High Degree Of Polymerization Research Articles

Experimental investigation and evaluation of drying methods for solid insulation in transformers: A comparative analysis

Drying of transformer winding insulation has a direct impact on the dependability and durability of the transformer. The extraction of moisture from paper insulation is a crucial need in the manufacturing process of transformers. Insulation efficiency in transformers can be reduced over time due to the detrimental effects of temperature, moisture, and air, often known as aging. Heat, oxygen, and residual moisture increase the deterioration of cellulose in transformer solid insulation. This might potentially result in premature failure of the transformer. The factory's insulation drying process should ensure that the residual moisture content of bulk solid insulation remains below 0.5 %. The primary aim is to maintain a high degree of polymerization, often ranging from 1000 to 800. This article investigates the factors contributing to the degradation of cellulose insulation and analyzes various techniques that are used in manufacturing plants in Kazakhstan. In addition, this study experimentally investigates the impact of vacuum on the process of moisture evaporation and partial discharge (PD) in analysis with other methods of drying transformers.

The research on the mechanical properties, microstructure, environmental impacts of environmentally friendly Alkali-activated ultra high performance concrete (AAUHPC) matrix with varied design parameters

Alkali-activated material prepared by the silicon aluminum solid wastes are commonly considered as the low-carbon cementitious material, which has important significance for promoting the sustainable development of construction materials. The mechanical properties, reaction mechanisms, and microstructure evolutions of Alkali-activated Ultra High Performance Concrete (AAUHPC) matrix with 7 design parameters were comprehensively studied through testing the fluidity, 28 days compressive strength, 28 days flexural strength, hydration heat, and microstructures. The environmental impacts including carbon emissions and energy consumption are evaluated. Appropriately increasing Na2O dosage, silicate modulus (Ms), and granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) to fly ash (FA) mass ratio (GBFS/FA) and decreasing silica fume (SF) content and water to binder ratio (W/B) are conducive to accelerating the early reaction of AAUHPC. High Na2O dosage, Ms, SF content, and W/B are not conducive to increasing the 3 days reaction degree of AAUHPC, while the moderate GBFS/FA is corresponding to the higher 3 days reaction degree of AAUHPC. The optimal Na2O dosage, Ms, GBFS/FA, SF content, sand to binder ratio (S/B), fine sands content in quartz sands, W/B are 8 %, 1.4, 4.5:1, 10 %, 1.0, 50 %, and 0.34 for the 28 days mechanical properties. The acquired AAUHPC matrix with fluidity of 218 mm and the lowest porosity has 28 days compressive strength of 114.8 MPa and 28 days flexural strength of 10.6 MPa, whose microstructure has more high polymerization degree C(N)-A-S-H gels with higher Al/Si, lower Na/Al, and lower Ca/Si molar ratios. Compared to the traditional Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC), the environmentally friendly AAUHPC can reduce the carbon emission by 42%–52 % and the energy consumption by 5%–18 %. The total CO2 emission of per unit compressive strength (1.0 MPa) of concrete per cubic meter (CI) is in range of 2.5–3.7 kg, which is significantly lower than the traditional UHPC (6.98 kg/MPa•m3).

Research Progress of Molecular Simulation in Acrylamide Polymers with High Degree of Polymerization.

Acrylamide polymers with a high degree of polymerization are widely used in petroleum production. It is of great significance to study the oil displacement mechanism of acrylamide polymers with a high degree of polymerization from the micro level. In recent years, the rapid development of computer molecular simulation technology has filed the gaps in macroscopic experiments and theories. This technology has been highly valued in the study of the molecular behaviour of polymer systems. In this paper, the research progress of molecular simulation applied to high-polymerization-degree acrylamide polymer is summarized. The application status of acrylamide polymer flooding, the analysis of polymer flooding mechanisms, and the research progress of molecular simulation in acrylamide linear and crosslinked polymers are expounded. Finally, the development prospect of acrylamide polymer research is given, and suggestions are put forward in terms of simulation direction and simulation tools.

Upcycling of cellulosic textile waste with bacterial cellulose via Ioncell® technology

Currently the textile industry relies strongly on synthetic fibres and cotton, which contribute to many environmental problems. Man-made cellulosic fibres (MMCF) can offer sustainable alternatives. Herein, the development of Lyocell-type MMCF using bacterial cellulose (BC) as alternative raw material in the Ioncell® spinning process was investigated. BC, known for its high degree of polymerization (DP), crystallinity and strength was successfully dissolved in the ionic liquid (IL) 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium acetate [DBNH][OAc] to produce solutions with excellent spinnability. BC staple fibres displayed good mechanical properties and crystallinity (CI) and were spun into a yarn which was knitted into garments, demonstrating the potential of BC as suitable cellulose source for textile production. BC is also a valuable additive when recycling waste cellulose textiles (viscose fibres). The high DP and Cl of BC enhanced the spinnability in a viscose/BC blend, consequently improving the mechanical performance of the resulting fibres, as compared to neat viscose fibres.

Investigating the efficacy of purified tannin extracts from underutilized temperate forages in reducing enteric methane emissions in vitro

The study investigated how the concentration and composition of purified tannin extracts, at various inclusion rates, affect the ruminal in vitro fermentation parameters. Tannin extracts were isolated from four different forage species: birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), sulla (Hedysarum coronarium), big trefoil (Lotus pedunculatus), and salad burnet (Sanguisorba minor). Plants extracts were purified by Sephadex LH-20 gel chromatography and analyzed by UPLC–ESI–MS/MS. The results showed a large variation among the extracts from different species in terms of tannin composition and structural features. The extracts from salad burnet were dominated by hydrolysable tannins, comprising mainly ellagitannins. The extracts derived from sulla and big trefoil contained predominantly proanthocyanidins (PA), primarily composed of prodelphinidins with high mean degree of polymerisation (mDP). Birdsfoot trefoil extracts comprised procyanidin-rich PAs with low mDP. To determine whether the combined presence of tannins and flavonoid together lead to synergistic or antagonistic effects, the tannin extracts were incubated both with or without rutin at concentrations of 10, 20, and 30 g/kg DM, using a base substrate of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne, control). In general, all the tannin extracts decreased methane (CH4) production compared to the control, while no significant effect of rutin was observed on both gas (GP) and CH4 production, neither pure, nor in the simultaneous presence of tannins. The highest CH4 reduction (15%, at 30 g/kg DM) was observed from sulla and big trefoil extracts compared to control, but this was also supplemented with a concomitant reduction in GP (11%) indicating a reduction in feed digestibility. The extracts from birdsfoot trefoil and salad burnet reduced CH4 by up to 12% without significantly reducing GP, indicating the importance of tannin composition on ruminal fermentation.

Effect of addition of γ-poly glutamic acid on bacterial nanocellulose production under agitated culture conditions.

Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), a natural polymer material, gained significant popularity among researchers and industry. It has great potential in areas, such as textile manufacturing, fiber-based paper, and packaging products, food industry, biomedical materials, and advanced functional bionanocomposites. The main current fermentation methods for BNC involved static culture, as the agitated culture methods had lower raw material conversion rates and resulted in non-uniform product formation. Currently, studies have shown that the production of BNC can be enhanced by incorporating specific additives into the culture medium. These additives included organic acids or polysaccharides. γ-Polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA), known for its high polymerization, excellent biodegradability, and environmental friendliness, has found extensive application in various industries including daily chemicals, medicine, food, and agriculture. In this particular study, 0.15g/L of γ-PGA was incorporated as a medium additive to cultivate BNC under agitated culture conditions of 120rpm and 30℃. The BNC production increased remarkably by 209% in the medium with 0.15g/L γ-PGA and initial pH of 5.0 compared to that in the standard medium, and BNC production increased by 7.3% in the medium with 0.06g/L γ-PGA. The addition of γ-PGA as a medium additive resulted in significant improvements in BNC production. Similarly, at initial pH levels of 4.0 and 6.0, the BNC production also increased by 39.3% and 102.3%, respectively. To assess the characteristics of the BNC products, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis were used. The average diameter of BNC fibers, which was prepared from the medium adding 0.15g/L γ-PGA, was twice thicker than that of BNC fibers prepared from the control culture medium. That might be because that polyglutamic acid relieved the BNC synthesis from the shear stress from the agitation. This experiment held great significance as it explored the use of a novel medium additive, γ-PGA, to improve the production and the glucose conversion rate in BNC fermentation. And the BNC fibers became thicker, with better thermal stability, higher crystallinity, and higher degree of polymerization (DPv). These findings lay a solid foundation for future large-scale fermentation production of BNC using bioreactors.

Development of a High Ductility DP Steel Using a Segregation Neutralization Approach: Benchmarked Against a Commercial Dual Phase Steel

Commercial dual-phase steels are typically synonymous with a banded distribution of martensite in their microstructures, which can degrade ductility and increase the anisotropy of mechanical properties. The concept of neutralizing the effect of Mn segregation is employed to change the distribution of martensite to a non-banded distribution. To this end, the ratio of austenite and ferrite stabilizer elements has been changed in the composition of dual-phase steel. Microstructural analysis has been carried out on both hot-rolled (ferrite + pearlite) and heat-treated (ferrite + martensite) microstructures by optical microscope and EBSD, respectively. The microstructural examinations have confirmed the non-banded distribution of second phase and more equiaxed ferrite grains in the segregated neutralized grade microstructures compared to a commercially benchmarked dual-phase steel. Tensile properties of two grades have also been assessed in hot-rolled and heat-treated conditions in RD, TD, and 45 deg tensile directions. In the case of heat-treated condition, total elongation in RD direction has been improved from 20.9 pct in benchmark dual-phase steel to 25.4 pct in segregated neutralized dual-phase steel. Tensile anisotropy results showed a significant difference in tensile strength by tensile direction in benchmark dual-phase steel in both hot-rolled (~ 85 MPa) and heat-treated conditions (~ 48 MPa), while the corresponding differences for the segregated neutralized grades were 14 and 15 MPa, respectively.

Differential Studies on the Structure of Lignin-Carbohydrate Complexes (LCC) in Alkali-Extracted Plant Hemicelluloses.

Hemicellulose extracted by alkali treatment is of interest because of the advantages of its intact sugar structure and high degree of polymerization. However, the hemicellulose extracted by alkali treatment contained more lignin fragments and the presence of a lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC), which affected the isolation and purification of hemicellulose and its comprehensive utilization. Therefore, the evaluation of the LCC structure of different types of lignocellulosic resources is of great significance. In this study, the LCC structures of hardwoods and Gramineae were enriched in alkaline systems. Information on the composition, structural proportions, and connection patterns of LCC samples was discussed. The similarities and differences between the LCC structures of different units of raw materials were comparatively studied. The results indicated that the monosaccharide fractions were higher in the LCC of Gramineae compared to hardwoods. The composition of the lignin fraction was dominated by G and S units. The phenyl glycosidic (PhGlc) bond is the predominant LCC linkage under alkali-stabilized conditions. In addition, Gramineae PhGlc types are more numerous compared to hardwoods. The results of the study provide insights into the differences in the chemical composition and structural features of LCC in different plants and provide important guidance for the optimization of the process of purifying hemicellulose.

Deep eutectic solvent (TMAH·5H2O/Urea) with low viscosity for cellulose dissolution at room temperature

A deep eutectic solvent (DES) formulated with tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate /urea (TMAH·5H2O/Urea) was designed for the first time to dissolve cellulose at room temperature. The optimized system, characterized by a 1:3 M ratio, demonstrates the capability to dissolve approximately 7.5 wt% cellulose, boasting a high degree of polymerization (DP = 526). Notably, both the pure DES and 4.0 wt% cellulose/TMAH·5H2O/Urea mixtures manifests low viscosity, establishing its potential as an effective spinning aid in fiber manufacturing. The structural analyses shows that the cellulose crystal type shifts from type I to type II form, accompanied by a reduction in both crystallinity and DP. A pivotal aspect of this research involves determining Kamlet-Taft parameters for TMAH·5H2O/Urea-DES with different molar ratios. The results reveal these solvate DESs exhibit the high hydrogen bond basicity, which enables them to easily form hydrogen bonds with hydroxyl groups of cellulose and demonstrate good cellulose solubility. In conclusion, this solvent system presents notable advantages, including straightforward synthesis procedures, low viscosity, and well cellulose solubility, paving the way for new approaches and techniques in cellulose utilization.

Effect of auxiliary materials on the formation of humic acid carbon and nitrogen and bacterial dynamics in kitchen waste composting

This study investigated the impacts of different types of auxiliary materials on the humification process and bacterial dynamics during kitchen waste composting. Five types of auxiliary materials, including sawdust (SD), garden waste (GW), aquatic plants (AP), rice straw (RS), and rice husk (RH), were compared. The relationship between humic acid carbon and nitrogen components as well as bacterial community was analyzed by structural equation model and redundancy analysis. The results dindicated that SD and RS exhibited better thermophilic stage duration, germination index, and organic fractions degradation than other groups, which had higher degree of polymerization and the humification index of kitchen waste composting. AP, SD and RS had higher total nitrogen (TN) content and ammonia nitrogen accumulation, and RS had more humic acid nitrogen in TN with more amino acids and polyphenols precursors compared to other groups. High-throughput sequencing indicated that sawdust affected the variation of community structure and bacterial genera associated with lignocellulose degradation more than others. Redundancy analysis showed that Pseudoxanthomonas helped to the NH4+-N conversion to humic acid nitrogen for TN preservation. Structural equation modelling suggested that the conversion and utilization efficiency of microbes directly influenced the accumulation of humic acid carbon and nitrogen based on the types of intermediate metabolites. This study highlighted the role of auxiliary materials on improving the humification process of rapid kitchen waste composting.

Comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles reveal fruit peel color variation in two red pomegranate cultivars.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) which belongs to family Lythraceae, is one of the most important fruit crops of many tropical and subtropical regions. A high variability in fruit color is observed among different pomegranate accessions, which arises from the qualitative and quantitative differences in anthocyanins. However, the mechanism of fruit color variation is still not fully elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the red color mutation between a red-skinned pomegranate 'Hongbaoshi' and a purple-red-skinned cultivar 'Moshiliu', by using transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches. A total of 51 anthocyanins were identified from fruit peels, among which 3-glucoside and 3,5-diglucoside of cyanidin (Cy), delphinidin (Dp), and pelargonidin (Pg) were dominant. High proportion of Pg in early stages of 'Hongbaoshi' but high Dp in late stages of 'Moshiliu' were characterized. The unique high levels of Cy and Dp anthocyanins accumulating from early developmental stages accounted for the purple-red phenotype of 'Moshiliu'. Transcriptomic analysis revealed an early down-regulated and late up-regulated of anthocyanin-related structure genes in 'Moshiliu' compared with 'Hongbaoshi'. Alao, ANR was specially expressed in 'Hongbaoshi', with extremely low expression levels in 'Moshiliu'. For transcription factors R2R3-MYB, the profiles demonstrated a much higher transcription levels of three subgroup (SG) 5 MYBs and a sharp decrease in expression of SG6 MYB LOC116202527 in high-anthocyanin 'Moshiliu'. SG4 MYBs exhibited two entirely different patterns, LOC116203744 and LOC116212505 were down-regulated whereas LOC116205515 and LOC116212778 were up-regulated in 'Moshiliu' pomegranate. The results indicate that specific SG members of the MYB family might promote the peel coloration in different manners and play important roles in color mutation in pomegranate.

Modified fructan accumulation through overexpression of wheat fructan biosynthesis pathway fusion genes Ta1SST:Ta6SFT

BackgroundFructans are water-soluble carbohydrates that accumulate in wheat and are thought to contribute to a pool of stored carbon reserves used in grain filling and tolerance to abiotic stress.ResultsIn this study, transgenic wheat plants were engineered to overexpress a fusion of two fructan biosynthesis pathway genes, wheat sucrose: sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase (Ta1SST) and wheat sucrose: fructan 6-fructosyltransferase (Ta6SFT), regulated by a wheat ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase small subunit (TaRbcS) gene promoter. We have shown that T4 generation transgene-homozygous single-copy events accumulated more fructan polymers in leaf, stem and grain when compared in the same tissues from transgene null lines. Under water-deficit (WD) conditions, transgenic wheat plants showed an increased accumulation of fructan polymers with a high degree of polymerisation (DP) when compared to non-transgenic plants. In wheat grain of a transgenic event, increased deposition of particular fructan polymers such as, DP4 was observed.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that the tissue-regulated expression of a gene fusion between Ta1SST and Ta6SFT resulted in modified fructan accumulation in transgenic wheat plants and was influenced by water-deficit stress conditions.

χ(2) and χ(3) enhancement by arylamine substituents in aromatic conjugated polyenyne polymers

In this work, we have determined the χ(1), χ(2), and χ(3) NLO properties of NH2substituted aromatic polyenynes in ortho, meta, and para positions. It is worth noting that Mednis-Genkin’s approximation takes into account the intraband contribution with a derivate of the dipole valence-conduction band moment transition, unlike, for example, Ward’s summation-over-sates (SOS) methodology, which considers the difference of these states. Indeed, we have selected these polymers because of the high asymmetry in their molecular wavefunction. In this way, the calculated χ(3) values of the para-NH2 substituted aromatic polyenyne with a higher degree of polymerization are near 1 X 10−7 esu. For its part, the ortho polymer has higher values, of the order of 1 X 10−6 esu, due to its high transition dipole moment. We have also found that the energy band distribution in the para position of these polymers produces van Hove points, which have a negligible proportion of the NLO properties, compared with singularity regions 1 and 2, which have a contribution of 100 %. These regions are due to the wavefunction coefficients’ first and second-order derivatives. Besides, without considering border effects nor correlation effects, and only the variation of excitation energy, we have calculated that the quaternary monomeric oligomers of these polymers have almost similar values of χ(2) and χ(3). Then, it implies building a methodology to synthesize the polymers to avoid canceling the NLO-χ(2) and -χ(3) values.

Effect of Salts on Laccase-Catalyzed Polymerization of Lignosulfonate.

Enzymatic polymerization of lignosulfonate (LS) has a high potential for various applications ranging from coatings to adhesives. Here, the effect of different ions in low concentrations on enzymatic polymerization of LS was investigated, including salt solutions consisting of mono- and dicarboxylic acids, sulfate, phosphate and chloride with sodium as counter ion. LS polymerization was followed by viscometry and size exclusion (SEC) chromatography. Interestingly, there was only a small effect of ions on the activity of the laccase on standard substrate ABTS, while the effect on polymerization of LS was substantially different. The presence of acetate led to a 39 % higher degree of polymerization (DP) for LS. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) revealed that the structure of the enzyme was largely unaffected by the ions, while the determination of the zeta potential showed that those ions conveying higher negative surface charges onto LS particles showed lower DPs, than those not affecting the surface charge. Further, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy showed 5-times higher intensity in phenoxyl radicals for the monovalent ions compared to the divalent ones. It was concluded that the DPs of LS could be tuned in the presence of certain ions, by facilitating the interaction between the laccase substrate-binding site and the LS molecules.

Microscopic Understanding of Interfacial Performance and Antifoaming Mechanism of REP Type Block Polyether Nonionic Surfactants.

In many practical applications involving surfactants, achieving defoaming without affecting interfacial activity is a challenge. In this study, the antifoaming performance of REP-type block polymer nonionic surfactant C12EOmPOn was determined, and molecular dynamics simulation method was employed to investigate the molecular behaviors of surfactants at a gas/water interface, the detailed arrangement information of the different structural segments of the surfactant molecules and the inter-/intra-interactions between all the structural motifs in the interfacial layer were analyzed systematically, by which the antifoaming mechanisms of the surfactants were revealed. The results show that the EO and PO groups of REP-type polyether molecules are located in the aqueous phase near the interface, and the hydrophobic tails distribute separately, lying almost flat on the gas/water interface. The interaction between the same groups of EOs and POs is significantly stronger than with water. REP block polyethers with high polymerization degrees of EO and PO are more inclined to overlap into dense layers, resulting in the formation of aggregates resembling "oil lenses" spreading on the gas/water interface, which exerts a stronger antifoaming effect. This study provides a smart approach to obtaining efficient antifoaming performance at room temperature without adding other antifoam ingredients.

Enzymatic Synthesis of Copolyesters with the Heteroaromatic Diol 3,4-Bis(hydroxymethyl)furan and Isomeric Dimethyl Furandicarboxylate Substitutions.

Polyesters from furandicarboxylic acid derivatives, i.e., dimethyl 2,5-furandicarboxylate (2,5-DMFDCA) and 2,4-DMFDCA, show interesting properties among bio-based polymers. Another potential heteroaromatic monomer, 3,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (3,4-BHMF), is often overlooked but holds promise for biopolymer synthesis. Cleaning and greening synthetic procedures, i.e., enzymatic polymerization, offer sustainable pathways. This study explores the Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB)-catalyzed copolymerization of 3,4-BHMF with furan dicarboxylate isomers and aliphatic diols. The furanic copolyesters (co-FPEs) with higher polymerization degrees are obtained using 2,4-isomer, indicating CALB's preference. Material analysis revealed semicrystalline properties in all synthesized 2,5-FDCA-based co-FPEs, with multiple melting temperatures (Tm) from 53 to 124 °C and a glass-transition temperature (Tg) of 9-10 °C. 2,4-FDCA-based co-FPEs showed multiple Tm from 43 to 61 °C and Tg of -14 to 12 °C; one of them was amorphous. In addition, all co-FPEs showed a two-step decomposition profile, indicating aliphatic and semiaromatic segments in the polymer chains.

Solidification/stabilization and optimization of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash with aluminosilicate solid wastes

Alkali-activation is an effective municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) solidification/stabilization (S/S) technology. However, the characteristics of calcium-rich silica-poor aluminum phase in MSWIFA easily cause the structural instability and contamination of alkali activated MSWIFA S/S bodies. Therefore, the aluminosilicate solid wastes are used in this work to optimize the immobilization and structural properties. Results showed that incorporation of aluminosilicate solid wastes significantly improved the compressive strength and heavy metals pollution toxicity of MSWIFA S/S bodies. Compared to alkali activated MSWIFA, the compressive strength of S/S bodies with addition of coal fly ash, silica fume and granulated blast furnace slag improved by 31.0%, 47.6% and 50.8% when the curing time was 28 days, respectively. Leachability of Pb, Zn and Cd in these alkali activated MSWIFA S/S bodies was far below the threshold value specified in Standard GB16889. Aluminosilicate solid wastes provided abundant Si/Al structural units, and some new phases such as ettringite(AFt, 3CaO⋅Al2O3⋅3CaSO4⋅32H2O), calcium sulfoaluminate hydrate (3CaO⋅Al2O3⋅CaSO4⋅12H2O) and Friedel's salt (CaO⋅Al2O3⋅CaCl2⋅10H2O) can be detected in S/S matrix with aluminosilicate solid wastes, along comes increased the amount of the amorphous phases. Lower Ca/Si molar ratio tended to form the network structure gel similar to tobermorite with higher polymerization degree. Meanwhile, the silica tetrahedron of the gels changed from the oligomerization state like island to the hyperomerization state like chain, layer network or three-dimensional structure, and average molecular chain length increased. These findings provide theoretical basis for structural properties optimization and resource utilization of MSWIFA S/S matrices.

The impact of environmental humidity on the mechanical property and microstructure of magnesium silicate hydrate cement

Environmental factors have a significant impact on the performance of cement-based materials. As a new type of low-carbon cementitious material, the performance of magnesium silicate hydrate cement (MSHC) under different environmental humidity conditions is crucial for its application. This study aimed to investigate the effects of environmental humidity on the hardening properties of MSHC. Compressive strength tests of MSHC were conducted under four different relative humidity (RH) conditions (RH of 33%, 58%, 75%, and 97%) and water curing (RH-w) condition. Microanalysis techniques were employed to reveal the strength mechanisms of MSHC under different environmental humidity conditions. The results showed that MSHC exhibited the optimal mechanical performance when RH was 75%, reaching 42.29 MPa. When RH was 58%, the compressive strength of MSHC was close to the optimal level, which was 41.02 MPa. However, under other humidity conditions (RH33, RH97, and RH-w), the compressive strength of MSHC was much lower than the optimal level, decreasing by 30.93%, 41.90%, and 63.66%, respectively. Pore structure analysis showed that the volume of detrimental pores (>100 nm) in the sample was the lowest when RH was 75%. Compared with RH75, the volume of detrimental pores in RH33, RH58, RH97, and RH-w increased by 20.47%, 9.83%, 36.77%, and 156.92%, respectively. In addition, the variation of environmental humidity resulted in different polymerization levels in the M-S-H gel, and higher degrees of polymerization were observed when RH was 58% and 75%.

Modification of ramie fibre with a mixture of NaOH solution and iso-propanol solvent for enhancing its dyeing performance

Deep shade dyeing of ramie fibre is challenging due to its high degree of polymerisation, orientation, and crystallinity. The present work involved pre-treating ramie fibre with a solution containing a mixture of NaOH and alcohol in order to improve its dyeing ability. Based on the first screening results, it has been shown that iso-propanol is the optimal alcohol solvent for modifying ramie fibres with a mixture of NaOH solution, resulting in greater levels of dye exhaustion (E%), dye fixation rate (F%), total dye fixation efficiency (T%), and K/S values. Subsequently, the orthogonal array experimental technique (L16) was utilised to optimise the treatment conditions, and it was determined at a temperature of 25 °C, using a NaOH solution with a concentration of 140 g/L, a liquid ratio of 1:2 for the volume ratio of NaOH solution to iso-propanol solvent, and a treating period of 3 min. The treated samples were subjected to a range of analytical techniques, including XRD, FTIR, TGA, and SEM; these analyses conclusively verified that the samples' properties were altered due to the optimal combination treatment. The combination solution-treated samples had significantly higher barium values compared to the other samples, suggesting an ideal mercerisation treatment. The colourfastness to washing values exhibited satisfactory results for the treated samples. Besides, a handle assessment of raw ramie fabric and treated ramie fabric was conducted to enhance the practical application feasibility.

Acetylation of cotton knitted fabrics for improved quick drying after water absorption

Quick drying after water or sweat absorption is an important function of underwear. In this study, the hydroxy groups of cotton knitted fabrics (CFs) were partially acetylated, maintaining the original fabric structure. The following three heterogeneous acetylation processes were used: Ac-I (Ac2O/H2SO4/toluene), Ac-II (Ac2O/H2SO4/AcOH/water), and Ac-III (Ac2O/AcONa) systems (Ac2O, acetic anhydride; AcOH, acetic acid; AcONa, sodium acetate). Acetylated cotton knitted fabrics (AcCFs) with degree of substitution (DS) ≤ 0.5 and yields of > 80% were prepared. AcCFs prepared with the Ac-III system gave high degree of polymerization (DP) values of > 1500, whereas those prepared with the Ac-II system exhibited low DP values of ≤ 400. The moisture contents of AcCFs at 20 °C and 65% relative humidity decreased from 7.1 to 4.7% with increasing DS value up to 0.46; introducing hydrophobic acetyl groups into the CFs decreased their hydrophilic nature. Quick drying similar to that of a polyester fabric was achieved for some of the AcCFs with DS values of < 0.2. When the acetyl groups in the AcCFs were homogeneously distributed across each fiber width (achieved for AcCFs prepared with the Ac-II system), quick drying was evident in the AcCFs. The crystallinities and crystal widths of cellulose I for the AcCFs with DS values of ≤ 0.28 were almost unchanged compared with those of the original CFs. However, neither the crystallinities nor crystal widths of cellulose I were directly related to quick drying after water absorption. Thermal degradation of the AcCFs varied between the acetylation systems, and depended on the DP values and/or the presence of sulfate ester groups in the AcCFs.Graphical