four accession groups can potentially support developing a new superior variety; accession CEA N 268, CEDIX, or L21999-10-71 can be used as the parent of new superior cotton varieties.

Genetic Association Studies for Indirect Selection for Important Yield and Yield Attributing Traits in Grain Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp subsp unguiculata)

Aims: The present study encompasses genetic association studies among F4 and F5 families generated from various crosses in grain cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp subsp unguiculata). Study Design: Augmented design-II for F4 families and checks during kharif 2023 and Randomized block design with two replications for selected F5 families and checks during rabi-summer 2023-24. Place and Duration of Study: The current experiment was conducted at the Botany garden, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka for the evaluation of 36 F4 families and six checks during kharif 2023 and 27 selected F5 families and five checks during rabi-summer 2023-24. Methodology: The material under experiment included 36 F4 families and six checks evaluated in augmented design-II during kharif 2023. Then during rabi-summer 2023-24, 27 selected F5 families and five checks evaluated in randomized block design. Observations were recorded for nine yield and yield attributing traits viz., total yield (kg/ha), single plant yield (g), number of pods per plant, test weight (g), number of seeds per pod, pod length (cm), number of clusters per plant, days to fifty per cent flowering and days to maturity. Correlation and path coefficients were estimated using standard procedures. Results: Correlation studies indicated that yield estimates were highly positively correlated to all yield attributing traits except to days to fifty per cent flowering and days to maturity. Characters like number of pods per plant (0.59, 0.64), pod length (0.65, 0.58) and test weight (0.39, 0.58) had highest correlations with yield in F4 and F5 generation respectively. Path coefficients further highlighted the character; number of pods per plant (0.363, 0.594) to have the highest direct effect on yield at both phenotypic and genotypic level respectively.

On-farm evaluation of commonly grown rice cultivars from Jumla, Nepal, based on different agronomic traits

The wide distribution and diversity have been identified in agro-morphological and quantitative traits of rice grown in Jumla district which is reported as the highest altitude in the world for rice cultivation. Local landraces and improved cultivars are commonly grown by Jumla Farmers. This research explored rice cultivars planted at different altitudes under field conditions to characterize and evaluate agro-morphological traits and their correlation. Results showed, there was no significant difference in yield between local landraces and improved varieties. Influence of altitudinal variation on local landraces was scarce, while its effect on improved variety: Chandannath-1 was significant. This study suggested that local landraces such as Jumli Marshi, Daarime Marshi and Raato Marshi were not significantly different from the improved varieties and suggested cultivation of local landraces because of better price and profit. Clustering observations showed the considerable performance of Cluster 4 regarding panicle length (PL), number of grains per panicle (NGPP), and thousand grain weight (TGW) which are essential traits for higher grain yield. The correlation and path analysis showed that yield had strong positive correlations with Number of tillers per hill (NTPH) and moderate positive correlations with Flag leaf length (FLL), PL, NGPP, and Grains weight per panicle (GWPP). This study indicated that GWPP and NTPH possessed both positive correlation and high positive direct effects. Further studies are needed to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative traits of both local landraces and improved varieties to provide farmers with sound recommendations.

Estimation of genetic variability parameters and trait association in cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. var. cerasiforme)

Cherry tomatoes are the smaller version of classic tomatoes but are valued for their sweet taste and captivating colors. They are highly favored by the urban elite and the chefs catering to high-profile restaurants. To formulate selection criteria for utilization in breeding programs, variability parameters, an association between different characters, and direct and indirect effects of component traits of 29 cherry tomato genotypes were assessed under polyhouse conditions. Sufficient genetic variability was found for the morphological and yield traits studied, as revealed by the variance analysis. Plant height, primary branches per plant, days to 50 percent flowering, flower clusters per plant, flowers per cluster, fruits per cluster, days to first harvest, fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit girth, fruit weight, locules per fruit, pericarp thickness, days to final harvest, yield per plant, total soluble solids, lycopene, ascorbic acid, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars showed high estimates of heritability and genetic advance as percent of the mean. Correlation analysis demonstrated a significant positive relationship between fruit yield per plant and pericarp thickness (0.727), fruit length (0.685), fruit girth (0.536), fruit weight (0.530), and the number of fruits per cluster (0.386). Principal component analysis identified the primary component (PC1) as the main contributor to variance. Path analysis revealed that fruit length, pericarp thickness, number of fruits per plant, flowers per cluster, and fruit weight had the highest direct effect on yield. These traits were the key factors influencing fruit yield per plant in cherry tomatoes.

Interrelationship Between Emergence and Yield Parameters in Mung Bean: Implication for Selection

Abstract Rapid and uniform seed germination and seedling emergence have been associated with grain yield under diverse environmental conditions. Twenty-one (21) mung bean accessions were evaluated at Ile-Ife and Kishi out-stations of the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR &amp; T), Nigeria, to identify the emergence parameter(s) that could be selected for improvement of mung bean for yield. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replications. Data were collected on emergence and yield parameters and analysed using the Statistical Analysis Software (SAS). Mean, heritability, and correlation coefficient were estimated. Path coefficient analysis was used to partition correlations into direct and indirect effects using seed yield as the dependent variable. Heritability estimate was moderate to high for most of the traits. Accessions 3, 6, 14 and 15 with high pod and seed yield had also high values of coefficient of velocity of emergence (CVE) and emergence percentage (E%). All emergence parameters except emergence energy had significant correlation with yield traits. CVE and Emergence Index (EI) had strong positive correlation with number of seeds.pod-1 and pod yield. When only the emergence parameters were considered, CVE had highest direct effect (0.74) on seed yield followed by E% (-0.73) and EI (0.70). Total indirect effects of EI and CVE accounted for only 6.06% and 11.9% of the total correlation, respectively. It therefore suggests that EI and CVE are emergence parameters that could be selected for at early stage in improvement of mung bean for yield.

Genetic analysis of Vicia faba L.: Advancements, hereditary traits, and correlations in ‘Sakha 3’ × ‘Nubaria 3’

Genetic diversity, heritability, and genetic advance are crucial considerations in the field of plant breeding. This research aimed to evaluate these factors for traits related to yield in faba bean (Vicia faba L.), specifically focusing on the F3 and F4 generations resulting from the cross between ‘Sakha 3’ and ‘Nubaria 3’. In the initial season (2021/ 2022), 200 families from each F3 population were cultivated with specific spacing, and selection criteria included seed yield per plant (SYP) and the number of pods per plant (NPP). Top-performing plants were identified for the second cycle of pedigree selection. In the following season (2022/2023), the F4 families were arranged in a randomised complete block design. Traits like the number of branches per plant (NBP), NPP, SYP, and seed index (SI) showed substantial phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation, indicating their noteworthy variation. Phenotypic and genotypic correlation analyses showed positive associations between SYP and the NBP and NPP. Additionally, path coefficient analysis indicated that these traits had high positive direct effects on SYP. This research provides valuable insights into the genetic variability, heritability, and selection parameters for yield-related traits in faba bean, offering a foundation for future breeding programs aimed at improving yield and productivity.

Selection Strategy for Yield Improvement of Chickpea Genotypes (Cicer arietinum L.)

An investigation was undertaken to assess the genetic variability parameters, correlation and path analysis in 25 chickpea genotypes for 12 quantitative traits during the Rabi season of 2022-23 in a Randomized Block Design with three replications. Analysis of variance indicated high significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits. Considerable variability existed in the genotypes for all the characters studied. The study found that CG23, CG159, and CG199 were the most superior genotypes for grain yield per plant among 25 chickpea genotypes. High PCV, GCV, heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean were recorded for test weight and biological yield. Grain yield per plant showed positive significant association with number of pods, days to maturity, days to 50% pod initiation and number of primary branches. High and positive direct effect of grain yield per plant at both phenotypic and genotypic levels were depicted by harvest index. These characters may be taken into consideration for selection of quantitative characters for crop improvement.

ASSESSMENT OF INTANGIBLE HUMAN ELEMENTS OF SOLDIERS IN PREPAREDNESS TOWARDS MILITARY COMBAT READINESS

The hybrid synchronization of tangible military logistics provides the formulae for military preparedness in anticipation of combat duties common for militaries globally. The military combat readiness is formulated with a mathematical formula for the tangible military logistics requirements at all times. Situational Forces Scoring (SFS) provides the quantitative numerical measurement for military combat readiness preparedness in anticipation for operational duties in logistics and manpower planning. In addition to identifying and measuring the intangible human components of soldiers in the areas of morale, quality of life, and military psychological aspects, this study will consists of four antecedents for each domain. This quantitative research was conducted with 2466 military personnels working in operational areas throughout Malaysia. PLS-SEM provided the statistical validation of the model with the data (n = 2466). The outcomes of the statistical analysis shows that the R2 value of 62.9% of intangible human elements is explained by exogenous variables of morale, quality of life, and psychological. Results indicate that morale (β= 0.578) has the highest direct effect on the measure of combat readiness as compared to psychological (β= 0.171) and quality of life (β= 0.091). The morale variable of soldiers provides the platform for high performance in combat duties. The results of this research indicate that the morale of soldiers must be consistently reinforced so that individual soldiers provide the dimensions for collectively team performance in the Malaysian Armed Forces during combat duties. Efforts to effectively improve quality of life and psychological problems should also be emphasized with greater emphasis on improving overall unseen combat readiness. Many defence and security agencies will benefit from this research as they can adopt this research model for their operational prepardness and readiness in their organizations.

Delineation of Selection Criterion Using Correlation and Path Analysis in Forage Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) in North Gujarat Condition

Knowledge of genetic and phenotypic association among economic traits helps plant breeders in outlying efficient breeding strategies for development of high yielding forage pearl millet variety. An experiment was conducted at the research farm of Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat to evaluate plant characteristics associated with green forage yield and its attributes in forage pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] genotypes in north Gujarat condition through correlation and path analyses during 2023. Twelve independent and 1 dependent variables were evaluated for the character association analysis of the 30 forage pearl millet genotypes. The evaluation was performed in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Data collection was done from 5 randomly selected plants and this data was used for analysis using R Studio. The green forage yield per plant had positive and significant correlation with plant height, number of tiller per plant, stem thickness, leaf length, leaf width, and dry fodder yield per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic level. Path analysis revealed the importance of leaf width and dry fodder yield per plant by showing high and positive direct effects towards green forage yield per plant. These characters also exhibited significant and positive association with green forage yield per plant at the genotypic and phenotypic. Hence, these traits could be considered as the vital component characters for development of high yielding genotypes in forage pearl millet.

Phosphorus resource partitioning underpins diversity patterns and assembly processes of microbial communities in plateau karst lakes

Eutrophication triggered by internal phosphorus (P) poses a substantial threat to the biodiversity of organisms in freshwater ecosystems. However, little is known about the linkages between P resource partitioning and microbial succession, especially in karst sediments. Here, we studied the diversity patterns and assembly processes of bacterial and archaeal communities in sediment cores from two historically hyper-eutrophicated karst lakes, Hongfeng Lake and Aha Lake, and investigated the relative contribution of P fractions to them. Our null and neutral models consistently indicated that bacterial and archaeal community assembly was judged to be deterministic rather than stochastic. We found a monotonically decreasing pattern for bacterial Shannon diversity toward deep sediments in Aha Lake, but U- or hump-shaped patterns for archaea in Hongfeng and Aha Lakes. Intriguingly, the community dissimilarity Bray–Curtis of bacteria and archaea consistently increased with increasing depth distance, with slopes of 0.0080 and 0.0069 in Hongfeng Lake and 0.0078 and 0.0087 in Aha Lake, respectively. Such cross-taxon congruence was well-supported by equivalent ecological processes (i.e., environmental selection). For bacteria and archaea, Shannon diversity was primarily affected by the total P (TP) fractions such as the loosely adsorbed TP or calcium-bound TP and sediment TP. Their community composition was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by calcium-bound inorganic P (Pi), loosely adsorbed Pi and reductant-soluble Pi. Although sediment properties were important, bacterial and archaeal diversity or community composition were well-explained by the Pi fractions, with high direct or indirect effects. In particular, Pi fractions exhibited stronger effects on bacterial and archaeal characteristics than organic P fractions. Taken together, our study provides novel insights into the ecological importance of P resource partitioning to microbial succession, which has crucial implications for disentangling the biogeochemical processes of P cycling in aquatic ecosystems.

Path Coefficient Analysis and Character Association of Yield and Yield Contributing Traits of Rice Landraces

An experiment was carried out during Kharif 2020 to estimate the direct and indirect effects of various independent characteristics on the dependent character and to assess the degree of relationship between yield and yield contributing traits of rice landraces. The experimental material consists of 188 landraces including two checks IR-64 and Jeerashankar and these genotypes were planted in Randomized Block Design with three replications. Based on correlation and path analysis studies, significant positive correlation and high direct positive effect on grain yield per plant were found for traits flag leaf length, number of tillers, number of effective tillers, panicle weight, harvesting index, panicle index, fertile spikelet per panicle and biological yield per plant. Itdepicted that during the formulation of criterion in the rice improvement program as well as for plant ideotype, these traits would be of significant relevance.

Assessment of Genetic Variability, Correlation, and Path Coefficient for Yield and Its Contributing Traits in Pigeon Pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh

The experimental material consisted of 155 pigeon pea genotypes sown in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications during the Kharif, 2023-2024 crop season at the N. E. B. Crop Research Centre of G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. The genetic variance components, correlation, and path coefficient for seed yield and its components were estimated using these 155 pigeon pea genotypes. The highest phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) values (&gt; 20%) were recorded for traits such as the number of pods per plant (26.45%), number of secondary branches per plant (22.72%), and seed yield per plant (20.27%). In contrast, the lowest PCV estimates (&lt; 10%) were found for days to maturity (7.39%) and days to 50% flowering (6.73%). High estimates of the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) (&gt; 20%) were recorded only for the number of pods per plant (23.6%). The lowest GCV estimates (&lt; 10%) were observed for hundred seed weight (9.63%), number of seeds per pod (9.55%), plant height (9.49%), pod length (7.18%), days to maturity (6.85%), and days to 50% flowering (6.5%). The hundred seed weight showed a high positive direct effect on seed yield per plant (Genotypic = 0.58, Phenotypic = 0.47) along with a positive and significant correlation (Genotypic correlation coefficient, (rg = 0.599); Phenotypic correlation coefficient, (rp = 0.485)). Based on this investigation, it is evident that exploring genetic variability, correlations, and path analyses provides a more effective approach for selecting superior cultivars for yield and related traits.

Character Association and Path Analysis for Yield and its Attributing Traits in Urdbean Genotypes and its Triple Test Cross F1 Hybrids

This research delves into the association and path coefficient analysis between yield and its attributing traits among 111 diverse lines of urdbean. 27 lines, three testers, and Eighty-one F1 hybrids were grown in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications during Kharif 2023 at the Crop Experimental Research Farm of Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kalyanpur, Kanpur (U.P.). The analysis of variance for parents (27 lines and three testers) and their 81 triple test cross hybrids indicated highly significant genotypic differences across all 12 quantitative traits under study viz., days to 50% flowering (DFF), days to 75% maturity (DM), plant height (cm) (PH), number of primary branches per plant (NPB), pods per plant (NPP), pod length (cm) (PL), seeds per pod (NSP), biological yield per plant (g) (BYPP), seed yield per plant (g) (SYPP), harvest index (%),(HI), 100-seed weight (HSW), and protein content (%) (PC). All the traits studied showed a significant positive correlation with seed yield, except for days to 50% flowering, and days to 75 % maturity at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Path analysis revealed that all the traits had high direct positive effects on seed yield except for days to 50% flowering and days to 75 % maturity at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Therefore, these traits should be the primary focus in black gram breeding programs aimed at yield improvement.

Trait Correlation and Path Study for Quantitative Traits in Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Genotypes

Garlic is a widely cultivated vegetable with both culinary and medicinal uses in Ethiopia. The analyses, focusing on various traits, help in identifying genotypes with high productivity and quality. Garlic reproduces solely vegetatively due to male and female sterility in its gametophytes. Its domestication originated from the wild species Allium longicuspis Regel. The introduction of diverse garlic varieties contributes to enhancing its genetic potential. This study aimed to assess the relationship between different traits and their influence on garlic bulb yield. The experiment conducted during the rainy season of 2020–2021 at the Fogera National Rice Research and Training Center in Ethiopia. The experiment included 49 garlic genotypes arranged in a simple lattice design with two replications. The results revealed significant genotypic correlation coefficients between fresh bulb yield per hectare and bulb weight per plant (r = 0.82***), pseudo-stem height (r = 0.82***), and clove weight (r = 0.81***). Similarly, significant positive phenotypic associations were observed between fresh bulb yield per hectare and clove weight per bulb (r = 0.77***), pseudo-stem height (r = 0.77***), and bulb weight per plant (r = 0.76***). Further analysis indicated that pseudo-stem height (0.42) and clove weight (0.39) exerted the highest phenotypic direct effects on fresh bulb yield per hectare. Therefore, traits such as clove weight, pseudo-stem height, and bulb weight exhibit high genotypic coefficients and significant direct effects on total bulb yield, making them crucial for direct selection to increase bulb yield.