High Crude Fibre Content Research Articles

Characterization of fungal microbial diversity in Tibetan sheep, Tibetan gazelle and Tibetan antelope in the Qiangtang region of Tibet.

Due to the high crude fiber content, straw of various crops is difficult to become a high quality forage resource. The degradation of cellulose in nature mainly depends on the cellulase secreted by microbes, which degrade cellulose into small molecular substances through chemical action, and the microbes that secrete cellulase mainly include some bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, etc. The large and diverse microbial population contained in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract plays an important role in nutrient digestion. At present, many cellulose-degrading strains have been screened and obtained from animal digestive system and feces, such as Bacillus subtilis from the feces of Panda, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens from the cecum of goose. In this study, the fungal diversity was analysed in the fresh faeces of Tibetan sheep, Tibetan gazelle and Tibetan antelope in Qiangtang, Tibet. Results showed that the structure and species of gut fungi are different in three animals, which may be related to the different physiological functions among different animals, e.g., Tibetan antelope and Tibetan gazelle have stronger tolerance to rough feeding than Tibetan sheep. This study will lay a foundation for cellulose-degrading fungal development and provides technical support for improving rough feeding tolerance of Tibetan sheep.

Evaluasi Ciri Fisik Media Terfermentasi Jamur Pleurotus ostreotus sebagai Pakan Ternak Alternatif bagi Ruminansia

By-products such as oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB), palm kernel cake, and sawdust can be used as alternative feed. It contains nutrients needed by ruminants but is constrained by its high crude fiber content, including lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, and is low in protein. This study was conducted to evaluate the physical characteristics of the fermented media from plantation by-products using Pleurotus ostreotus as an alternative to ruminant animal feed. The experimental design was a completely randomized (CRD) with 3'3 factorial patterns with three replications. Factor A was the type of substrate, namely palm kernel cake, EFB, and acacia sawdust. Factor B was the length of fermentation, namely 0, 30, and 60 d. The data collected were analyzed by variance (ANOVA), and the results were significantly different. The observed variables were the mycelium growth rate, media weight, dry matter, organic matter, particle size, specific gravity, pile density, and compacted pile density. We conclude that the fermented sawdust gave the best growth speed of the P. ostreotus mycelia. The palm kernel cake substrate without storage showed good physical quality concerning particle size, pile density, and pile-compaction density. P. ostreotus fungus grew effectively and did not negatively impact the substrates' biomass, dry matter, and organic matter. Different substrate types give different physical characteristics to the P. ostreotus-fermented media.
 
 Keywords: acacia, empty fruit bunches, palm kernel cake, fermented media, Pleurotus ostreotus

The Feed ADF and NDF Digestibilityof Goat Fed Four Difference Diets

Goats generally have the ability to utilize carbohydrate sources from forages in the form of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin obtained from plant cell walls. Generally, forage contains relatively high crude fiber content which can be indicated by the contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of the forage. The aim of this study was to examine the level of the feed consumption and digestibility of NDF and ADF of 4 different local forages fed to goats. This study was designed based on the Latin Square Design which consisted of 4 dietary treatments with 4 replications in each dietary treatment. A total of 4 male goats, with relatively the same weight and age, were randomly assigned to an individual metabolic cage fed with 4 diets including Elephant grass (R1), Mini elephant (ME) grass (R2), Panicum maximum (PM) grass (R3) and Brachiaria decumbens (BD) grass (R4). Each diet added 20% of rice bran. The results indicated that a diet containing Mini elephant grass had relatively higher digestibility of ADF and NDF compared to that of the other 3diets. In contrast, a diet containing Panicum maximum grass had lower ADF and NDF digestibility than other diets. In conclusion, adding rice bran to the diet based on Mini elephant grass, Elephant grass, and BD grass resulted in higher ADF and NDF consumption and digestibility compared with a diet based on PM grass. Keywords: Digestibility, NDF, ADF, local grasses, goat.

Banana (Musa acuminata), Orange (Citrus reticulata), and Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Peels as Prebiotic

Fruit waste is being studied as a non-conventional alternative source of nutritional and mineral content that might be employed as functional food ingredients. This study aims to identify the 1) proximate and mineral composition of banana, orange and watermelon waste powder subjected to different drying methods; 2) prebiotic potential of the fruit waste powder (FWP) in growth enhancement of the probiotic Lactobacillus casei. The fruit peels were processed by two methods: freeze-dried and oven-dried. All FWP was sterilised and milled into particle size <180μm. The proximate (total ash, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre), mineral (Ca, Zn, Na, K, Mg, Cu) profiling was analysed in triplicate according to standard. Prebiotic activities of FWP were determined through the growth of L. casei analysed. Significant differences (p<0.05) result was observed between the proximate and mineral parameters in all FWP. Watermelon FWP had the highest moisture, ash, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and zinc content, while banana FWP contained the highest crude protein, crude fat, and magnesium content. Both banana and watermelon FWP were found to exhibit high crude fibre content. The orange WP was reported with the highest carbohydrate, calcium, and copper content. Although significant differences (p<0.05) in composition were noted, the oven and freeze-drying methods employed showed no pronounced effect. Calcium, copper content (all FWP), sodium and phosphorus (watermelon FWP), phosphorus (banana FWP) examined highly exceeded the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) limit. Banana FWP showed the highest L. casei net growth of log10 8.28±0.02– 8.36±0.01 CFU/mL and 91.61–98.66% of survival rate, thus showing its potential as prebiotic agents among other FWP. All types of FWP showed significant difference (p<0.05) in bacterial growth except for oven-dried orange FWP. Overall, the results revealed that all these fruit wastes could be exploited for the nutrient and value-added potential in food formulations due to their inexpensiveness, natural, safe, and environmental friendliness.

Effect of Avicennia marina Fruit Flour as a Wheat Flour Subtitution on the Quality and Fiber Enhancement in Crackers

Avicennia marina is a plant that is commonly found in coastal areas. Avicennia marina fruit is known to have high carbohydrate and crude fiber content so that it has great potential as an alternative food ingredient that is able to meet the nutritional needs of the body. The purpose of the study was to of Avicennia marina fruit flour on the quality of crackers and its effect on the crude fiber content of crackers and to determine the best formulation for substitution of Avicennia marina fruit flour on crackers. The research uses experimental method with 5 different substitution treatments (0, 25, 30, 35 and 40%). Parameters observed were water content, ash content, protein content, crude fiber, hardness, organoleptic and yield content. The results showed that the best treatment was found in the substitution treatment of 25% Avicennia marina fruit flour with a moisture content, ash, protein, crude fiber, hardness of texture and yield are 3.18%, 2.56%, 6.75%, 3.39%, 42.18 N and 67.62%, respectively. The organoleptic results of the best treatment showed that organoleptic values included texture, taste, flavor and color are accepted by the panelists.

PELATIHAN FERMENTASI DEDAK PADI MENGGUNAKAN EM4 UNTUK PAKAN AYAM KAMPUNG

Rice bran is one of the feed ingredients that is cheap, easy to obtain and its availability does not compete with human needs. The nutritional content of bran is good enough to be used as animal feed, especially native chickens, but rice bran has a very high crude fiber content. The purpose of the Rice Bran Fermentation Training Using EM4 for Village Chicken Feed is to help farmers to provide cheap and quality feed ingredients with simple innovations through fermentation technology, improve livestock skills for processing feed ingredients, so as to reduce the dependence of farmers on commercial feed. The output to be achieved in this service activity is that farmers can make their own feed by means of fermentation for poultry, especially native chickens. The results obtained in this service show that livestock groups can provide fermented feed for poultry, especially free-range chickens, farmers are not dependent on commercial feed and increased production, especially meat and eggs, is increasing, so that farmers’ incomes become optimal.

PROXIMATE AND FIBER FRACTIONS OF SELECTED CEREAL HUSKS PROCESSED MANUALLY AND MECHANICALLY FOR RUMINANT PRODUCTION

This study was conducted to assess the proximate compositions and fiber fractions of some cereal husks processed manually or mechanically for feeding ruminants. Three Agricultural Development Programmes (ADPs) in Jigawa State were used for this study. In each of the three ADPs, three sampling sites were selected and five samples were collected making a total of ninety samples. The samples were taken to laboratory to determine their nutritional compositions. The cereal husks included sorghum husk, millet husk, and pearl millet husk. The result of the proximate analysis showed significant (p<0.05) differences among the treatments. Manually processed sorghum husk had higher crude protein content (15.31%) while manually processed pearl millet husks had the lower (9.30%). Manually processed millet husk had the higher crude fiber content (14.41%) and manually processed pearl millet husks had the lower value (12.52). Mechanically processed sorghum husks recorded higher Ether Extract (0.65%) while mechanically processed millet husk was lower (0.35%). Mechanically processed sorghum husk was higher in ash (5.20%) while manually processed pearl millet husks (3.18%) was lower and manually processed pearl millet husks recorded the higher nitrogen free extract (NFE) value (74.41%) and manually processed sorghum husks recorded the lower value (65.52%). On the value of acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), manually pearl millet husk recorded the higher value (37.05% and 51.15%), while mechanically processed pearl millet husk recorded the lower value (25.60% and 46.40%). It can therefore be concluded that, based on the results of the proximate analysis of the collected samples, the result shows that the husks can be used to feed ruminant animals and provide better results.

Karakteristik Organoleptik dan Kimia Snack Nori dari Daun Chaya dan Tapioka

The market opportunity for snack products is currently very high, this is indicated by the many different shapes and flavors. Snack nori is one form of the diversity of snack products and is an alternative to healthy snacks. Chaya (C. aconitifolius) is an opportunity for Chaya (C. aconitifolius) as a substitute for alternative raw materials, which are abundant and have a high crude fiber content. This study aims to utilize chaya (C. aconitifolius) in the manufacture of nori snacks with the addition of tapioca. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors, namely factor A was the formulation of the ratio of chaya and tapioca (60:40, 40:60, 80:20) and factor B was the processing method (oven and frying. The results of data analysis used analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Duncan's Advanced Test with a 95% confidence interval. The selected nori snack is a comparison of chaya and tapioca (80:20) with the frying processing method with a color sensory value of 7.32 (towards greenish black), taste of (towards savory), aroma of 7.26 (towards very unpleasant). rancid), and texture of 7.65 (towards crunchy); color hedonic score 6.33, taste 6.46, 6.47, texture 6.54, overall 6.54 each towards very like. The results of the chemical test of the selected nori snack were 3.11% water content, 3.05% ash content, 19.7% protein content, 9.72% fat content, 67.53% carbohydrate content and 14.3% crude fiber.

Proximate Composition of Some Selected Seaweeds from Coastal Areas of Cox’s Bazar and the St. Martin’s Island, Bangladesh

The present study assesses the proximate composition of eight wild seaweed species viz. Hypnea sp., Enteromorpha sp., Sargassum sp., Hydroclathrus clathratus, Padina pavonica, Colpomenia sinuosa, Petalonia fascia and Dictyota ciliolata and one cultured species viz. Hypnea sp. collected from western coast of the St. Martin’s Island and Nunairchhara, Cox’s Bazar, respectively. Standard analytical methods were used to estimate moisture, ash, lipid, crude fiber and protein contents, while carbohydrates were measured by subtracting ash, fat, fiber and protein contents from 100 on a dry weight basis. Results showed average moisture content in different seaweed species ranged between 12.09% to 29.65% and varied from species to species. Maximum ash content was found in brown seaweed H. clathratus (61.98%), while the lowest was recorded in wild red algae Hypnea sp. (7.05%). This study showed mean lipid contents in all seaweed species were much lower than other contents of proximate composition. The highest crude fiber content was observed in P. fascia (10.08±0.07%), while the lowest was observed in Enteromorpha sp. (0.23±0.01%). The highest protein (23.64±1.44%) and carbohydrate content (46.71±0.54%) was found in Hypnea sp. This study showed that mean carbohydrate content was higher in Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta and Phaeophyta, whereas, lipid content was lower in the three groups. Proximate composition of ash, lipid, crude fiber and protein content within species varied due to habitat differences, changes of body structures or physiological alterations, changes in growth rates and photosynthetic function of seaweed species and geographical differences. The mean moisture and ash content were the highest in cultured Hypnea sp., whereas, lipid, crude fiber, protein and carbohydrate were formed to the highest in wild Hypnea sp. Results suggest wild Hypnea sp. was much nutritive because of having higher amount of protein, fiber, carbohydrate and lipid than cultured ones. The study indicates that seaweeds might be used as a potential source of protein, fiber and carbohydrate. The Dhaka University Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Centennial Special Volume June 2022: 113-122

The Training on the Making of Supplementary Multinutrient Block for Sumba Ongole Cattle in Wunga Village, Haharu District, East Sumba Regency

The livestock farming system of sumba ongole cattle that people in Wunga Village, Haharu District, East Sumba Regency, commonly practice is the extensive system. In this system, sumba ongole cattle are released during the day to graze on natural grazing fields and put back into their pens at night. However, the quality of the pasture during the dry season tends to be very poor, characterized by high crude fiber content and low crude protein content. This condition can cause a nutritional deficiency in the livestock. Therefore, there have been some efforts to meet the nutritional needs of the livestock by providing supplementary feed in the form of a multi-nutrient block (MnB). This community service aims to provide training on how to produce multi-nutrient block as additional supplementation for the sumba ongole cattle, targeted at the Parengu Wunga farmer community (KO MANUNGGA) in Wunga Village, Haharu District, East Sumba Regency as the work partner. The program consisted of several activities, such as lectures, question and answer sessions, discussion, simulation, and practice. These activities were carried out in several stages, namely the survey, the provision of tools and materials, training and mentoring, the feeding of the livestock, and evaluation. The results showed that the livestock farmers in Wunga Village learned about the formulation of a multi-nutrient block, the manufacturing of the multi-nutrient block using local feed ingredients, and the ways to feed the multi-nutrient block to the livestock. It is also revealed that feeding the multi-nutrient block to the sumba ongole cattle can increase their appetite and lead to a high body condition score in the dry season.

Physicochemical, cooking and sensory properties of Mackerel fish burger fortified with globe artichoke Cynara scolymus L.

The present study aims to characterize the globe artichoke parts, receptacle (AR) and bracts (AB), and to evaluate the quality characteristics of fish burger formulated by partial substitution of Mackerel fish meat with different level of both AR and AB. Physicochemical, cooking measurements and sensory characteristics of fish burgers were analyzed. The study results showed that the used artichoke parts had high protein, crude fiber, inulin and ascorbic acid contents. Total phenolics content of AR and AB was 43.1 and 38.2 (mg galic acid equivalent/g), respectively. The addition of artichoke parts to fish burger showed improvement in the cooking properties for instance increase cooking yield and decrease cooking loss and shrinkage, without noteworthy differences in sensory properties. Moreover, it was concluded that artichoke parts could be a great source of health-promoting phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity. Therefore, our results could promote the consumption of artichoke parts and their using in di􀵵 erent industrial food applications.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, PROXIMATE COMPOSITION AND MINERAL CONTENT OF FUMTUMIA ELASTICA (PREUSS) STAPF. LEAF EXTRACTS

Funtumia elastica (Lagos silk rubber), a member of the Apocynaceae family, is popularly used in the Western region of Nigeria in the treatment of hemorrhoid and more recently malaria fever. In this study, we evaluated the proximate composition, mineral content and phytochemical screening of extracts of F.elastica (FE) leaves. Dried powdered plant leaves were extracted in ethanol to obtain the ethanolic extract and distilled water to obtain aqueous extract. The resulting extracts were used to analyze for the proximate content, mineral content and phytochemicals constituents. The proximate analysis results of the dried ground leaves of FE (%) showed high moisture (63.8 ± 0.45), crude fibre (16.77 ± 1.23) and crude carbohydrate (14.98 ± 2.47) content. There were moderate ash (4.0 ±0.06), very low crude protein (0.03 ± 0.001) and crude fat (0.42 ± 0.011) content. Analysis of some of the mineral constituents of FE (mg % of dried weight) showed that it contains sodium (0.24 ± 0.03), potassium (0.01 ± 0.0034), magnesium (0.9 ± 0.048), calcium (3.5 ± 0.27) and phosphorus (0.70 ± 0.015). Phytochemical screening of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of FE revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, reducing sugars and anthraquinones. However, saponins, cardiac glycosides and tannins were detected in the ethanolic extract only. The nutritional and phytochemical constituents of Funtumia elastica leaves may support its ethno-botanical uses in folk medicine

Reproductive performance of female buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Karanganyar Regency, Central Java, Indonesia

Buffalo is a ruminant animal that has the ability to digest the high content of crude fiber feed. Furthermore, agricultural waste such as rice straw is a common buffalo feed in Indonesia, with high crude fiber content, helping farmers manage their agricultural waste. Despite the high availability of rice straw, buffalo population decreases in some areas in Indonesia. This study further aims to determine the reproductive performance of female buffalo in smallholder farms in Karanganyar Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The research was conducted in April-August 2021 in Colomadu, Kerjo, Jumantono, Kebakkramat, and Karanganyar Districts. A survey method was used, whereby samples were collected through the census with 9 respondents with female buffalo that had given birth at least 2 times. The data obtained were then analyzed using descriptive and quantitative analysis in the form of mean and standard deviation. As a result, the value of service per conception (s/c), gestational length and days open (DO), as well as calving interval (CI) were 1.33±0.5, 297.7±38.8 days, 120.9±30.3 days 418, and 56±35.6 days, respectively. Therefore, it is concluded that the reproductive performance of female buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) on smallholder farms in Karanganyar Regency, Central Java, Indonesia is in good condition.

Effect of Particle Size on Physico-Chemical and Antioxidant Activity of Insoluble Dietary Fiber Powder from Corncob (Zea mays L.)

Effects of particles size of dietary fiber powder on the physico-chemical properties and antioxidant activity of corncob were investigated. Corncob was grounded in a regularly mill and grinding characteristics and the particles size were evaluated by particle size analyzer (PSA) using laser diffraction method and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The results showed that the insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) powder from corncob had the highest crude fiber content (32.31%) and carbohydrates (55.07%). Spectral analysis shows that the IDF matrix structure does not change after grinding and has three characteristics of absorption spectra at 3433-3425 cm-1 (O-H); 2920 cm-1 (C-H) and 1635 cm-1 (aromatic) in presence of the special structures of polysaccharide and lignin compounds. Particle size analyzer (PSA) results showed that the size of IDF 200 mesh and 80 mesh powder were 63.13 and 260.89 μm, respectively. The insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) significantly shows a decrease in dietary fiber content in line with the reduction in particle size. The IDF powder with a particle size of 63.13 μm showed that highest total phenolic content accompanied with the best antioxidant activity through all antioxidant assays (p < 0.05). This study concluded that the IDF micro-powder particle size exerted influence on physico-chemical properties, dietary fiber, total phenolic and antioxidant activity.

Effect of Kappa-Carrageenan Concentration on Physical Properties of Carrot Pineapple Velva

Velva is a frozen food product similar to ice cream, but velva has lower fat content. Velva contains high crude fiber and vitamin contents that come from fruits and vegetables. Pineapples and carrots were chosen as the main ingredients to produce velva. Yellow color from pineapple was found to be less attractive, so that the addition of orange color from carrots 77 make it more attractive. A stabilizer is needed to produce velva with appropriate characteristics such as smooth texture and hard-melted. The stabilizers used in this study was kappa-carrageenan. The research aimed to examine the effect of the various kappa-carrageenan concentration on the physicochemical properties (first drip, flow rate, color, and pH) of the carrot-pineapple velva. Based on the results of the study, it was found that by using kappa-carrageenan with a concentration of 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1% (w/w) produced the first drip at 132.67 - 420.83 seconds with flow rate 1.41-0.55 cm/seconds, color with parameters lightness 47.45-47.50, redness +9.97 - +10.52, yellowness +17.50 - +18.33, chroma 20.79-21.57, and °hue 58.39 – 60.73, and pH 4.53-4.59. An increase in the concentration of kappa-carrageenan produces a thicker velva, so it is necessary to examine its organoleptic properties further.

Impact of Different Drying Techniques on Quality Traits of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) Rhizomes

Under the present investigation, ginger was produced at the instruction cum research plots of the Department of Plantation Crops and Processing, Faculty of Horticulture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal. The experiment was laid out in a factorial CRD. The study was undertaken with four ginger varieties namely Gorubathan, Suprabha, Suruchi and Suravi to evaluate the effect of different drying methods (sun drying, hot air drying at 50OC, 60oC and 70oC and microwave drying on time required for drying to a moisture content of 8 – 10% and to chemical composition (essential oil, oleoresin content and crude fiber content) of the end product. Results shown that Gorubathan variety has the highest essential oil (2.243%) and oleoresin content (14.840%) among the four varieties in this study, highest crude fiber content (5.253%) was observed in Suprabha and highest dry recovery (25.77%) was obtained from Suravi variety. In hot air drying, with increase in temperature essential oil, oleoresin and crude fiber content in dry ginger as well as dry recovery reduced.
 With high dry recovery (25.77%), essential oil (2.037%) and oleoresin content (13.510%) and moderately low crude fiber content (4.637%), it can be concluded that Suravi variety is best suitable for producing dry ginger. Apart from microwave drying, sun drying can be recommended as better practice, when hygienically conducted, based on essential oil and oleoresin content.

Characteristics of Beef Patties Substituted by Different Levels of Textured Vegetable Protein and Taste Traits Assessed by Electronic Tongue System.

The main objective of this study was to incorporate soy-based textured vegetable protein (TVP) into beef patties in different quantities (10–40%) and compare various characteristics of these innovative formulations with a regular beef patty as a control. Incorporation of 10–40% TVP resulted in significantly lower (p < 0.05) moisture and fat contents, while higher crude fiber contents were detected compared to beef as the control. In addition, cooked patties showed higher pH levels (p < 0.05), with color coordinates expressing lighter, yellowish, and slightly redder indices than raw patties. Similarly, a plant protein that includes TVP minimizes (p < 0.05) WHC (water holding capacity), both RW% (release water) and CL% (cooking loss). Furthermore, hardness, cohesiveness, and thickness were reduced significantly (p < 0.05), while gumminess and chewiness increased (p < 0.05) considerably with the substitution of TVP (10–40%) compared to the control. Patties made without TVP received higher scores for sourness, bitterness, umami, and richness than the rest of the formulations. However, a higher tendency was detected for sourness, astringency, umami, and saltiness values with increasing additions of TVP. Nevertheless, hierarchical clustering revealed that the largest group of fatty acid profiles, including palmitoleic acid (C16:1), stearic acid (C18:0), and palmitic acid (C16:0), was slightly reduced with the addition of TVP, while arachidic acid (C20:0), lauric acid (C12:0), and oleic acid (C18:1) increased moderately with increasing levels of TVP. Meanwhile, the second-largest cluster that included linoleic acid (C18:2), arachidonic acid (C20:4), and linolenic acid (C18:3) increased enormously with higher levels of TVP incorporation. Taken together, it is suggested that incorporation of TVP up to 10–40% in beef patties shows promising results.

Kampung Semangga Jaya Sebagai Sentra Produksi Pakan Ternak Sapi

Semangga Jaya Village, Merauke Regency as one of the villages that has high rice productivity. In 2019 rice production was 55,184.34 tons with a harvested area of 9,614 hectares. This figure is a potential benefit for the community. However, the high production of rice is not followed by the interest of farmers in utilizing rice straw waste to be processed into products that have high economic value, namely into complete feed that can be used as cattle feed. Cattle farming business is currently starting to be developed by farmers, although in practice it has not been fully maximized. This is due to the lack of public understanding of cattle development and the feeding system used is still simple or uses rice straw which basically has a high crude fiber content. The implementation of this activity will provide full participation in solving problems faced by cattle farmer groups, especially the feed processing system by utilizing rice straw waste into complete feed. Semangga Jaya Village, Merauke Regency in the future can be used as a center for cattle feed production. The implementation of activities includes counseling and technical guidance as a medium for transferring knowledge and technology to partners, which will be carried out en masse, through groups and individuals while still implementing Covid-19 health protocols. The solutions offered in the implementation of the program are through non-physical and physical activities. It is hoped that (a) Increased knowledge and skills of farmers regarding the system for processing rice straw waste into complete feed, (b) Increased knowledge and skills in feeding cattle by looking at feed quality standards, (c) Increased knowledge and ability of farmers and breeders to produce feed into attractive packaging for sale through offline and online systems.

OPTIMALISASI KANDUNGAN ZAT GIZI (Protein, Lemak, Karbohidrat dan Serat) DAN DAYA TERIMA COOKIES DENGAN PENAMBAHAN TEPUNG KULIT PISANG RAJA

Plantain peels have a high crude fiber content and can be processed into cookies. The benefits o banana peels as a substitusi for making cookies to increase fiber levels. The research objective was to determine the effect of adding plantain peel flour on nutrients and sensory cookies. The research method used a completely randomized experimental design with 5 formulations with codes F0, F1, F2, F3, and F4. The defference in sensory test is known by the friedman test and the nutrient test is known by the One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test and then the difference test is carried out with the LSD test with a level of 5%. The results of the sensory test analysis showed that there was an effect of substitution of plantain peel flour on the sensory cookies of banana peel flour which included color, aroma, teste and texture, indicating that H0 was rejected and H1 was accepted, which was a significant difference. The best or highest analysis results are at 0% substitution and the lowest is 30%. Meanwhile, the analysis off the nutritional test showed that the highest protein contest was in the substitution cookies for plantain peel flour (0%) 0f 8.32, the highest fat (0%) was 17.90, the highest carbohydrate (40%) was 70.10, the highest fiber (40%) of 3.35. conclusion the best cookies are in formula F2 (20%) with consumption o 12 pieces of plantain skin flour cookies/day can prevent or reduce the risk of KEK (Chronic Energy Deiciency) in adolescent.

Effect of Soy Protein Products and Gum Inclusion in Feed on Fecal Particle Size Profile of Rainbow Trout

Replacement of fishmeal (FM) with alternative plant proteins, especially soybean meal (SBM), can cause a diarrhea-like symptom in rainbow trout (RBT), characterized by very fine fecal particles. These fines do not settle out in raceway effluent for collection and can contribute to pollution of receiving waters. In this study, two experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 examined effects of nine protein sources (sardine meal, menhaden meal, soy protein concentrates (SPC) (three types), SBM (regular and high protein), corn protein concentrate (CPC), and poultry by-product meal (PBM)) on fecal particle size distribution. Results showed that all five soy-based diets produced feces in RBT having 75.7–89.3% fines and only about 1.0% large particles, while the remaining four diets yielded feces having a balanced particle size distribution. Oligosaccharides present naturally in soy products, thought to contribute fecal fines, were not correlated to fecal particle size classes. Instead, high crude fiber content in soy-based diets was found to be responsible for unbalanced fecal particle distribution in RBT. Experiment 2 examined if improvements in formulation could reduce the negative effect of soy-based ingredients. Eight practical diets (FM, SPC, SPC + 0.3% guar gum, PBM + CPC, PBM + CPC + 20 or 30% SPC, and PBM + CPC + 20 or 30% SPC + 0.3% guar gum) were formulated to contain 40% protein and 20% lipid. Results showed that diets containing mixtures of PBM, CPC, and 20% or 30% SPC plus guar gum produced trout feces with the highest percentage of large particles and lowest of fines, while the diet containing SPC alone (56%) plus guar gum resulted in trout feces having the highest content of mid-size particles. It was concluded that crude fiber in soy protein products (SBM and SPC) caused undesirable fecal particle profiles in RBT, and the addition of guar gum could significantly alleviate this negative effect.