Higher VO2max Research Articles

PROSPECTIVE ASSOCIATIONS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SEDENTARY TIME IN ADOLESCENCE WITH CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK IN YOUNG ADULTHOOD.

Purpose: The relationship between sedentary time, physical activity, and cardiometabolic risk factors during the transition from adolescence to adulthood remain uncertain. We examined the prospective associations of sedentary time and physical activity at age 15 with cardiometabolic risk markers at age 24.Methods: We used data from the Physical Activity among Norwegian Children Studies (PANCS). Sedentary time, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and vigorous physical activity (VPA) were measured by accelerometry. Outcomes included body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, visceral fat, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), systolic blood pressure, LDL-cholesterol, insulin, high-sensitivity CRP, and a clustered risk Z-score. The prospective associations were modelled through regression.Results: A total of 731 boys and girls participated at age 9 (2005-2006) and 15 (2011-2012), and 258 of these participated again at age 24 (2019-2021). Multiple imputation was performed for all eligible individuals (n = 708). Each standard deviation increase (min/day) in sedentary time at age 15 was associated with lower VO2max at age 24 (β: -1.6 ml/kg/min; 95%CI: -2.8, -0.5). Each standard deviation increase (min/d) in MVPA (β: 1.6 ml/kg/min; 95%CI: 0.8, 2.4) and VPA (β: 1.6 ml/kg/min; 95%CI: 0.8, 2.4) at age 15 were associated with higher VO2max at age 24. VPA in adolescence was further inversely associated with visceral fat mass (β: -41 g; 95%CI: -78, -3), insulin level (β: -4.3 pmol/L; 95%CI: -8.2, -0.4), and the clustered risk Z-score (β: -0.09; 95%CI: -0.18, -0.01) in young adulthood. Childhood BMI modified the association of both MVPA and VPA with clustered risk, with the greatest magnitude of association observed in the highest BMI tertile.Conclusions: Physical activity, especially of vigorous intensity, during adolescence appear to beneficially affect cardiometabolic health in young adulthood. These health benefits may be most pronounced among overweight/obese youth.

Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents From Southwest Colombia: Association Patterns Considering Adiposity.

Little is known about the cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF)-cardiometabolic risk relationship in Latin American pediatric populations across different age/sex groups, especially when considering the potential effects of adiposity on the association. We evaluated cross-sectional associations between VO2max and cardiometabolic risk variables (CMRV), and verified whether the associations were independent of adiposity markers in school-aged children and adolescents from Cali, Colombia. The sample consisted of 1206 children aged 5-17 years. CMRV were fasting glucose, HDL and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic, and diastolic pressure. Logistic regressions were conducted for associations of age/sex-specific tertiles of VO2max with age/sex-specific highest tertiles of CMRV (except HDL-C, lowest tertile) and a CMR cluster (> 2 CMRV in extreme tertiles), adjusting for socioeconomic stratum, and adiposity markers (BMI, body fat percentage, and waist circumference). Overweight/obesity ranged from 15% to 18% with no difference by sex. In children aged 5-11 years, high VO2max (highest tertile vs. lowest) was inversely associated with the CMR cluster [Odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 0.18 (0.06-0.47), p < 0.05] independently of adjustment for any adiposity marker in boys but not in girls. In the age group of 12-17 years, there were initially significant VO2max- CMR cluster and VO2max- CMRV associations but attenuated by adiposity adjustment. In girls, high VO2max was inversely associated with high systolic blood pressure regardless of adjustment for adiposity markers. VO2max is inversely associated with cardiometabolic risk, but adiposity influences the association. The adiposity-independent association among younger boys requires further research. Interventions to tackle cardiometabolic risk in childhood may primarily focus on reducing excess adiposity, and secondarily on improvement of CRF.

Observational study of the effects of maximal oxygen uptake on cognitive function and performance during prolonged military exercise

IntroductionMilitary operations place high demands on many cognitive functions, and stressful events characterise the military work environment. The study aimed to examine the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness, stress response, cognitive...

Integrating Dynamic Time Warping and K-means clustering for enhanced cardiovascular fitness assessment

The appropriate measurement of cardiovascular ’Performance Enhancement’ is critical for improving physical fitness and overall health. Traditional methods, effective as they are, often rely on complex, cumbersome equipment, limiting their practical use for real-time, dynamic exercise evaluation. Thus, understanding the intricate relationship between physiological responses and exercise ‘Performance Enhancement’ using wearable technology is essential for tailoring effective fitness regimes. This study involved 52 participants, utilizing Garmin Vivosmart 5 wearables to analyze heart rate time series during the YMCA Three-Minute Step Test, assessing fitness levels and characterizing personalized heartbeat dynamics. The study employed Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) for clustering these time series into high and low VO2max groups. Additionally, heart rate dynamics were examined using K-means clustering to identify distinct patterns during exercise—namely ‘Efficient Adaptation’, ‘Balance Under Pressure’, ‘Active Strain’, and ‘Efficiency Improvement’ clusters. This analysis demonstrated that non-trained individuals showed higher ‘Active Strain’ and ‘Efficiency Improvement’ dynamics and lower ‘Efficient Adaptation’ dynamics, indicating the exercise’s varied effectiveness based on training level. This method provides a novel approach for identifying individual fitness levels and the efficacy of specific exercises, enabling personalized physical activity planning.

Association of cardiovascular health with anthropometric markers, cardiorespiratory fitness and quality of life of university workers

Objective: To evaluate cardiovascular health (CVH) in university workers at a higher education institution in relation to other health-related factors. Methods: Cross-sectional study consisting of 121 workers. CVH was assessed by seven measures [food consumption, physical activity level (PAL), smoking, total cholesterol, blood glucose, systemic blood pressure (BP), and body mass index (BMI)]. The independent variables waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), workload, and health related quality of life (HRQoL) were assessed. Results: Overall, 25% of the sample had poor CVH. The ideal CVH group had lower WC (p&lt;0.001) and WHR (p&lt;0.001), and higher VO2max (p=0.041). The physical component score was higher in the groups with intermediate (p=0.036) and ideal (p=0.002) CVH. Daily workload was higher in the poor CVH group (p=0.05). CVH score was directly related to VO2max (p=0.001) and physical component (p=0.020), and inversely related to WC (p&lt;0.001), WHR (p&lt;0.001), LDL-c (p&lt;0.001), and triglycerides (p&lt; 0.001). Conclusion: Implementation of educational practices, and promotion of physical activity, adequate dietary intake, and other lifestyle habits can help to improve CVH and the physical component of HRQoL.

Body composition, cardiovascular fitness and attention of school-aged male children practicing sports club activities: A cross-sectional.

The positive effects of physical activity on physical fitness, bone health, academic achievement, cognitive functions, mental health, and reduced obesity have been proven. This study aims to investigate the relationship between sports club activities, physical activity selected health-related fitness, and the d2 attention test. A cross-sectional study was conducted in different sports clubs. A total of 78 male students aged 10-13 years participating in various branches of sports clubs were included in the study, 42 of whom were assigned to the sports group and 36 to the control group. Questionnaires were administered to assess sports club participation and attention levels, while physical health profiles were tested with body composition and Yo-Yo IR1C performance measures. Data were analyzed according to sports participation and the five most frequently reported sports. The means and standard deviation of each study value were calculated for the total subjects and by participating in sports activity using the IBM SPSS (version 23) analysis program. Data normality was checked and confirmed by the Skewness and Kurtosis Tests. The results showed that boys enrolled in a sports activity had lower body mass (-17.9%, P < 0.05 d = 0.72), body mass index (-13.4%, P < 0.05, d = 0.87), and body fat (%) (-54.1%, P < 0.05, d = 1.38) and higher VO2max 32.3% (P < 0.05, d = 3.67), than the non-active group. The boys active in sports clubs also had better results in the total number of items processed (11%, P < 0.05 d = 0.50) and in concentration performance (17.7%, P < 0.05 d = 0.56) than the non-active group. In correlation analyses, VO2max was negatively associated with body mass, body mass index, and body fat (P = 0.011; P = 0.001 and P = 0.00, respectively) and positively related to the total number of items processed and concentration performance (P = 0.003 and P = 0.015, respectively). In the Pearson Correlation analyses, body fat showed a lower negative correlation with TN (r = 0.33; P = 0.003) and CP (r = 0.28; P = 0.015). Boys participating in regular sports have lower body mass, BMI, and BF values. In addition, boys who participated in sports showed higher imaginary fitness and selective attention and concentration capacity results, as expected, for any sports part compared to their body peers. Another attempt from this study is that body mass and body fat percentage recovery are negatively associated with fitness. Considering the increasing prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents due to sedentary living, which has become a worldwide epidemic, it is recommended that pedagogical and public health strategies and policies be developed based on the physical fitness level of children.

Norwegian male U14 soccer players have superior running capacity compared to Icelandic players.

The organisation and development strategies of youth soccer differ between Norway and Iceland. Whether this affect physical capacity is unknown. Thus, the first aim of the present study is to compare physical capacity between players from Iceland and Norway. Secondary aim is to assess associations between biological maturity and physical capacity in the Icelandic players since an association previously has been shown among the Norwegians. There were 48 U14 players from Iceland included and 103 players from Norway. Bone age (BA), measured with left-wrist x-ray, was used as an indicator of biological maturity. To measure physical capacity, 40 metre (m) linear sprint, standing long jump (SLJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (IR1-test) and a maximal oxygen uptake test (VO2max) were used. Training load was assessed by questionnaire. The results showed that the Norwegian players ran faster (5.90 ± 0.38 vs. 6.37 ± 0.44 s, p < .001), had better intermittent endurance capacity (1,235 ± 461 vs. 960 ± 423 m, p < .001) and higher VO2max, (60.3 ± 6.5 vs. 54.8 ± 5.3 ml·kg-1·min-1, p < .001) than the Icelandic players. The players from Norway reported a higher number of weekly organised soccer training hours than the Icelandic. We also found significant correlations between BA and performance on 40 m linear sprint (r = -.566, p < .001), SLJ (r = .380, p = .008) and CMJ (r = .354, p = .014) among the Icelandic players. Moreover, no correlations were found between BA and VO2max or intermittent endurance capacity. In conclusion, the Norwegian players ran faster and had better VO2max and intermittent endurance capacity than the Icelandic players. Biological maturity level was associated with speed and jumping performance in U14 soccer players in Iceland, but not with VO2max or intermittent endurance capacity. Findings indicate that more research is needed to investigate the influence of different organisation and structure of youth soccer between the two countries on physical capacity.

Breastfeeding, Walking Onset, and Abdominal Obesity Are Determinants of Physical Fitness among Latin American and Spanish Schoolchildren: A Cross-Cultural Study.

To comp+are levels of physical fitness between Ecuador and Spain and identify whether breastfeeding period, walking onset, and abdominal obesity are determinants of physical performance in schoolchildren from Ecuador and Spain. a total of 352 schoolchildren (6-12 years old) from Ecuador (n = 176) and Spain (n = 176) joined in this study. Anthropometric measures, socio-demographic characteristics, and physical fitness were evaluated. Spanish schoolchildren showed better performance in handgrip strength, standing long jump, and 25 m sprint (p = 0.021; p < 0.001; p < 0.001; p < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, Spanish children showed better cardiorespiratory fitness (p < 0.001) and a higher VO2 max (p = 0.002) with regards to their peers. In addition, children from Ecuador and Spain showed an influence of breastfeeding period (p ranged from <0.001 to 0.043) and walking onset (p ranged from <0.001 to 0.032) on physical performance. Moreover, physical fitness components were protective factors of abdominal obesity in Ecuadorian and Spanish schoolchildren (p ranged from =0.001 to 0.049). Our findings revealed the influence of the infancy period and the onset of walking on children's physical performance, highlighting the importance of these factors in motor development during early childhood and also their influence in middle childhood and throughout adulthood.

Metabolic equivalents intensity thresholds for physical activity classification in older adults

BackgroundAlthough the metabolic equivalents (METs) system is a common procedure to quantify the intensity of physical activity in older adults, it remains unclear whether the conventional METs intensity thresholds (CTs) used for this purpose are appropriate in this population. Therefore, this study aimed (i) to derive overall and fitness-specific METs intensity thresholds in older adults ≥ 60 years old (OATs) expressed both in standard METs (VO2/3.5 mL O2·kg−1·min−1) and older adults METs60+ (VO2/2.7 mL O2·kg−1·min−1), and (ii) to compare them with the CTs.MethodsA total of 93 subjects were assessed for cardiorespiratory fitness. Graded exercise test protocols using indirect calorimetry were performed to calculate individual VO2max and categorize subjects as "very poor/fair" or "good/superior" fitness. Overall and fitness-specific OATs expressed in standard METs (OATsstandard) and METs60+ (OATs60+) were derived based on the %VO2max and the ventilatory thresholds (VTs) physical intensity categories.ResultsSignificantly higher VO2max, VO2 at VT1 and VO2 at VT2 (p < 0.001) were obtained in the "good/superior" subgroup compared to the "very poor/fair" fitness subgroup. Accordingly, OATs were approximately 69% higher in individuals with a "good/superior" fitness compared to those with a "very poor/fair" fitness. Furthermore, this study showed that OATsstandard were approximately 21–24% lower than OATs60+, and 10–22% higher OATs were observed when following the VTs intensity categories (heavy-intensity physical activity [HPA] and severe-intensity physical activity [SPA]) compared to the %VO2max categories (moderate-intensity physical activity [MPA] and vigorous-intensity physical activity [VPA]). When compared with the CTs, similar or higher OATsstandard and OATs60+ for MPA, and HPA were obtained compared to the conventional MPA threshold (3.0 METs). Conversely, for VPA and SPA, lower, similar, or higher OATs were obtained depending on the METs derivation approach (OATsstandard or OATs60+) or the intensity categories (VO2max or VTs), compared to the conventional VPA threshold (6.0 METs).ConclusionsNone of the derived OATs were concurrently similar to the CTs, suggesting that fitness-specific METs intensity thresholds adapted to the METs derivation approach should be used in older adults.Trial registrationFenotipAGING (Non-health-care intervention study), PRO-Training (NCT05619250).

Influence of hemoglobin-O2 affnity on aerobic capacity in deer mice

High-altitude hypoxia can constrain tissue O2 supply, and several high-altitude populations and species have evolved adaptations to overcome this challenge. Evolved increases in hemoglobin-O2 (Hb-O2) affnity are pervasive across high-altitude taxa, but the influence of such increases on aerobic capacity (maximal O2 consumption) in hypoxia remains contentious. The influence of Hb-O2 affnity on aerobic capacity in hypoxia could vary depending on other traits in the O2 transport pathway, but this possibility is poorly understood. We examined this issue in deer mice ( Peromyscus maniculatus), which is found from sea level to &gt;4300m altitude in the Rocky Mountains. Mice from populations native to high altitude and low altitude were born and raised to adulthood in captivity. Low-altitude mice (n=14) were acclimated to warm (25°C) normoxia, and high-altitude mice (n=14) were acclimated to cold (5°C) hypoxia (~12 kPa O2) for 6 weeks, creating two groups with very different capacities for O2 transport in hypoxia. Aerobic capacity for thermogenesis (VO2max) was then measured in hypoxia after each of three pharmacological treatments to manipulate Hb-O2 affnity: saline (control); efaproxiral, a negative allosteric regulator that decreases Hb-O2 affnity; and sodium cyanate, which covalently modifies Hb and increases Hb-O2 affnity. In control conditions, high-altitude mice had higher VO2max and arterial O2 saturation (SaO2) in hypoxia and higher Hb-O2 affnity (lower P50) than low-altitude mice. Efaproxiral reduced SaO2 and led to similar decreases in VO2max in both populations. Sodium cyanate increased SaO2 in hypoxia in both populations. However, this was only associated with an increase in VO2max in 7 of 14 high-altitude mice and 4 of 14 low-altitude mice. Our results suggest that Hb-O2 affnity may be optimal for aerobic capacity in hypoxia in high-altitude mice, and that reductions in Hb-O2 affnity reduce performance. Supported by NSERC of Canada. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Adequate cardiorespiratory fitness during pregnancy for a better quality of childbirth

Inadequate Cardiorespiratory Fitness (CRF) during childbirth can lead to potential problems, including preterm birth, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, pain and discomfort during pregnancy, cesarean birth, and postpartum weight gain. This study aimed to assess the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness during pregnancy and the quality of childbirth. An observational analytic study with a prospective cohort design was conducted among 52 pregnant women in their third trimester of gestation. Respondents were selected based on the purposive sampling technique. The variables - cardiorespiratory fitness, indicated by VO2max value, and the quality of childbirth - were respectively measured using the six-minute walk test and the Quality Childbirth Questionnaire, modified from the Pregnancy and Childbirth Outcome Set (PCB), the Childbirth Experience Questionnaire (CEQ), and the Birth Satisfaction Scale (BSS), which were declared valid and reliable. Data analysis used descriptive and bivariate analysis with the Chi-Square test with a Risk Ratio (RR). The results showed a p-value of less than 0.001, confirming the hypothesis. There is a meaningful link between high VO2 max scores and improved childbirth experiences, with a RR of 6.882 at a 95% confidence interval. This suggests that pregnant women with better cardiorespiratory fitness are 6.882 times less likely to have an adverse labor and delivery outcome. Improving cardiorespiratory fitness through strategic antenatal physical activity with aerobic exercises is recommended to gain a positive childbirth experience.

Smartphone-based inertial measurements during Chester step test as a predictor of length of hospital stay in abdominopelvic cancer postoperative period: a prospective cohort study

BackgroundObjective assessment of pre-operative functional capacity in cancer patients using the smartphone gyroscope during the Chester step (CST) test may allow greater sensitivity of test results. This study has investigated whether the CST is a postoperative hospital permanence predictor in cancer patients undergoing abdominopelvic surgery through work, VO2MAX and gyroscopic movement analysis.MethodsProspective, quantitative, descriptive and inferential observational cohort study. Fifty-one patients were evaluated using CST in conjunction with a smartphone gyroscope. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to examine the predictive value of the CST.ResultsThe duration of hospital permanence 30 days after surgery was longer when patients who performed stage 1 showed lower RMS amplitude and higher peak power. The work increased as the test progressed in stage 3. High VO2MAX seemed to be a predictor of hospital permanence in those who completed levels 3 and 4 of the test.ConclusionThe use of the gyroscope was more accurate in detecting mobility changes, which predicted a less favorable result for those who met at level 1 of the CST. VO2MAX was a predictor of prolonged hospitalization from level 3 of the test. The work was less accurate to determine the patient's true functional capacity.

How can Small Sided Game training methods (3 vs 3 and 6 vs 6) and VO2max affect basic soccer skills?

Study purpose. Mastering the fundamentals of soccer is essential for skill development. Therefore, employing effective training techniques becomes crucial to enhance these fundamental soccer skills. This study aims to discern: (1) Variations in the impact of the 3 vs. 3 small-sided game method compared to the 6 vs. 6 small-sided game method on fundamental soccer skills; (2) Disparities in the impact of high and low VO2max levels on fundamental soccer skills; and (3) The repercussions of the interaction between the 3 vs. 3 small-sided game method and the 6 vs. 6 small-sided game method in conjunction with VO2max levels (high and low). Materials and Methods. A 2 x 2 factorial design was used for this experimental study methodology. 24 athletes, including 12 from the Sports Talent School (STS) West Sumatra football academy and 12 from the Indonesia Muda Soccer School, served as the research subjects. The Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 test is the tool used to measure VO2max. The "David Lee" competence test has been adopted as the yardstick for gauging fundamental soccer abilities. Two-way ANOVA was the method of data analysis employed, with a significance level of 0.05. Results. The study's findings are outlined as follows: (1) Indicated by a significance value of (p=0.009&lt;0.05), there exists a disparity in the impact of training between the 3 vs. 3 small-sided game and the 6 vs. 6 small-sided game on fundamental soccer skills. With an average posttest difference of 1.69 seconds, the 3 vs. 3 small-sided game training approach proves superior to the 6 vs. 6 small-sided game method. (2) A significance value of (p=0.005&lt;0.05) suggests a distinction in the effects of high and low VO2max levels on fundamental soccer skills. Displaying a posttest average difference of 6.23 seconds, higher VO2max levels are more advantageous than lower ones. (3) With a significance p value of 0.018&lt;0.05, it is evident that an interaction exists among the 3 vs. 3 small-sided game, 6 vs. 6 small-sided game, and VO2max levels (high, low) concerning fundamental soccer skills. Cunclotion. based on outcomes The investigation found a strong relationship between the interaction of training techniques and VO2max on fundamental soccer playing abilities. These findings can be employed in the training of fundamental soccer game skills as a guide. Keywords: Small Sided Game, VO2max, Basic Skills, Football.

From juniors to seniors: changes in training characteristics and aerobic power in 17 world-class cross-country skiers.

Purpose: To compare training characteristics and aerobic power (VO2max) between the most successful junior and senior seasons of world-class cross-country (XC) skiers and to identify differences between sexes and among sprint and distance skiers. Methods: Retrospective analysis was conducted on self-reported training and VO2max tests of ten male and seven female world-class XC-skiers, collectively holding 38 Olympic medals. Training was categorized by form (endurance, strength, speed, other) and mode (specific, unspecific) and was divided into low- (LIT), moderate- (MIT), and high-intensity training (HIT). Results: Total training increased by 203 ± 130h (35% ± 31%, p < .001, large effect) and 78 ± 69 sessions (21% ± 24%, p < .001, very large effect). Junior training volume (658 ± 107h) did not correlate with senior volume (861 ± 74h) but correlated negatively with changes in volume (r = -.822, p < .001). No sex differences were observed related to total volume, but distance skiers increased their total volume more than sprint skiers (p = .037, large effect). Endurance training increased by 197 ± 117h (p < .001; large effect) tied to increased low-intensity training (186 ± 115h, p < .001; large effect) and moderate-intensity training (13 ± 7h, p < .001; large effect). Training intensity distribution (% LIT/MIT/HIT) was 91/3/6 in junior and 92/4/4 in senior season. Women demonstrated greater increase of unspecific modes (100 ± 58 vs. 37 ± 44h, p = .022; large effect) and strength training (25 ± 23 vs. -3 ± 17h, p = .010, large effect). Men improved absolute (8% ± 5%; p = .009; large effect) and relative VO2max (6% ± 4%; p = .016; large effect) from junior to senior, while women only increased relative VO2max (7% ± 5%, p = .012; large effect). Conclusion: This study provides novel information regarding changes in training characteristics and aerobic power from junior to senior age in world-class XC-skiers. Overall, the enhanced training volume during this transition was primarily driven by increased LIT and MIT and the exceptionally high relative VO2max at junior age further increased in both sexes.

The impact of chronotype on VO2max in university students at two different times of the day

Background and Study Aim. To choose the ideal training or performance times, it is crucial to assess VO2 max performance across different time-of-day particular chronotypes. This study aimed to investigate the differences in VO2 max between the chronotype of university students during the morning and evening time of the day. Material and Methods. Fifty-two university students (26 morning type and 26 evening type) with mean age 23.05± 2.07 years, weight 66.71±4.31Kg and height of 170.90±5.18 cm and BMI of 22.75±1.91kg/m2 were recruited based on the results of the Horne-Ostberg Morningness- Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQs) participated in this Cross-over study. VO2 max was measured directly by gas collected using mouth tube breath to breath through the use of the gas analyzer the AD instrument (model-ML206) with an incremental graded maximal exercise test done on the treadmill. Results. The morning type group's VO2 max was significantly better in the morning hour than it was in the evening (p=.013), and when the VO2 max of the evening type group was measured in the morning and evening hours and compared, there was a statistically significant difference in favour of the evening hours (p=.004). Additionally, there is no discernible difference between the VO2 max of the morning type and the evening type group either in the morning hours or the evening hours, but trends indicate that the morning type group has a higher VO2max in the morning hour and the same is true for the evening type group in the evening hour. Conclusion. The findings of this study showed an interaction between chronotype and time of the day in VO2 max. For endurance training, trainers should consider the individual's chronotype and time of the day for exercise prescription.

Anthropometric and Physical Profile Among the Different Age Groups of Tunisian Tennis Players

Background: The popularity of Tunisian tennis is on the rise, due to emerging players gaining global recognition, leading to growth and evolution in the sport. In order to optimize training and performance, coaches need valuable information on physical fitness and player profiling. Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the physical profile of Tunisian tennis players in different age groups ranging from 7 to 17 years. Methods: One hundred and one tennis players from the same team were assigned to six age groups (U9-U18); U9 (7.89 ± 0.32), U10 (8.88 ± 0.34), U11 (9.78 ± 0.43), U12 (10.81 ± 0.4), U14 (12.3 ± 0.73), and U18 (14.69 ± 0.95) and were assessed for standing long jump (SLJ), countermovement jump, medicine ball throw (MBT), various sprint distances, agility drills, 20m Shuttle run (20mSRT), and Sit and reach tests. Results: The results showed that U14 and U18 age groups demonstrated better performance than U9 and U10 in jump tests, while U18 and U14 outperformed only U9 in the MBT test. U11 showed better performance than U9 and U10 in sprints, sideways shuffle, and spider drill tests. U9 and U10 had lower performance than U12 in SLJ, 20m sprint, sideways shuffle, and zigzag tests, and U11 outperformed U9 in the SLJ test. U18 and U14 had higher VO2max than U10 and U11, while U12 was higher than U11 only. No difference in flexibility was reported. The centile estimates of physical performances among Tunisian tennis players provide a means to compare individual player test results with the standard performance levels of the group. Conclusions: In conclusion, this study found that 11–17-year-old players exhibited greater physical performance than 7–10-year-old players. However, no age effect was found for flexibility.

Effect of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on VO2 Max in Young Adult: Literature Review

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of death for adults in the world. CVD in the future will be one of the problems that will persist in long term. Someone who has high cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and VO2 max has a low risk of developing CVD. One aspect of CVD prevention is exercise to improve cardiorespiratory fitness. High intensity interval training (HIIT) is an exercise that has many benefits, one of which is increasing cardiovascular fitness by increasing VO2 max. With an increase in VO2 max, the risk for CVD will decrease and better prevention is begin at a young age. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on VO2 max levels in young adult. The research method uses a Literature Review study. Data collection through Pubmed, Science direct, and Google Scholar within the last 10 years. There were 668 articles were obtained which were then screened so that 7 articles with various types of research such as comparative studies, randomized control trials and clinical trials, were suitable to be reviewed. The results showed that High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) affected in increasing VO2 max. This is related to Reactive oxygen species (ROS) which will later affect the body's adaptive response. High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is better in increasing VO2 max compared to other exercise.

The combined association of dietary inflammatory index and resting metabolic rate on cardiorespiratory fitness in adults

BackgroundNo study has examined the combined association of dietary inflammatory index (DII) of the diet and resting metabolic rate (RMR) on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Therefore, we investigated the combined association between DII and RMR on CRF.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted on 270 adult subjects. The DII was calculated using a validated semi-quantified food frequency questionnaire. RMR was measured using an indirect calorimetric method. Socioeconomic status, anthropometric measures, body composition and blood pressure were documented by a trained interviewer. CRF was assessed by using Bruce protocol. Binary logistic regression was performed to find the association of CRF with DII/RMR categories in various models.ResultsThe participants categorized into four groups including: (1) low DII/high RMR, (2) low DII/low RMR, (3) high DII/low RMR, (4) high DII/high RMR. The mean of VO2Max (mL/kg/min), VO2max (L/min) and VO2max relative to lean body mass (LBM) was lower in participants that were classified as high DII/low RMR compared to those in low DII/high RMR. After controlling for age, sex, education status, smoking status, and physical activity those who were in the high DII/low RMR group, compared to the low DII/high RMR group were 28% less likely to have higher VO2max (ml/kg/min) (OR 0.72; 95% CI 0.18, 0.82, p = 0.04). Moreover, had 25% lower odds of VO2max (L/min) which was significant (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.11, 0.89, p = 0.03). In addition, were 21% less likely to have higher VO2max (LBM) (OR 0.79; 95% CI 0.30, 0.92, p = 0.02).ConclusionsOverall, consumption of a pro-inflammatory diet in combination with low RMR status is associated with lower odds of CRF compared to those who had anti-inflammatory diet in combination with high RMR status among Iranian healthy adults. This study suggests that researchers should focus on combined relationships rather than single pair-wise associations for having a better judgment.

Remote cardiac rehabilitation program during the COVID-19 pandemic for patients with stable coronary artery disease after percutaneous coronary intervention: a prospective cohort study

ObjectiveThe coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic restricts rapid implementation of in-person delivery of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) at the center for coronary artery disease (CAD) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), thus enabling a cohort comparison of in-person vs. remote CR program. This study aims to investigate outcomes of exercise capacity, health-related quality of life (HRQL), mental health, and family burden of stable CAD patients undergoing PCI in low-to-moderate risk after different delivery models of CR program.MethodsThe study included a cohort of stable CAD patients undergoing PCI who had experienced two naturally occurring modes of CR program after hospital discharge at two time periods, January 2019 to December 2019 (in-person CR program) and May 2020 to May 2021 (remote CR program). The exercise capacity was assessed by means of 6-min walk test (6MWT), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and the respiratory anaerobic threshold (VO2AT) before discharge, at the end of the 8-week and 12-week in-person or remote CR program after discharge.ResultsNo adverse events occurred during the CR period. CAD patients had a longer distance walked in 6 min with a higher VO2max after 8-week and 12-week CR program whether in-person or remote model (p < 0.05). The distance walked in 6 min was longer and the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was higher at the end of the 12-week in-person or remote CR program than 8-week in-person or remote CR program (p < 0.05). The respiratory anaerobic threshold (VO2AT) of CAD patients was decreased after 8-week CR program whether in-person or remote model (p < 0.05). CAD patients receiving remote CR program exhibited higher HRQL scores in domains of vitality (p = 0.048), role emotional (p = 0.039), mental health (p = 0.014), and the summary score of the mental composite (p = 0.048) compared to in-person CR program after 8 weeks. The anxiety and depression scores of CAD patients undergoing PCI were decreased after 8-week CR program whether in-person or remote model (p < 0.05). The CAD patients receiving remote delivery showed lower anxiety and depression scores compared to those receiving in-person delivery at the end of the 8-week CR program (p < 0.05). It was found that the family burden scores of CAD patients undergoing PCI were reduced after 8-week and 12-week CR program whether in-person or remote model (p < 0.05). The CAD patients receiving remote CR program showed lower family burden scores than those receiving in-person CR program after whether 8 weeks or 12 weeks (p < 0.05).ConclusionThese data indicate that a properly designed and monitored remote delivery represents a feasible and safe model for low-to-moderate-risk, stable CAD patients undergoing PCI inaccessible to in-person CR during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Divulging the Impetus of Yoga on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Its Persona in Alleviating Anxiety Experienced by Youth: A Cohort Interventional Study.

Globalization endangers youngsters worldwide with new standards and possibilities. Hereat of being exposed to greater demands and expectations, when it comes to performance review, their life may become more distressed. Yoga with revolutionary methods may assistyoungsters in bettering their physical health regardingtheir maximal oxygen uptake, and also help manage their anxiety. This study ascertains the effect of yoga on youth's anxiety levels and cardio-respiratory fitness. It was a longitudinal interventional study recruiting 99 medical students wherein VO2max (maximal oxygen uptake) on thetreadmill/ergometer exercise and anxiety scores throughSpielberger's anxiety scale was assessed at baseline and evaluated after 6 months of a regular yogic regime.The VO2max wasrecorded by the metabolic module of Labchart software (Bella Vista,New South Wales, Australia). The VO2max evaluated by incremental exercise to volitional fatigue was found to be 2.64 ± 0.49 L/min in males and 1.51 ± 0.44 L/min in females pre-yoga and 2.81 ± 0.52 L/min in males and 1.69 ± 0.47 L/min in females post yoga. The difference in the endline and baseline VO2max values of yoga-performing males (t=6.595, p<0.001) and females (t = 2.478, p = 0.017) was found to be significantly higher than non-yoga performers. The METS value obtained in males was 11.96 and in females was 7.68 before yoga. Post-yoga values were 13.44 and 8.37, respectively. The difference in total anxiety scores post-intervention was 34.6 which was statistically significant (t= 4.959, p <0.001). From the viewpoint of a physiologist, higher VO2max in young adults links to better physical fitness which is the potential outcome of regular yogic practice. As a result ofregular yogic practice, initial soaring anxiety levels of subjects culminated in a drastic observable reduction in anxiety, which helped inculcate a judicious acumen in youngsters.