High Crude Fibre Content Research Articles

Mechanical, Antimicrobial and Morphological Properties of Biodegradable Trays Based on Cassava Starch and Agroindustrial Processing Residues

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the development of biodegradable composites using agroindustrial residues, such as potato peels and mango integument, processed into flours (PPF and MIF), and determined their nutritional composition, total phenolic content and total tannins. The soluble and insoluble lignin content was quantified in the MIF, which exhibited a high crude fibre content (76.55%) and insoluble lignin (20.86%). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examined the morphology of particles and final composites, while the antimicrobial activity of MIF and potato peel extract (PPE) was tested against Staphylococcus aureus. The biodegradability of the composites was assessed in soil, comparing them to commercial EPS. In a factorial design (23), the influence of PPE (1.84–3.68 g), MIF (10–20 g) and drying temperature (55°C–65°C) was investigated regarding the mechanical strength, elongation, antimicrobial activity and physical properties of the composites. Optimal conditions for producing composites with higher strength (1.304 MPa), elongation (0.951%) and antimicrobial activity (30.036‐mm halos) included 3.68 g of PPE, 10 g of MIF and drying at 65°C. However, the interaction between MIF and temperature negatively impacted the results. Biodegradability showed a steady mass loss after 60 days. It is concluded that the use of PPE and MIF offers a sustainable alternative to conventional petroleum‐based packaging, with appropriate production conditions essential to optimize composite properties, reinforcing the potential of the food industry to adopt environmentally friendly materials.

Performance Evaluation and Release of High-Yielding Dual-Purpose Rabi Sorghum Culture Tandur Jonna 1' (SVT 68) for Cultivation in Telangana, India

Aims: To develop a high yielding dual purpose Rabi sorghum culture suitable for the state of Telangana. Study of Design: Randomized Block Design. Place and Duration of Study: The Present study was conducted at AgriculturalResearch Station, Tandur, Vikarabad from 2007 to 2013 to breed the culture SVT 68 and subsequently evaluated in different trials from 2014 to 2021. Methodology: A high yielding, dual purpose Rabi sorghum variety was derived from a cross between PV 15 x CSV 216R through Pedigree method of breeding and subsequently it was evaluated instation level from 2014 – 2016, AICRP trial in 2017-18 in, state MLT in 2018-19, Minikits in 2019-2021 for its grain and fodder yields, resistance to pests and diseases and showed superior performance over the Popular check M 35-1. Results: The high yielding dual purpose Rabi sorghum culture SVT 68 recorded an average grain yield of 2993 kg/ha and fodder yield of 9258 kg/ha with an increase of grain yield of 17.3 per cent and fodder yield of 20.4 per cent, over the popular check M 35-1. The culture is moderately resistant to charcoal rot, shoot fly, tolerant to leaf blight and rust and on par with M 35-1 with respect to stem borer and aphid damage. It has high crude fibre content (2.71) and rich in micro nutrients Iron (41.86 mg/kg), Zinc (26.67 mg/kg) and Calcium (177.60 mg/kg). Conclusion: Owing to its superiority in terms of grain, fodder yields, pest, disease tolerance, nutritional quality, agronomic performance, higher net returns depicted in the form of Benefit cost ratio, the culture SVT 68 was released during 2021 in the name of Tandur Jonna 1 and notified for general cultivation by farmers in Telangana state.

Growth and physiological responses of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fed dietary fermented sugar beet bagasse and reared in biofloc system

Sugar beet bagasse (SB) is a common agro-industrial waste used in animal feeds. However, its high crude fiber content makes it difficult for fish to digest. Fermentation processes can improve the nutritional value of SB by-products. The study uses Lactobacillus rhamnosus and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to ferment SB waste for use as a soybean meal substitute in Nile tilapia fingerlings. This led to an increase in protein, lipid, ash, and nitrogen-free extracts, while the fiber content decreased. Four experimental isonitrogenous (crude protein: 249.2 g kg−1) and isocaloric (gross energy:18.25 MJ kg−1) diets were formulated as follows: a control diet with 0 % LYFSB (L. rhamnosus and yeast fermented SB), and three other diets with LYFSB replacing soybean meal (SBM) at levels of 10 % (LYFSB10 %), 20 % (LYFSB20 %), and 30 % (LYFSB30 %) based on protein content, over a 70-day period. 180 fingerlings of Nile tilapia (average initial weight of 5.19 ± 0.02 g) were placed at random in twelve circular plastic tanks (60 L capacity) with a stocking density of fifteen fish each. Nitrite and ammonia levels decreased as the replacement levels of LYFSB in tilapia diets increased, while nitrate levels showed the opposite trend. The phytoplankton community includes nine species in the biofloc system and four in tilapia gut content, with Chlorophyceae being the most common class, having the highest number in fish-fed diets (7805.67 organism/ml). The study revealed that LYFSB significantly influenced the zooplankton community, with protozoa dominating in biofloc water and rotifer in tilapia gut. LYFSB10 % and LYFSB20 % had the highest bacteria counts. Fish fed with LYFSB10 % and LYFSB20 % diets showed the highest values for specific growth rate (2.51 % day−1) and weight gain (24.92 g fish−1). These diets also exhibited increased activity levels of trypsin, lipase, and amylase enzymes. Increasing the inclusion of LYFSB in fish diets as a replacement for FM improved the intestinal and liver health of fish. The diets with LYFSB10 % and LYFSB20 % showed the highest levels of globulin, total protein, albumin, and IgM, with no significant differences between them. Fish fed LYFSB10 % had lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were highest in fish fed LYFSB10 % and LYFSB20 %, while malondialdehyde (MDA) activity was lowest in the LYFSB30 % diet. The study showed that the biofloc system enhanced water quality and increased the efficiency of tilapia fed LYFSB10 % and LYFSB20 %.

Exploring agricultural waste substrate for enhancement of <i>Pleurotus ostreatus</i> cultivation

The proximate composition of the organic waste substrates used in cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus was analyzed, and the results revealed significant variations in various nutritional components among the substrates. Palm Chaff had the highest ash content (7.14%), followed by Oil Palm Empty Bunch (5.08%), Yam Peel (4.29%), and Saw Dust (1.36%). This indicated that Palm Chaff was the richest in minerals, while sawdust had the lowest mineral content. In addition, Yam Peel had the highest moisture content (8.46%), followed by Palm Chaff (5.87%), Oil Palm Empty Bunch (4.62%), and Saw Dust (2.83%). This suggested that Saw Dust was the driest substrate. Furthermore, Oil Palm Empty Bunch had the highest crude lipid content (1.94%), followed by Palm Chaff (1.38%), Yam Peel (1.13%), and Saw Dust (0.04%). Moreover, Oil Palm Empty Bunch had the highest crude protein content (2.56%), followed by Yam Peel (2.1%) and Palm Chaff (2.02%). Saw Dust had the lowest crude protein content (1.74%). Besides, Oil Palm Empty Bunch had the highest crude fiber content (48.27%), followed by Palm Chaff (36.94%), Saw Dust (26.17%), and Yam Peel (14.36%). In addition, Saw Dust had the highest carbohydrate content (67.86%), followed by Yam Peel (69.64%) and Palm Chaff (46.65%). Oil Palm Empty Bunch had the lowest carbohydrate content (37.58%). These findings offered valuable insights into the suitability of each substrate for cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus Additionally, it enabled growers to make informed decisions about substrate selection based on the specific nutritional needs and growth requirements of the mushrooms. The impact of various organic waste substrates on the growth dynamics of Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom), revealed significant variations in several key parameters. In primordial Formation, the number of early-stage fruiting bodies formed varied between 12 and 36 across different substrate formulations. The highest primordial formation was observed in treatment A + B + C + D (36), while treatments involving individual substrates or their combinations had the lowest primordial formation (12). Furthermore, in Fruiting Body Production, the number of mature mushrooms produced varied across treatments. Treatment A + C resulted in the highest number of fruiting bodies (26), while treatments involving combinations of substrates (B + C + D, A + B + C, A + B + C + D, C + D) had the lowest number of fruiting bodies (3). Overall, the findings highlight the influence of specific substrate combinations on various aspects of mushroom growth dynamics. However, the choice of growth substrates did not significantly impact the overall weight and biological efficiency of Pleurotus ostreatus in this study. These results provide valuable insights for optimizing mushroom cultivation practices.

Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals the Genetic Basis of Crude Fiber Components in Brassica napus L. Shoots at Stem Elongation Stage.

Brassica napus is currently the principal field crop for producing materials for primary, secondary and tertiary industries. B. napus shoots at stem elongation stage are rich in anthocyanins, vitamin C and mineral elements such as selenium, calcium and zinc, and represent a new type of green vegetable. However, the high crude fiber (CF) content of B. napus shoots affects their taste, and few studies have focused on the quality traits of these vegetables. In this study, we investigated five traits related to the CF components, including neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), hemicellulose (Hem) and cellulose (Cel), of B. napus shoots. Whole-genome resequencing at a depth of ∼20× was utilized to genotype an association panel of 202 diverse accessions, which resulted in the identification of 6,093,649 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 996,252 indels, respectively. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed for the five CF-related traits based on the phenotypic data observed in four environments. A total of 1,285 significant SNPs were detected at the threshold of -log10 (p) = 5.16, and 97 significant association regions were obtained. In addition, seven candidate genes located on chromosomes A2 (one gene), A8 (three genes), A9 (two genes) and C9 (one gene) related to CF traits were identified, and ten lines containing low CF contents were selected as excellent germplasm resources for breeding. Our results contributed new insights into the genetic basis of CF traits and suggested germplasm resources for the quality improvement of B. napus shoots.

Organoleptic Analysis Test and Proximate of Seruni Plants (Wedelia Biflora) as Animal Feed

This research was conducted in Ruteng City in February-April 2023 with the aim of determining the nutritional content of seruni leaves (wedelia biflora). This study uses a direct experimental method. The first stage is an organoleptic test and continued with a proximate analysis. The treatment to be tested is P0: Seroni leaf flour taken in Ruteng City; P1: Seroni leaf flour taken around Ruteng City. This study used the t-test to evaluate significant differences in the nutritional content of Seruni leaf flour in the area around Ruteng. The results of the proximate analysis of Wedelia biflora leaves showed that this leaf had a balanced nutritional composition, with a high content of dry matter (90%), crude protein (±16%), crude fat (±10%), crude fiber (±10%), carbohydrates (±57%), and BETN (±47%). This composition indicates that Wedelia biflora is a good source of nutrients, containing adequate protein, high enough fat, as well as dominant carbohydrates and BETN, making it an efficient source of energy. moderate content of crude fiber also contributes to digestive health. With a balanced nutritional composition and the benefits provided, Wedelia biflora has great potential as a feed additive for various types of livestock to support the growth, health, and productivity of livestock.

COMPARISON OF PROXIMATE COMPOSITION, PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENTS, ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY AND POLYPHENOLS IN BROSIMUM ALICASTRUM LEAF, FRUIT AND SEED

Ramon nut (B. alicastrum) is known to contain bioactive compounds and has been used for medicinal and food purposes for millennia. In the present study the objectives were to quantify and compare the proximal composition, phytochemical contents, in vitro antioxidant capacity and individual phenolic compounds in B. alicastrum leaf, fruit peel, seed and seed coat. Patterns were recognized using canonical discriminant analysis. After freeze-drying, proximate analyses were done. Phenolic compounds in the leaf, fruit peel, seed and seed coat of B. alicastrum were identified by HPLC-UV. Leaf had the highest ash, lipid and protein contents, seed coat had high crude fiber content and seeds high carbohydrates content. The highest (33.13 %) and lowest (4.77 %) yields of extraction (compounds) were obtained from the fruit peels and seed coat, respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed abundant terpenes and tannins in leaf tissue, and abundant sterols in seed coat. Total phenolic content (TPC) was highest (P≤0.05) in seeds (19.74 mg gallic acid equivalent GAE/g) and total flavonoids content (TFC) was highest (P≤0.05) in leaves (16.62 mg quercetin equivalent QE/g). The highest DPPH antioxidant capacity was identified in seed coat and the highest reducing power (RP) in leaf and fruit peel. The HPLC analysis identified caffeic acid as the most abundant phenolic compound in leaves, gallic acid as the most abundant in seeds, chlorogenic acid in seed coat and 3-hydroxytyrosol in fruit peel. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effectively differentiated the samples by tissue. Proximal chemical composition and bioactive compounds contents differed between B. alicastrum tissues, but they all contain bioactive compounds with antioxidant potential, highlighting their potential applications in food and non-food systems. Key words: antioxidants; phytochemicals; plant-extracts; Ramón.

The Growth & Survival of Tilapia Fry (Oreochronis niloticus) with the Addition of Fermented Coconut Pulp to Feed

Feed is one of the components that support the aquaculture business, hence the available feed must be sufficient and meet the needs of the fish. The use of coconut pulp as a feed ingredient is limited by its low protein content and high crude fiber content, which reduces the feed's digestibility level. Fermentation is a technology used to increase protein content and reduce crude fiber content, and increase protein digestibility. A. adding fermented coconut pulp 65%, commercial feed 35%, B. adding fermented coconut pulp 45%, commercial feed 55%, C. adding fermented coconut pulp 25%, 75% commercial feed, D. Control (100% commercial feed). This study aimed to analyze the effect of adding fermented coconut pulp to the commercial feed on the growth and survival of tilapia fry (Orechromis niloticus). The research is an experimental study using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications for 12 experimental units. The results showed that the addition of fermented coconut pulp to tilapia feed had no significant effect on absolute weight and absolute length growth, but had a significant effect on the survival rate of tilapia fry. The best dose of adding fermented coconut pulp to the feed was found in the 25% treatment. The addition of fermented coconut pulp up to 45% did not make a significant difference with the use of commercial feed (control). This indicates the addition of fermented coconut pulp up to 45% can still be given to fish, hence it can be recommended that the addition of fermented coconut pulp to the feed should not exceed 45%.

Nutrition Mass of Fermented Coconut Pulp with Rumen Fluid as Poultry Feed

The use of coconut pulp as animal feed is still limited due to the high content of crude fat and crude fiber, which are difficult to digest by livestock and low palatability, so feed processing technology is needed, one of which is through the fermentation process with the addition of microorganisms from rumen fluid. This study aimed to determine the nutritional quality of coconut (Cocos nucifera l.) pulp with different fermentation lengths using Bali cow rumen fluid. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 3 treatments and 4 replicates. The treatments used in this study were AA = 0-day coconut pulp (control), AB = 5-day fermented coconut pulp, and A2 = 7-day fermented coconut pulp. The variables observed were dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), and crude fat (FF). The results showed a significant effect (P<0.05) on the mean values of BK AA (94.669±0.33) AB (91.89±0.23) and AC (90.46±0.44), PK AA (5.33±0.41), AB (6.00±0.14) and AC (6.59±0. 15), SK AA (16.99±0.31), AB (10.16±0.21), and AC (9.24±0.24) and showed no significant effect (P>0.05) on the mean value of LK AA (44.55±0.50), AB (44.52±0.3), and AC (43.29±0.58). Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that 7-day fermentation decreased BK, LK, and SK and increased PK of coconut pulp. The best fermentation time of coconut pulp with Bali cow rumen fluid is on day 7.

Evaluasi Kualitas Nutrien Hydroponic Corn Green Fodder Jagung Putih Sebagai Pakan Ternak Pada Umur Panen Yang Berbeda

This study aims to evaluate the effect of differences in harvest age on the characteristics of fodder of corn plants that are maintained hydroponically. This research will be carried out using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications, so that the experimental units used are 20 units to get a good harvest time. The treatments used in this study were P1 (Hydroponic growing media at harvesting age of 7 days), P2 (Hydroponic growing media at harvesting age of 9 days), P3 (Hydroponic growing media at harvesting age 11 days), P4 (Hydroponic growing media at harvesting age 13 days), P5 (Hydroponic growing media, harvesting age 15 days). The parameters evaluated were (a) dry weight (BK), (b) organic weight (BO), (c)crude protein content (PK), (d) crude fiber content (SK) and (e) crude fat content (LK). The results revealed that the average dry matter ranged from 12.98–6.27%, while the average organic weight ranged from 96.90–93.52%, the protein content ranged from 23.30–10.14%, the crude fiber content ranged from 2.65–20.28%, and the results of crude fat content ranged from 2.65–2.86%.Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that hydroponic corn green fodder white corn with different harvest ages can have a significant effect on the production of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and crude fiber. The best harvest was found in the P1 treatment, namely at 7 days of harvest it was able to produce 23% crude protein content. The longest harvest age (15 days) resulted in the lowest dry matter, organic matter and crude protein content and the highest crude fiber content.

Study on the Development of Fiber-Rich Noodles through the Substitution of Wheat Flour with Pregelatinized Tannia Flour

Traditional noodles are often criticized for their low fiber content, a component with numerous health benefits in preventing degenerative diseases. Tannia, a potential food source in Indonesia, is recognized for its richness in fiber. This study evaluated the chemical properties, cooking quality, and sensory aspects of noodles made from a composite of wheat flour and pregelatinized tannia flour (PTF). PTF, obtained by boiling tannia tuber slices at a temperature of 95°C for 10 minutes, drying, mashing, and sieving using a 60-mesh sieve, was used to substitute some of the wheat flour in dry noodles production. Substitution levels ranged from 0% (control) to 30%. Results showed a significant impact on protein, carbohydrate, and crude fiber content, as well as color, cooking quality, and sensory properties. Crude fiber increased with substitution, but above 25%, noodles exhibited lower elasticity compared to the control. In conclusion, a 25% substitution of wheat flour with PTF produced noodles with higher crude fiber content, better cooking quality, and sensory properties comparable to control noodles (without substitution). Noodles with 25% substitution had a crude fiber content of 4.89%, while control noodles were at 3.84%

Variability in proximate composition, phytochemical traits and antioxidant properties of Iranian agro-ecotypic populations of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is a multi-use annual forage legume crop that is widely used in food products such as syrup, bitter run, curries, stew, and flavoring. In the present study, morphological traits, proximate composition (moisture, crude fibre, protein, fat, carbohydrate, and energy value), total phenol and total flavonoid contents, and antioxidant properties of 31 Iranian agro-ecotypic populations of the plant was investigated. Among the leaf and seed samples studied, the seeds exhibited the high ash (3.94 ± 0.12%), fat (7.94 ± 0.78%), crude fibre (10.3 ± 0.25%), protein (35.41 ± 1.86%), and carbohydrate (50.5 ± 1.90%) content. In general, more energy value (kcal/100 g) was also obtained from the seed (318.88 ± 1.78–350.44 ± 1.27) than leaf samples (45.50 ± 1.32–89.28 ± 0.85). Antioxidant activity and power of leaf samples were ranged from 67.95 ± 0.05‒157.52 ± 0.20 μg/ml and from 45.17 ± 0.01‒361.92 ± 0.78 μmol Fe+2 per g dry weigh, respectively. Positive linear correlations between antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds were observed. A significant correlation between proximate composition (dependent variable) and some morphological features (independent variable) was observed. Considerable variability in the studied traits among the plant samples can be interestingly used in further food and production systems.

Halal Sustainability: Pengolahan Limbah Industri Tahu dan Tempe Menjadi Tepung ALai (Ampas Kedelai)

Tofu and tempeh factories are among the many commodities in Indonesia. Waste from these factories in the form of soybean pulp has the potential to become one of the environmental pollution problems. Researchers try to process the waste into valuable products that the community can consume and have economic, namely flour. Soybean pulp flour has a protein content of 15.20-17.72% and a fairly high crude fiber content of 3.23-21.35%. This research seeks to discover the problems of soybean mill waste, halal, and thayyiban product innovation. This sustainable halal product development innovation offer consists of the main product, flour, which can be a food additive product. The research uses an experimental method in the form of a pure experiment (true experiment) with a quantitative descriptive approach and literature study. Of the three treatments in the experiment, the first treatment (P1) is sun-dried soybean pulp with a smooth and soft texture, with the most optimal beige color and pleasant aroma. The advantages of this product package are the availability of cheap and readily available ingredients, a relatively simple process on a household scale, and clear halal and tayyib traceability as a solution to the SDGs points, production, and good health, responsible consumption and well-being.

Study of the efficiency of growing maize for silage for processing into biogas and digestate

Given the growing area of maize cultivation in Ukraine and globally, research into the possibilities of using silage as a component of biogas plants to produce biogas as an alternative fuel and digestate as a bio-organic fertiliser is of high relevance and production necessity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of green mass of maize and its changes depending on the growing season for its use in biogas production. Field, laboratory, laboratory-field, and statistical research methods were used in the study. The findings of this study showed that the quality of maize silage depends on soil and climatic conditions, elements of growing technology, genetic characteristics of a particular hybrid, its maturity group, harvesting time, etc. The genetic characteristics of the hybrid had the greatest influence on the dry matter content, specifically, the mid-early hybrid Amaros stood out in terms of dry matter content on 10-14 August 2020 (26.61%). The highest crude fibre content was observed in the hybrid P9170 – 6.32% and 26.86%, respectively, in natural and absolutely dry matter. This hybrid belongs to the mid-season ripeness group. The shift in the harvesting time of the green mass of the maize hybrids under study also affected the characteristics of the chemical composition and the carbohydrate-lignin complex of the green mass of the maize hybrids under study. The yield of green mass of maize hybrids substantially depended on the maturity group of maize hybrids and was highest in the mid-season maize hybrids Burito – 78.1 t/ha and P9170 – 73.1 t/ha, while in the group of mid-early hybrids it was 55.3 t/ha and 68.9 t/ha in Amaros and P9071. Hybrids with a long growing season have higher green mass yields and dry matter yields per unit area. The findings can be used by farms that grow silage maize and have the opportunity to use the vegetative mass as a component of biogas plants for biogas production and digestate production

Fermentation of rain tree (Samanea saman) seed meal using mixed microbes to improve its nutritional quality

Abstract. Anwar A, Zainuddin, Djawad MI, Aslamyah S. 2023. Fermentation of rain tree (Samanea saman) seed meal using mixed microbes to improve its nutritional quality. Biodiversitas 24: 5863-5872. Rain tree (Samanea saman) seed meal is a source of protein; however, its utilization remains limited due to the presence of anti-nutrients, such as tannins acting as protein inhibitors, high crude fiber content, dissolved protein, and low digestibility of dry and organic matter. Fermentation using mixed microbes potentially enhances the nutritional value of rain tree seed meal. This study aims to improve the nutritional quality and reduce anti-nutritional factors in rain tree seed flour using mixed microbes at various doses and incubation times in vitro. Microbes utilized in this study include Bacillus sp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Rhizopus sp. The study was designed using a Factorial Completely Randomized Design, using two factors, i.e., 3 doses of mixed microbes (0, 1.5, 3, and 4.5 mL/100 g rain tree seed meal) and 3 different incubation times (42, 72 and 96 hours). There were significant interactions between the microbe doses and incubation times. The treatment of 4.5 mL of mixed microbes/100 g rain tree seed meal and a 72 hours incubation time reduced substantially crude fiber content (59.60%) and crude fat (73.20%), coupled with an increase in crude protein content (11.62%), NFE (6.52%), dry matter digestibility (DMD) (36.78%), organic matter digestibility (OMD) (50.42%), and dissolved protein content (20.27%). Tannin content reduced significantly (37.72%) at the treatment of 4.5 mL of mixed microbes/100g rain tree seed meal with an incubation time of 96 hours. These findings suggest that rain tree seed meal, subjected to fermentation for 72 hours or more, improves nutritional quality, DMD, and OMD.

Characterization of Composite Flours from Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) and Kithul(Caryota urens) for Cracker Development

Both Arrowroot and Kithul are underutilized sources of flour in Sri Lanka. This study aimed to develop composite flours from Arrowroot and Kithul to evaluate their nutritional and physicochemical properties, and to determine their potential in cracker production. Three different composite flour ratios were made using Arrowroot (ARF) and Kithul (KF) viz., 25% ARF + 75 % KF, 50 % ARF+ 50 % KF and 75 % ARF + 25 % KF. Proximate parameters and physicochemical properties were determined. The developed composite flour blends resulted in lower crude protein and fat contents with high crude fiber contents in comparison to wheat flour. Composite flour blends had high viscosities, swelling power, and solubility indices which are beneficial in gel formation property. Composite flours were able to replace wheat flour up to 70 % in cracker development and 25 % KF + 75 % ARF cracker was the most consumerpreferred blend. Due to the low gluten content, composite flourbased cracker had low dimensions but it had a higher fiber content than the wheat flour cracker. Utilization of Arrowroot and Kithul in developing composite flours and crackers is feasible, thus increasing the potential of utilizing both Arrowroot and Kithul flours in food industry.

Chemical Characteristics of Gluten-Free Noodle Made from Mocaf and Porang Flour

The development of gluten-free noodles has become an option for those with gluten intolerance or aiming to reduce their gluten intake. Mocaf (Modified Cassava Flour), rich in starch and porang flour with glucomannan content, can be used as the base ingredient for making gluten-free noodles. This research aims to determine the optimal proportions of gluten-free noodles based on mocaf and porang flour. This research used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 1 factor, namely the proportion of mocaf flour and porang flour in 3 levels (60:40, 50:50, and 40:60). Observation data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's further test at the 5% level. The results showed that the lowest water content of the noodles was found in treatment 60: 40 mocaf and porang flour, with a moisture content of 7.52%. The highest starch content was found in the treatment of 60:40 mocaf and porang flour, with a starch content of 44.04%. The highest crude fibre content was found in the 40:60 mocaf and porang flour treatment, with 6.52% crude fibre content.

Nutritional Analysis of Raw, Cooked and Sprouted Cowpea Genotypes

Background: Four cultivars of cowpea NCK-15-01, NCK-15-05, NCK-15-08 and NCK-15-09 had been chosen for analysis in experiment. The raw cowpeas have been amassed from Pulse Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari. Methods: After collection, samples were analysed under three exceptional processed states like raw, pressure cooking and sprouting. For the study the analysis of variance of the observed data was done using factorial complete randomized design (Factorial concept). The observations for every parameter had been taken with three repetitions. The critical difference at 5% level of the significance was worked out to compare the treatment means. Among the biochemical parameters some nutrient compositions like crude protein, albumin, globulin, prolamine, glutelin, total soluble sugar, crude fat, antioxidant activity, moisture content and crude fiber were analysed using standard methods. Result: The existing study found that, the cultivar NCK-15-09 contained maximum amount of albumin, prolamine, crude fat, antioxidant activity and crude fiber whereas NCK-15-08 showed highest quantity of crude protein and glutelin. NCK-15-05 had highest amount of globulin and NCK-15-01 is the richest cultivar for total soluble sugar, moisture content.The genotype NCK-15-09 confirmed the highest globulin content (4.84%) in sprouting treatment. Among the different cooking methods, the pressure cooking revealed highest crude protein (23.04%), albumin (3.93%), prolamine (4.04%), glutelin (5.41%), total soluble sugar (58.12 mg/g) and moisture content (12.25%). The highest crude fiber content was determined in sprouting (3.39%).

Obtaining and physicochemical characterization of yacon derivatives

The present study aimed to develop and evaluate methodologies of yacon root processing for the production of whole juice, syrup and flour. The physicochemical and color attributes of the derivatives were evaluated through the parameters L*, b*, h. C. ANOVA and Tukey’s test were used to analyze the obtained data, at a 5% significance level. The bleaching treatment was effective in the preparation of the juices by keeping the color coordinates constant and preserving the physicochemical characteristics. Regarding the color coordinates, the syrup with citric acid presented a higher L* value, which indicates greater clarity than the others; a h value near 90°, which indicates greater proximity to the yellow color; and a higher C value, which reveals greater color purity. The pie flour presented high crude fiber content and, together with the control syrup, the highest ash content. The syrup with the antioxidant citric acid presented the best color coordinates and a pH close to 4.5, which makes it the best yacon derivative among those analyzed in this study.

The Effects of Fungal Fermented Feeds on Broiler Chicken Growth Performance, Gut Morphology, and Gastrointestinal Tract Microecology: A Review

Due to the shortage of poultry feed ingredients and the resultant continuous increase in their prices, researchers have been looking for their alternatives. Agricultural wastes and by-products (such as wheat bran, rice husk, sour cherry kernel, palm kernel, cassava pulp, rapeseed meal, and corn meal) are among such alternatives, although they cannot be used directly due to their high crude fiber content. Fermentation is an evolving process that converts complex substrates into simpler molecules using bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms. It improves the nutrient content of feed ingredients. It is also used to ferment agricultural waste materials in order to improve their nutritional value, so they can be utilized as broiler feed. Moreover, it can provide an inexpensive feed source to poultry industry and convert waste materials into a useable product. Different bacterial and fungal strains are employed for fermentation. This review focuses on the use of fungal fermented agricultural waste-based feed and its effects on broiler chicken growth performance, gut morphology, and gastrointestinal tract microecology.