High Attenuation Coefficient Research Articles

One-Pot Access to Ethylene-Bridged BODIPY Dimers and Trimers through Single-Electron Transfer Chemistry.

A Cu(I)-promoted oxidative dimerization of BODIPY dyes was developed to give a series of α,α- ethylene-bridged BODIPY dimers and trimers for the first time. This methodology does not need harsh conditions but relies on the singlet-electron-transfer process between alkylated BODIPYs and Cu(I) salt to generate BODIPY-based radical species, which undergo a selective radical homocoupling reaction. Moreover, these resultant dimers and trimers showed high attenuation coefficients, small line widths of the absorption and emission, and intense fluorescence.

Er3+/Nd3+ ions reinforced lead-borate glasses: an extensive investigation of physical, linear optical characteristics, and photon shielding capacity

An extensive investigation of physical, linear optical, photoluminescence characteristics, and photon shielding capacity of lead-borate glasses 50B2O3–20PbO–30CaO (S1) and Er3+and Nd3+ ions reinforced 50B2O3–20PbO–30CaO-0.5Er2O3-x (Nd2O3): x = 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, and 1.50 mol% (S2–S7) glasses was introduced in this study. All synthesized glasses were in non-crystalline nature. The density was slightly decreased from ρS1 = 3.757 to ρS7 = 3.646 gm/cm3 for samples S1 and S7. The indirect optical energy band was decreased from 3.20 to 3.02 eV and the refractive index was increased from 2.345 to 2.39. The maximum mass attenuation coefficient values were found at 0.015 MeV; 52.411, 53.406, 53.530, 53.653, 53.773, 53.892, and 54.008 cm2/g respectively for S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, and S7. The effective atomic number (Zeff) increases with an increase in photon energy (E) varying from 61.04 to 23.54 for the S7 glass sample with the highest shielding efficacies. Hence S7 is the best photon shield amongst the investigated glasses due to its high mass attenuation coefficient, and high effective atomic number.

Optical coherence microangiography of the mouse kidney for diagnosis of circulatory disorders

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become widespread in clinical applications in which precise three-dimensional functional imaging of living organs is required. Nevertheless, the kidney is inaccessible for the high resolution OCT imaging due to a high light attenuation coefficient of skin and soft tissues that significantly limits the penetration depth of the probing laser beam. Here, we introduce a surgical protocol and fixation scheme that enables functional visualization of kidney's peritubular capillaries via OCT microangiography. The model of reversible/irreversible glomerulus embolization using drug microcarriers confirms the ability of OCT to detect circulatory disorders. This approach can be used for choosing optimal carriers, their dosages and diagnosis of other blood flow pathologies.

Temperature-Feedback Nanoplatform for NIR-II Penta-Modal Imaging-Guided Synergistic Photothermal Therapy and CAR-NK Immunotherapy of Lung Cancer.

In this study, to visually acquire all-round structural and functional information of lung cancer while performing synergistic photothermal therapy (PTT) and tumor-targeting immunotherapy, a theranostic nanoplatform that introduced upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) and IR-1048 dye into the lipid-aptamer nanostructrure (UCILA) is constructed. Interestingly, the IR-1048 dye grafted into the lipid bilayer can serve as the theranostic agent for photoacoustic imaging, optical coherence tomography angiography, photothermal imaging, and PTT in the second near infrared (NIR-II) window. In addition, loaded in the inner part of UCILA, UCNPs possess the superior luminescence property and high X-ray attenuation coefficient, which can act as contrast agents for computed tomography (CT) and thermo-sensitive up-conversion luminescence (UCL) imaging, enabling real-time tracking of metabolic activity of tumor and temperature-feedback PTT. Furthermore, under the complementary guidance of penta-modal imaging and an accurate monitoring of in situ temperature change during PTT, UCILA exhibits its excellent capability for ablating the lung tumor with minimal side effects. Meanwhile, synergistic CAR-NK immunotherapy is carried out specifically to eradicate any possible residual tumor cells after PTT. Therefore, the UCILA nanoplatform is demonstrated as a multifunctional theranostic agent for both penta-modal imaging and temperature-feedback PTT while conducting targeting immunotherapy of lung cancer.

Design and evaluation of 3D printable patient-specific applicators for gynecologic HDR brachytherapy.

The purpose of this study is to improve dose distribution and organ-at-risk sparing during gynecologic HDR brachytherapy with patient-specific applicators. The majority of applicators used today are generic in design and do not allow for dose modulation for patient-specific shaping of dose distributions. Their performance might be adjusted with commercially available wedge shields; however, this provides dose modulation in the orthogonal plane only and does not allow for variation along the length of the applicator. Generic applicators are available only in standard sizes and geometries, and provide suboptimal patient fit with limited dose modulation. In this paper we use Monte Carlo modeling for comprehensive characterization of radiologic properties of various 3D printable biocompatible and sterilizable materials with comparison to water. Based on these results, we choose the optimal set of materials for a patient-specific applicator. We develop a novel method to design the patient-specific applicator without incurring a significant increase in treatment time or changes to clinical workflow. Finally, using an example of two selected vaginal cancers, we compare the performance of patient-specific and water-equivalent applicators in terms of target coverage and rectum sparing. In the energy range from 1MeV to 4MeV, all materials have similar attenuation coefficients. In the range from ~2keV to 1MeV and above 4MeV, tungsten-polylactic acid composite (WPLA) was seen to have the highest attenuation coefficient. The dose distribution of the water-equivalent applicator was found to be symmetric about its central axis. At the same time patient-specific shielded applicators exhibit well-modulated dose distributions. Their isodose lines are seen to spread radially into the patient, while merging close to the applicator surface, where WPLA shielding has been applied. The patient-specific cylinders provide comparable dose to the target, while offering advanced healthy tissue sparing, not achievable with the generic design.

Consistency and shielding efficiency of cement-bitumen composite for use as gamma-radiation shielding material

At radioactive waste disposal facilities all around the world, radiation shielding is required to reduce the background γ-radiation as much as possible in order to achieve protection against high radiation. In the current study, an inexpensive material, Portland cement, has been utilized as shielding material against γ-radiation from radioactive materials including radioactive wastes. Portland cement was used as principal compound and mixed with various ratios of bitumen (0, 10, 20, 30%). Three parameters (compressive strength, permeability and attenuation coefficient) were monitored to estimate the mechanical, physical stability and isolation performance of cement-bitumen as novel γ-radiation shielding material. These parameters were studied under several variable conditions, and results were supported by spectroscopic and scanning investigations. The results confirmed that the cement-bitumen composite (with 10% bitumen) has a high attenuation coefficient comated to the measured for the pure cement paste. Although the compressive strength has decreased gradually with increasing the amount of bitumen relative to cement, the porosity and water absorption capacity have increased gradually at higher bitumen ratio, and consequently the shielding performance outperformed the control sample. As major outcome, this novel composite material could be safely applied in encapsulating or disposing hazardous nuclear waste generated by non-military applications (nuclear power plants) for efficient shielding of the environment from precarious γ-radiation.

BiVO4/Fe3O4@polydopamine superparticles for tumor multimodal imaging and synergistic therapy

BackgroundDespite tremendous progress has been achieved in tumor theranostic over the past decade, accurate identification and complete eradication of tumor cells remain a great challenge owing to the limitation of single imaging modality and therapeutic strategy.ResultsHerein, we successfully design and construct BiVO4/Fe3O4@polydopamine (PDA) superparticles (SPs) for computed tomography (CT)/photoacoustic (PA)/magnetic resonance (MR) multimodal imaging and radiotherapy (RT)/photothermal therapy (PTT) synergistic therapy toward oral epithelial carcinoma. On the one hand, BiVO4 NPs endow BiVO4/Fe3O4@PDA SPs with impressive X-ray absorption capability due to the high X-ray attenuation coefficient of Bi, which is beneficial for their utilization as radiosensitizers for CT imaging and RT. On the other hand, Fe3O4 NPs impart BiVO4/Fe3O4@PDA SPs with the superparamagnetic property as a T2-weighted contrast agent for MR imaging. Importantly, the aggregation of Fe3O4 NPs in SPs and the presence of PDA shell greatly improve the photothermal conversion capability of SPs, making BiVO4/Fe3O4@PDA SPs as an ideal photothermal transducer for PA imaging and PTT. By integrating advantages of various imaging modalities (CT/PA/MR) and therapeutic strategies (RT/PTT), our BiVO4/Fe3O4@PDA SPs exhibit the sensitive multimodal imaging feature and superior synergistic therapeutic efficacy on tumors.ConclusionsSince there are many kinds of building blocks with unique properties appropriating for self-assembly, our work may largely enrich the library of nanomateirals for tumor diagnosis and treatment.

ε‐Ga2O3 Thin Film Avalanche Low‐Energy X‐Ray Detectors for Highly Sensitive Detection and Fast‐Response Applications

AbstractLow‐energy X‐ray detectors are widely used in diverse areas, including medical diagnosis, space exploration, environmental monitoring, industrial inspection, and scientific research. Developing large area, highly sensitive, and fast low‐energy X‐ray detectors is challenging owing to material and device operation mechanism limitation. Herein, an epitaxial ε‐Ga2O3 thin film over a large area (2 in.) is prepared by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition and applied in the efficient low‐energy X‐ray detectors. The detectors are highly sensitive to detecting low‐energy X‐rays owing to the high mass attenuation coefficients achieved in the low‐energy X‐ray range (1–30 keV). The avalanche multiplication mechanism in back‐to‐back Au–Ga2O3 Schottky diodes is explored to realize high carrier multiplication and photocurrent gain. The charge collection efficiency is improved by reducing the spacing gap of the fingers within the coplanar interdigitated Au electrodes in the film, thus achieving a high detection sensitivity of up to 1.9 × 104 μCGyair−1 cm−2 for 30 keV X‐ray. Furthermore, the ε‐Ga2O3 thin films demonstrate high crystallization quality with low trap density and high breakdown voltage with a low noise current that enable their usage in applications requiring fast response time (e.g., 37 ms) and low detectable dose rate (e.g., 42.3 μGyair s−1).

Bismuth oxide nanoparticles as agents of radiation dose enhancement in intraoperative radiotherapy.

Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) technique is an advanced radio therapeutic method used for delivery of a single high-dose radiation during surgery while removing healthy tissues from the radiation field. Nowadays, growing attention is being paid to IORT for its low-energy (kilovoltage) delivery as it requires less radiation protection, but suffers several disadvantages, including high-dose delivery and prolonged treatment time. The application of nanoparticles with high atomic number and high attenuation coefficients in kilovoltage energy may help overcome the mentioned shortcomings. This study was designed to investigate and quantify the mean dose enhancement factor (DEF) in the presence of nanoparticles using IORT method. Bismuth oxide nanoparticles (Bi2 O3 NPs), both in sheet and spherical formats, were synthesized using a novel hydrothermal method and characterized with x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. Genipin-gelatin gel dosimeter (GENIPIN) was produced in three batches of pure with sheet and with spherical nanoparticles in concentration of 46.596µg/ml, and irradiated with 50kV x-rays. Samples were scanned by a spectrophotometer, which indicated a DEF of 3.28 0.37 and 2.50 0.23 for sheet and spherical NPs, respectively. According to the results of this study, GENIPIN is a suitable dosimeter for the evaluation of three-dimensional dose distribution in the presence Bi2 O3 NPs. As a result, IORT along with Bi2 O3 NPs has the potential to reduce treatment time and/or normal tissue dose; moreover, it could provide localized dose enhancement.

Evaporated Perovskite Thick Junctions for X-Ray Detection.

X-ray detection is widely utilized in our daily life, such as in medical diagnosis, security checking, and environmental monitoring. However, most of the commercial X-ray detectors are based on inorganic semiconductors, e.g., Si, CdTe, and Ge, which require complex and costly fabrication processes. Metal halide perovskites have recently emerged as a set of promising candidates for ionizing radiation detection, owing to the high attenuation coefficient, long carrier lifetime, and excellent charge transport properties. Perovskite single crystals have been successfully implemented in X-ray detection, but the fragile single crystals limit the device fabrication and the integration with a read-out circuit. In addition, it is hard to reach inch-size single crystals for real application. Flexible devices based on perovskite films or composite films have also been reported, but either the thickness or charge transport properties are limited by the solution processes. In this work, we introduced thermal co-evaporation to deposit highly efficient formamidinium lead iodide perovskite films. Considering the trade-off between X-ray absorption and charge transport, we optimized the active layer thickness and achieved large-area and flexible X-ray detectors with state-of-the-art device performance, including extremely low dark current and noise, fast response, and high sensitivity of 142.1 μC Gyair-1 cm-2.

Gamma attenuation through nano lead - nano copper PVC composites

Polymer composites of polyvinyl chloride, PVC, were loaded up with micro and nano PbO/CuO particles. The added percentage of each by mass was 10 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 30 wt.%, and 40 wt.%, plus 40 wt.% of mixed composite (20 wt.% CuO + 20 wt.% PbO). The mass and linear attenuation coefficients of the investigated composites were measured as a function of gamma-ray energies going from 59.53 keV to 1408.01 keV utilizing standard radioactive point sources. To confirm the validity of these results the attenuation coefficients for bulk composites (PVC + PbO and PVC + CuO) were calculated by using the XCOM software. The results were in good agreement with the values obtained from the experimental work. By comparing the attenuation coefficients of the different composites it was found that those loaded with either nano PbO or CuO have higher values than those loaded with bulk sizes with the same percentage. Also, samples loaded with nano PbO have the highest attenuation coefficients even by comparing them with (20 wt.% CuO + 20 wt.% PbO), especially in the energy region below 1 MeV, but for greater energies, the values become very closed. The investigation of the mechanical properties of such composites due to the injection of bulk and nano metals reveals that tensile strength and Young's modulus of PVC nanocomposite sheets were notably increased with the increasing concentration of CuO and PbO nanoparticles. The CuO nanocomposite showed the highest values of flexural strength, toughness, and tensile strength among all the fabricated nanocomposite sheets.

Biodegradable FeWOx nanoparticles for CT/MR imaging-guided synergistic photothermal, photodynamic, and chemodynamic therapy.

The development of a simple and effective single constituent multifunctional nanotheranostic platform producing a multimodality diagnostic signal and curing effect is still a challenge. Herein, we synthesized simple and biodegradable FeWOx ternary oxide nanoparticles and modified their surface with RGD-PEG-NH2 (FeWOx-PEG-RGD NPs), whereby resulting NPs possessed a (T2/T1) switchable MRI/CT dual-modal imaging ability and synergistic photothermal therapy (PTT)/photodynamic therapy (PDT)/chemodynamic therapy (CDT) capacity. We showed that FeWOx-PEG-RGD NPs enabled tumor accumulation under a magnetic field drive and RGD-mediated tumor penetration and implemented PTT/PDT treatment under 980 nm laser irradiation. In an acidic tumor microenvironment (TME) with a high hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) expression, NPs degraded to release Fe3+ and Fe2+, triggering a Fenton reaction to generate ˙OH for CDT. The released Fe2+ led to T2/T1 signal conversion for tracing cancer therapy, while the high X-ray attenuation coefficient of W also made it a good CT contrast agent for guided therapy. Thus, the structurally simple FeWOx-PEG-RGD was capable of mediating (T2/T1-weighted) MR/CT two modal imaging-guided PTT/PDT/CDT synergic therapy with a high accuracy and superb anticancer efficiency. The simple, degradable, rapid-clearance, and multifunctional FeWOx-PEG-RGD NPs provide a novel, promising, and versatile nanotheranostic platform.

Two-dimensional intermetallic PtBi/Pt core/shell nanoplates overcome tumor hypoxia for enhanced cancer therapy.

The design of multifunctional nanoplatforms is of great importance for improving hypoxia-induced therapeutic outcomes, especially for overcoming radiotherapy (RT) tolerance. Here, two-dimensional intermetallic PtBi/Pt nanoplates (PtBi NPs) were designed as a therapeutic platform to in situ generate oxygen, and thereby overcome tumor hypoxia for boosting photothermal/radiotherapy (PTT/RT). With high X-ray attenuation coefficient, PtBi NPs exhibited outstanding radiotherapy sensitization characteristics. Moreover, the high photothermal effect of PtBi NPs could promote the catalytic activity of PtBi NPs to achieve a synergistic PTT/RT effect. PEGylated PtBi NPs (PtBi-PEG) exhibited excellent biocompatibility, prolonged blood circulation time and enhanced tumor accumulation. Finally, PtBi-PEG showed excellent trimodal contrast enhancement for infrared (IR) imaging, photoacoustic (PA) imaging and X-ray imaging, facilitating imaging-guided cancer therapy. Thus, our work highlights PtBi-PEG as a novel multifunctional theranostic nanoplatform with great potential for future multimodal imaging-guided synergistic cancer therapy.

Ta2O5 reinforced Bi2O3–TeO2–ZnO glasses: Fabrication, physical, structural characterization, and radiation shielding efficacy

The melt-quenching method was applied to fabricate a new glass series containing 10Bi 2 O 3 –70TeO 2 -(20-x)ZnO-xTa 2 O 5 , x = 0, 2, 4, and 6 mol%. The chemical compounds were well mixed and melted in a furnace at 900 °C, and then the molten transferred to another furnace at 320 °C for annealing. X-ray diffraction is used to confirm the amorphous phase of the fabricated glasses. Moreover, the fabricated glasses' structure characterization was established using Raman analyses. Besides, the gamma-ray protection capacity was evaluated for the fabricated glass series. Thus, the MCNP-5 simulation code and XCOM software program were utilized to estimate the investigated glass samples' linear attenuation coefficients. The glass sample's highest attenuation coefficient, with 6 mol % of the Ta 2 O 5 doping ratio is ranged between 418.17 and 0.27 cm −1 . In comparison, the fabricated glass without Ta 2 O 5 possesses the lowest attenuation factor and decreased from 359.39 cm -1 to 0.26 cm −1 , raising the incoming photon energy from 0.015 MeV to 15 MeV, respectively. The simulated linear attenuation coefficient was then applied to calculate the half-value thickness, and transmission factor for the incoming photons. The obtained results showed that the fabricated glass samples' shielding ability enhanced with the insertion of the Ta 2 O 5 . • New glass system of chemical composition 10Bi 2 O 3 -70TeO 2 -(20-x)ZnO-xTa 2 O 5 ; where x=0, 2, 4, and 6 mol% have been prepared. • Density and molar volume values were calculated for each synthesized sample by using the Archimedes principle. • Raman spectra were obtained from the region of 100-4000 cm -1 . • Shielding capacity for glass samples have been investigated via MCNP-5 and Xcom.

Self-healable soft shield for \u03b3-ray radiation based on polyacrylamide hydrogel composites

With the growing risk of radiation exposure, there are growing interests in radiation shielding. Because most radiation shields are made from heavy metals, a need to develop a soft shield is raised to protect human body. However, because the shield can easily undergo a mechanical damage by an impact, it would be better to have self-repairing system in the shield. Here, we have fabricated an intrinsic self-healable soft shield for gamma ray by making acrylamide based hydrogel composite. The composite contains lead dioxide nanoparticles for gamma ray shielding and Laponite clays for self-repairing. Although the hydrogel contained a large amount of lead dioxide nanoparticles (3.23 M), the fabricated composites stretched beyond 1400% while showing a high attenuation coefficient of 0.1343 cm−1 against gamma ray from a cobalt-60 source. Then a systematic study was performed to analyze self-healing properties and the 96.55% of maximum self-healing efficiency was obtained. We also analyzed a storage modulus of hydrogel and molecular weight of polyacrylamide to study an effect of gamma ray on the self-healing. The self-healing efficiency was decreased by a gamma ray because the radiation induces scissioning or covalent crosslinking in the chains.

CuGeO3 Nanoparticles: An Efficient Photothermal Theragnosis Agent for CT Imaging-Guided Photothermal Therapy of Cancers.

The photothermal agents have been widely developed due to the minimally invasive treatment for targeted tumor photothermal therapy, which is considered to have great potential for antitumor bioapplications. The development of multifunctional photothermal agents is extremely challenging. This work presents a novel photothermal theragnosis agent, i.e., CuGeO3 nanoparticles (CGO NPs), showing intense absorption in the near-infrared (NIR) window and excellent ability of CT imaging. Due to the strong NIR absorption, CGO NPs exhibit excellent photothermal effect with a photothermal conversion efficiency of 59.4%. Moreover, because of the high X-ray attenuation coefficient of germanium, the CGO NPs have a great potential of CT imaging diagnosis in clinical application. Additionally, the CGO NPs show negligible cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo, indicating that it can be served as an outstanding contrast and anticancer agent in a biosafe way. Our work opens the way for the development of bimetallic copper-based oxides used in photothermal diagnostic agents for cancer treatment.

Tailoring biocompatible Ti-Zr-Nb-Hf-Si metallic glasses based on high-entropy alloys design approach

Present work unveils novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compatible glassy Ti-Zr-Nb-Hf-Si alloys designed based on a high entropy alloys approach, by exploring the central region of multi-component alloy phase space. Phase analysis has revealed the amorphous structure of developed alloys, with a higher thermal stability than the conventional metallic glasses. The alloys exhibit excellent corrosion properties in simulated body fluid. Most importantly, the weak paramagnetic nature (ultralow magnetic susceptibility) and superior radiopacity (high X-ray attenuation coefficients) offer compatibility with medical diagnostic imaging systems thereby opening unexplored realms for biomedical applications.

Bismuth Sulfide Nanorods as Efficient Photothermal Theragnosis Agents for Cancer Treatment

Bi2S3 nanostructures can theoretically have photothermal properties. However, there are few reports on the application of bismuth sulfide in photothermal therapy due to the poor photothermal effect. To address this problem, herein we obtained Bi2S3 nanorods with defect structures via a facile method. Due to the special shape and defects, the Bi2S3 nanorods exhibited a strong absorption band in the NIR region, thus showed excellent photothermal effect. The photothermal conversion efficiency of Bi2S3 nanorods was calculated to be as high as 78.1% due to the strong NIR absorption. Importantly, the photothermal ablation experiments both in vitro and in vivo proved that the Bi2S3 nanorods can effectively kill cancer cells under the irradiation of an 808 nm laser. In addition, Bi2S3 nanorods can be used as effective CT imaging agents due to inherently high X-ray attenuation coefficient of bismuth. Our work demonstrated that the Bi2S3 nanorods were very promising photothermal nanoplatforms for photothermal therapy of cancers, guided by CT imaging.

A Model of a Distributed Calorimetric Fiber Dosimeter Based on Stimulated Brillouin Scattering

The article presents the results of a study of the concept of a distributed calorimetric fiber dosimeter based on the effect of stimulated–Brillouin scattering. The sensor design comprises one or several thermally insulated spherical sensing elements made of a material with a high γ-radiation attenuation coefficient fixed with a certain distance on an optical fiber. The change in the temperature of the sensor due to interaction with ionizing radiation is monitored using a stimulated Brillouin scattering analyzer, which allows temperature measurement over the entire length of the optical fiber at distances of up to several tens of kilometers. The results of model calculations of the efficiency of spherical sensor elements made of various materials are presented. The sensitivity range of the proposed dosimeter is estimated and the results of a preliminary experiment on the interaction of the sensor with γ-radiation are given. It is shown that the working range of the dosimeter is approximately 130 Gy/h–700 kGy/h.

BiVO4@Bi2S3 Heterojunction Nanorods with Enhanced Charge Separation Efficiency for Multimodal Imaging and Synergy Therapy of Tumor.

Despite malignant tumors being one of the most serious diseases threatening human health and living quality, exploring theranostic agents for highly effective tumor diagnosis and treatment is still full of challenges. Herein, we demonstrate the design and preparation of Tween-20-modified BiVO4@Bi2S3 heterojunction nanorods (HNRs) for multimodal computed tomography (CT)/photoacoustic (PA) imaging and radiotherapy (RT)/radiodynamic therapy (RDT)/photothermal therapy (PTT) synergistic therapy. Benefiting from the high X-ray attenuation coefficient of Bi, BiVO4@Bi2S3 HNRs exhibit a sensitive CT imaging capacity and radiation enhancement effect during RT. Meanwhile, the strong NIR absorption of Bi2S3 endows BiVO4@Bi2S3 HNRs with an excellent PA imaging and photothermal transformation capacity. More importantly, by taking advantage of the type II band alignment between BiVO4 and Bi2S3, an extra internal electric field is established to accelerate the separation of X-ray-induced electrons and holes in BiVO4@Bi2S3 HNRs, resulting in the realization of highly effective X-ray-induced RDT. Because the in vitro and in vivo experiments have verified that the RT/RDT/PTT synergistic therapeutic efficacy is greatly superior to any single treatment, it is believed that our BiVO4@Bi2S3 HNRs can be used as the multifunctional nanotheranostic platform for malignant tumor theranostics.