Higher Triglyceride Concentrations Research Articles

Physical activity and metabolic health in chronic kidney disease: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundPatients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at high risk of progression to end stage renal disease and cardiovascular events. Physical activity may reduce these risks by improving metabolic health. We tested associations of physical activity with central components of metabolic health among people with moderate-severe non-diabetic CKD.MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional study of 47 people with CKD (estimated GFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2) and 29 healthy control subjects. Accelerometry was used to measured physical activity over 7 days, the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was used to measure insulin sensitivity, and DXA was used to measured fat mass. We tested associations of physical activity with insulin sensitivity, fat mass, blood pressure, serum lipid concentrations, and serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein concentration using multivariable linear regression, adjusting for possible confounding factors.ResultsParticipants with CKD were less active than participants without CKD (mean (SD) 468.1 (233.1) versus 662.3 (292.5) counts per minute) and had lower insulin sensitivity (4.1 (2.1) versus 5.2 (2.0 (mg/min)/(μU/mL)), higher fat mass (32.0 (11.4) versus 29.4 (14.8) kg), and higher triglyceride concentrations (153.2 (91.6) versus 99.6 (66.8) mg/dL). With adjustment for demographics, comorbidity, medications, and estimated GFR, each two-fold higher level of physical activity was associated with a 0.9 (mg/min)/(μU/mL) higher insulin sensitivity (95% CI 0.2, 1.5, p = 0.006), an 8.0 kg lower fat mass (−12.9, −3.1, p = 0.001), and a 37.9 mg/dL lower triglyceride concentration (−71.9, −3.9, p = 0.03). Associations of physical activity with insulin sensitivity and triglycerides did not differ significantly by CKD status (p-values for interaction >0.3).ConclusionsGreater physical activity is associated with multiple manifestations of metabolic health among people with moderate-severe CKD.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12882-016-0400-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The Association between the Lipids Levels in Blood and Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Lipid metabolism may be involved in the pathogenic mechanism of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). However, conflicting results have been reported in the associations of AMD with blood lipids. We performed a meta-analysis including a total of 19 studies to evaluate associations between blood lipids and this disease. The result reported that the high level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) obtained with an increment of 1 mmol/L could result in a significantly increase in the AMD risk of approximately 18% (relative risk (RR), 1.18; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01 to 1.35; I2 = 53.8%; p = 0.007). High levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) were significantly associated with a decreased risk of AMD (RRs ranging from 0.92 to 0.95; all p < 0.05). The stratified analysis based on AMD subtypes showed that these blood lipids were only significantly associated with the risk of early AMD (all p < 0.05). The association between the blood lipids and AMD risk did not differ substantially based on the other characteristics of the participants. A high HDL-C level was associated with an increased AMD risk, whereas participants with high TC, LDL-C, and TG concentrations may show a decreased risk for this disease. Further well-designed large studies are warranted to confirm the conclusions.

Childhood Socioeconomic Status in Predicting Metabolic Syndrome and Glucose Abnormalities in Adulthood: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.

We prospectively examined whether family socioeconomic status (SES) in childhood is associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), or type 2 diabetes in adulthood. The sample comprised 2,250 participants from the longitudinal Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study cohort. Participants were 3-18 years old at baseline (mean age 10.6 years), and they were followed for 31 years. SES was characterized as reported annual income of the family and classified on an 8-point scale. For each 1-unit increase in family SES in childhood, the risk for adult MetS decreased (risk ratio [95% confidence interval] 0.94 [0.90-0.98]; P = 0.003) when adjusted for age, sex, childhood cardiometabolic risk factors (lipids, systolic blood pressure, insulin, and BMI), childhood physical activity, and fruit and vegetable consumption. The association remained after adjustment for participants' own SES in adulthood (0.95 [0.91-0.99]; P = 0.005). A similar association was seen between childhood SES and the risk of having either adult IFG or type 2 diabetes (0.96 [0.92-0.99]; P = 0.01, age and sex adjusted). This association became nonsignificant after adjustment for childhood risk factors (P = 0.08). Of the individual components of MetS, lower SES in childhood predicted large waist circumference (0.96 [0.93-0.99]; P = 0.003) and a high triglycerides concentration (0.96 [0.92-1.00]; P = 0.04) after adjustment for the aforementioned risk factors. Lower SES in childhood may be associated with an increased risk for MetS, IFG, and type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Special attention could be paid to children of low SES families to decrease the prevalence of MetS in adulthood.

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 plays a crucial role in hepatic lipid metabolism through regulation of CD36 expression.

Liver-specific signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)5-deficient mice (STAT5KO) show lipid accumulation in the liver. We investigated the role of hepatic STAT5 in lipid metabolism in vitro and in vivo. High expression of CD36, one of the receptors for free fatty acids, is associated with a high concentration of hepatic triglyceride (TG) in STAT5KO mice. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ, one of the regulatory factors of CD36, was upregulated and microRNA (miR)-20b was downregulated in STAT5KO mice. Reporter assays revealed direct regulation involving miR-20b and the 3'-untranslated region of CD36 mRNA. Treatment with free fatty acids enhanced accumulation of TG in STAT5-deleted hepatoma cells, and this was partially canceled by introduction of siRNA for PPARγ and/or pre-miR-20b through inhibition of CD36 expression. In vivo, STAT5/CD36 double knockout mice displayed hepatic TG was decreased compared to STAT5KO mice and it was also reduced by treatment with PPARγ antagonists, GW9662, and/or pre-miR-20b. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 plays an important role in hepatic fat metabolism through regulation of CD36, and is a potential therapeutic candidate for liver steatosis.

Prevalence of comorbidities in obese New Zealand children and adolescents at enrolment in a community-based obesity programme.

The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics at enrolment of children and adolescents referred to an obesity programme and to determine how the prevalence of comorbidities differed in Indigenous versus non-Indigenous children. Participants were residents of a semi-rural region of New Zealand (NZ). Eligibility was defined by a body mass index (BMI) of ≥98th percentile or >91st centile with weight-related comorbidities. Fasting blood, medical and physical assessments were obtained. During the recruitment period from January 2012 to August 2014, 239 participants, aged 4.8-16.8 years, undertook assessment. Average BMI standard deviation score was 3.09 (standard deviation (SD) = 0.60, range 1.52-5.34 SD). The majority of participants were of either Maori (NZ's indigenous people (45%)) or NZ European (45%) ethnicity; 29% of participants were from the most deprived quintile of household deprivation. Maori participants were more likely than NZ Europeans to have a mother who smoked during pregnancy (52% vs. 28%, P = 0.001), a family history of type 2 diabetes (66% vs. 53%, P = 0.04), acanthosis nigricans on examination (58% vs. 20%, P < 0.0001), a low serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (27% vs. 14%, P = 0.03) or high serum triglyceride (38% vs. 24%, P = 0.03) concentration. The unique aspect of this study was the ability to recruit high levels of Maori participants and those from most deprived areas, indicating a high level of acceptability for these target groups. Comorbidities were prevalent in this cohort of overweight/obese school-aged children. While there were some differences in comorbidity prevalence between Maori and NZ Europeans, the overall clinical picture in our cohort, irrespective of ethnicity, was of concern.

SY 06-4 THE RISK OF METABOLICALLY HEALTHY OBESITY IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

BMI is a proxy measure for adiposity in population-based studies and it is well established that increasing body fat is strongly associated with component features of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), such as dyslipidaemia (low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and high triglyceride concentrations, increased glucose concentrations, high blood pressure, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. Whether any or all of these components of the MetS account for relationships between body fatness and all cause mortality is uncertain, but we have recently shown in a large Korean cohort that co-existing cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes or hypertension explained much of the increased risk of CVD mortality in obese individuals. Recently, the concept of metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) has been used to try and help explain the ‘obesity paradox’, where there is decreased mortality in some people with obesity. Additionally, whether any association between underweight and increased all cause mortality is due to the presence of pre-existing cardiovascular and metabolic disease states (or risk factors) is not fully understood. Therefore, i will discuss whether BMI was associated with mortality outcomes after subjects with established risk factors and diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and features of the MetS had been excluded.

Clinical performance evaluation of total protein measurement by digital refractometry and characterization of non-protein solute interferences

ObjectivesRefractometric methods to measure total protein (TP) in serum and plasma specimens have been replaced by automated biuret methods in virtually all routine clinical testing. A subset of laboratories, however, still report using refractometry to measure TP in conjunction with serum protein electrophoresis. The objective of this study was therefore to conduct a modern performance evaluation of a digital refractometer for TP measurement. Design and methodsPerformance evaluation of a MISCO Palm Abbe™ digital refractometer was conducted through device familiarization, carryover, precision, accuracy, linearity, analytical sensitivity, analytical specificity, and reference interval verification. Comparison assays included a manual refractometer and an automated biuret assay. ResultsCarryover risk was eliminated using a demineralized distilled water (ddH2O) wash step. Precision studies demonstrated overall imprecision of 2.2% CV (low TP pool) and 0.5% CV (high TP pool). Accuracy studies demonstrated correlation to both manual refractometry and the biuret method. An overall positive bias (+5.0%) was observed versus the biuret method. On average, outlier specimens had an increased triglyceride concentration. Linearity was verified using mixed dilutions of: a) low and high concentration patient pools, or b) albumin-spiked ddH2O and high concentration patient pool. Decreased recovery was observed using ddH2O dilutions at low TP concentrations. Significant interference was detected at high concentrations of glucose (>267mg/dL) and triglycerides (>580mg/dL). Current laboratory reference intervals for TP were verified. ConclusionsPerformance characteristics of this digital refractometer were validated in a clinical laboratory setting. Biuret method remains the preferred assay for TP measurement in routine clinical analyses.

Effects of dietary vitamin E on the growth performance, antioxidant status and innate immune response in juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)

A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin E on growth performance, antioxidant status, innate immune response and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila for juvenile yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Six practical diets were formulated to contain all-rac-α-tocopheryl equivalents of 8.9 (the basal diet), 19.6, 27.0, 39.7, 77.6 or 156.9mgkg−1, respectively. The results indicated that weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly influenced by the dietary vitamin E levels, the maximal WG, SGR, FE and PER occurred at fish fed the diet containing 39.7mgkg−1 vitamin E. Fish fed the diet containing 8.9mgkg−1 vitamin E had lower HSI than those fed the other diets. Red blood cells, leucocytes, hemoglobin, glucose and total cholesterol concentration in serum were not significantly influenced by the dietary vitamin E levels. However, fish fed the basal diet had lower hematocrit and higher triglyceride concentration in serum than those fed the diets with vitamin E supplementation. Moreover, fish fed the basal diet had lower activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in serum than those fed diets supplemented with vitamin E. Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in serum decreased significantly when dietary vitamin E levels increased from 8.9 to 39.7mgkg−1. Fish fed the diet containing 39.7mgkg−1 vitamin E had higher lysozyme and respiratory burst activities in serum and the phagocytic index of head kidney than those fed the other diets. The challenge test with A. hydrophila revealed that fish fed the basal diet had lower cumulative survival than those fed diets supplemented with vitamin E. Based on two slope broken-line regression of SGR and lysozyme activity against dietary vitamin E levels, the optimal requirement of dietary vitamin E in juvenile yellow catfish was estimated to be 33 and 46mgkg−1 diet, respectively. Statement of relevanceThe manuscript addresses the effect of dietary vitamin E on growth performance, feed utilization, antioxidant status, innate immune and resistance to pathogen. Although this study investigated a common nutritional research topic, it still had somehow research originality because such nutritional topic has not been studied in yellow catfish yet. The results give some valuable data for this fish species. What's more, the information obtained from the present study would be helpful in developing commercial diets for this species.

Altered Concentrations in Dyslipidemia Evidence a Role for ANGPTL8/Betatrophin in Lipid Metabolism in Humans.

Angiopoietin-like protein 8 (ANGPTL8)/betatrophin is a secreted protein initially involved in β-cell replication. Recent data in humans and mice models suggest that ANGPTL8/betatrophin is more related to lipid metabolism. The aim of the present study was to compare the circulating concentrations of ANGPTL8/betatrophin in individuals with dyslipidemia defined as having high or low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol or triglycerides, respectively. Serum concentrations of ANGPTL8/betatrophin were measured by an ELISA in 177 subjects. We studied two different selected case-control dyslipidemic cohorts including individuals with high (n = 43) or low (n = 46) circulating concentrations of HDL-cholesterol or with low (n = 48) or high (n = 40) levels of triglycerides. Circulating concentrations of ANGPTL8/betatrophin were significantly lower in individuals with dyslipidemia (P < .001) in both males (controls 27.8 ± 15.2 vs dyslipidemic 17.0 ± 11.2 ng/mL) and females (controls 50.0 ± 22.2 vs dyslipidemic 27.0 ± 16.5 ng/mL). The magnitude of the differences was higher in dyslipidemic patients with low HDL-cholesterol than in those with high triglyceride concentrations. ANGPTL8/betatrophin levels were lower in subjects with type 2 diabetes (P < .001), but the impact of type 2 diabetes vanished (P = .257) when the effect of dyslipidemia was included in the analysis. We conclude that serum ANGPTL8/betatrophin concentrations are altered in human dyslipidemia. ANGPTL8/betatrophin emerges as a potential player in dyslipidemia with a strong association with HDL-cholesterol and a potential therapeutic tool for the treatment of dyslipidemia.

Creation of starting material of high oleic sunflower resistant to sulfonylurea herbicides

The results of studies for the period of 2012-2015 on creation of high oleic starting material resistant to granular herbicide Express 75 from a working collection of parent forms of the Plant Production Institute nd. a VYa Yuryev NAAS are presented. The work was done by crossing parent forms, basing on combinations of positive features, namely sulfonylurea herbicide resistance gene and high oleic acid content.The aim and tasks of the study. The purpose was to determine oleic and linoleic acid contents in different sunflower forms, to select biotypes with high oleic acid content and resistant to sulfonylurea herbicide, to create starting material for sunflower breeding for resistance to sulfonylurea herbicide and high oleic acid content.Material and methods. The study material was fertile lines Kh 526 V and Kh 201 V from the working collection of the Laboratory of Sunflower Breeding and Genetics of the Plant Production Institute nd. a VYa Yuryev. Inbred lines and hybrids with high content of oleic acid triglycerides were created by conventional methods: analytical and heterosis sunflower breeding. Oil was prepared according to the modified Peisker method, and fatty acid composition of oil was analyzed by gas chromatography. The field experiments were carried out in accordance with the methodology for statistical processing of pesticide trial data. Herbicide phytotoxicity for sunflower plants was assessed by affection degree, using a rating scale.Results and discussion. Plants were treated in the phase of 4-6 true leaves with post-emergence granular herbicide Express75 in 2012-2015. A three-liter hand sprayer was used. The dose was 25 g/ha, and the fluid consumption was300 L / ha. Surviving plants were inbred. In addition, female form Kh 526 V and male form Kh 201 V were crossed on fertile basis with following individual election of plants.Accessions selected with the rating scale, according to the world literature, are supposed to have the resistance gene. Chromatography revealed several accessions with high content of oleic acid. Hereditary nature of high content of oleic acid triglycerides was experimentally confirmed and does not admit of doubt, trait is controlled by one partially dominant gene, or it is considered as fully dominant. Sunflower should have more than 82% of oleic acid omega-9 inoil (monounsaturated fatty acids) and low content of linoleic acid omega-6.Conclusions. Over the study period, a possibility of combining high oleate content in sunflower oil with resistance to sulfonylurea herbicide, namely to granular Express 75 applied at the dose of25 g / ha, was experimentally confirmed.The best way to create inbred lines with oleic oil in combination with herbicide resistance is hybridization of induced high oleic forms on fertile basis followed by inbreeding, backcrossing and individual selection of plants for a set of agricultural valuable traits.Thus, the creation of starting material to resistant to sulfonylurea herbicides with high oleic acid content offers a significant advantage in sunflower cultivation, providing access to nutrients from soil for plants, and linoleate content opens new possibilities in industrial and food sectors

Quality performance of laboratory testing in pharmacies: a collaborative evaluation.

The quality performance and the comparability between results of pharmacies point-of-care-testing (POCT) and institutional laboratories have been evaluated. Eight pharmacies participated in the project: a capillary specimen collected by the pharmacist and, simultaneously, a lithium-heparin sample drawn by a physician of laboratory medicine for the pharmacy customers (n=106) were analyzed in the pharmacy and in the laboratory, respectively. Glucose, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, uric acid, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, were measured using: Reflotron, n=5; Samsung, n=1; Cardiocheck PA, n=1; Cholestech LDX, n=1 and Cobas 8000. The POCT analytical performance only (phase 2) were evaluated testing, in pharmacies and in the laboratory, the lithium heparin samples from a female drawn fasting daily in a week, and a control sample containing high concentrations of glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides. For all parameters, except triglycerides, the slopes showed a satisfactory correlation. For triglycerides, a median value higher in POCT in comparison to the laboratory (1.627 mmol/L vs. 0.950 mmol/L) has been observed. The agreement in the subjects classification, demonstrates that for glucose, 70% of the subjects show concentrations below the POCT recommended level (5.8-6.1 mmol/L), while 56% are according to the laboratory limit (<5.6 mmol/L). Total cholesterol exhibits a similar trend while POCT triglycerides show a greater percentage of increased values (21% vs. 9%). The reduction in triglycerides bias (phase 2) suggests that differences between POCT and central laboratory is attributable to a pre-analytical problem. The results confirm the acceptable analytical performance of POCT pharmacies and specific criticisms in the pre- and post-analytical phases.

Saturated fatty acids promote allergic (Th2) cytokine responses by activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) and ER stress

Abstract Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and an unfolded protein response (UPR) are stimulated by saturated, but not unsaturated fatty acids. We previously showed that saturated medium chain triglycerides (MCT) promote food allergy induction and increase epithelial cell expression of 3 pro-Th2 cytokines, TSLP, IL-25 and IL-33, which stimulate a Th2 cytokine response. These observations led us to hypothesize that the high concentrations of saturated triglycerides in two common food allergens, cow’s milk and chicken eggs, promote food allergy by inducing an epithelial cell UPR response, which in turn, causes these cells to express pro-Th2 cytokines. Indeed, studies with transformed human intestinal epithelial CACO2 cells demonstrated that MCT, egg yolk plasma (the liquid, triglyceride fraction of eggs) and cow’s milk cream each increase expression of the UPR-associated PERK, BiP, CHOP, XBP1 and/or XBP1s genes after 6 hours, followed by increased expression of all 3 pro-Th2 cytokine genes after 24 hours. Each of these stimuli, but not but not protein-rich, lipid-poor egg white, also increase epithelial permeability. Further, the increases in pro-Th2 cytokine expression are blocked by each of 3 UPR inhibitors: metformin, 4PBA and TUCDA, and the egg yolk plasma-induced increase in epithelial permeability is blocked by the only UPR inhibitor tested (metformin). Additionally, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP each individually block the induction of egg white food allergy by a combination of egg white and MCTs, and a combination of these mAbs strongly suppress established egg white food allergy. These observations support our hypothesis and provide an explanation for the strong allergenicity of cow’s milk and chicken eggs.

Feasibility and Efficacy of Defatted Human Milk in the Treatment for Chylothorax After Cardiac Surgery in Infants.

Chylothorax is a well-described complication after cardiothoracic surgery in children. Medical nutritional therapy for chylothorax includes medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) formulas and reduction in enteral long-chain triglyceride intake to reduce chyle production. Human milk is usually eliminated from the diet of infants with chylothorax because of its high long-chain triglyceride content. However, given the immunologic properties of human milk, young infants with chylothorax may benefit from using human milk over human milk substitutes. We performed a retrospective cohort study to describe the feasibility and efficacy of defatted human milk (DHM) for the treatment for chylothorax in infants after cardiac surgery and to compare growth outcomes between infants treated with DHM (n=14) versus MCT formula (n=21). There were no differences in mortality or length of hospital stay between the DHM and MCT formula treatment groups. The DHM treatment group had a significantly higher weight-for-age z-score at hospital discharge compared to the MCT formula group with median z-scores of -1 (-2 to 0.5) and -1.5 (-2 to 0), respectively (p=0.02). In infants with chylothorax after cardiac surgery, DHM is a safe and feasible medical nutritional treatment and may have potential benefits for improved nutrition and growth.

Do Genetic Factors Modify the Relationship Between Obesity and Hypertriglyceridemia? Findings From the GLACIER and the MDC Studies.

Obesity is a major risk factor for dyslipidemia, but this relationship is highly variable. Recently published data from 2 Danish cohorts suggest that genetic factors may underlie some of this variability. We tested whether established triglyceride-associated loci modify the relationship of body mass index (BMI) and triglyceride concentrations in 2 Swedish cohorts (the Gene-Lifestyle Interactions and Complex Traits Involved in Elevated Disease Risk [GLACIER Study; N=4312] and the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study [N=5352]). The genetic loci were amalgamated into a weighted genetic risk score (WGRSTG) by summing the triglyceride-elevating alleles (weighted by their established marginal effects) for all loci. Both BMI and the WGRSTG were strongly associated with triglyceride concentrations in GLACIER, with each additional BMI unit (kg/m(2)) associated with 2.8% (P=8.4×10(-84)) higher triglyceride concentration and each additional WGRSTG unit with 2% (P=7.6×10(-48)) higher triglyceride concentration. Each unit of the WGRSTG was associated with 1.5% higher triglyceride concentrations in normal weight and 2.4% higher concentrations in overweight/obese participants (Pinteraction=0.056). Meta-analyses of results from the Swedish cohorts yielded a statistically significant WGRSTG×BMI interaction effect (Pinteraction=6.0×10(-4)), which was strengthened by including data from the Danish cohorts (Pinteraction=6.5×10(-7)). In the meta-analysis of the Swedish cohorts, nominal evidence of a 3-way interaction (WGRSTG×BMI×sex) was observed (Pinteraction=0.03), where the WGRSTG×BMI interaction was only statistically significant in females. Using protein-protein interaction network analyses, we identified molecular interactions and pathways elucidating the metabolic relationships between BMI and triglyceride-associated loci. Our findings provide evidence that body fatness accentuates the effects of genetic susceptibility variants in hypertriglyceridemia, effects that are most evident in females.

No correlation between statin exposure and incident diabetes mellitus in HIV‐1‐infected patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy

Recent clinical studies and one meta-analysis have shown a modest but significant increase in the incidence of diabetes mellitus associated with statin exposure, so this correlation was investigated in a cohort of HIV-positive subjects. A retrospective cohort study including adult HIV-1-infected patients followed at our Clinic of Infectious Diseases between 2007 and 2014 was performed. We assessed 3170 HIV-positive patients with a median follow-up of 5.2 years. The incidence of diabetes mellitus was 1.2 per 100 person-years and it was not significantly associated with the prescription of statins [hazard ratio (HR) 1.09 per year of statin exposure; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.7-1.49; P = 0.067], while it was associated with older age, chronic hepatitis C, antiretroviral-naïve vs. antiretroviral experienced condition, high body mass index, and high serum concentration of triglycerides. In our study, a higher risk of diabetes mellitus was not associated with statin treatment, but with some traditional risk factors.

Maternal lipids associated with large-for-gestational-age birth weight in women with type 1 diabetes: results from a prospective single-center study.

IntroductionDespite improvement in diabetes care over the years, the incidence of macrosomia in type 1 diabetic mothers is still very high and even shows an increasing tendency. It is suggested that other factors that maternal hyperglycemia might be associated with excessive fetal growth in diabetic mothers. The aim of this study was to determine whether maternal lipids might contribute to high rates of large-for-gestational-age (LGA) newborns in women with type 1 diabetes (T1DM).Material and methodsThis prospective, single-center study was performed in a population of women with T1DM admitted to the perinatal center for women with diabetes. Data were collected in the first trimester (< 12th week), in mid-pregnancy (20th–24th weeks), and before delivery (34th–39th weeks).ResultsAmong 114 women included in the analysis, 30 (26.3%) delivered LGA newborns. The remaining 84 (73.7%) newborns were appropriate for gestational age (AGA). Lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) HDL concentration in the first trimester was significantly associated with LGA (p = 0.01). Similar associations were observed for the HDL concentrations in mid-pregnancy (p = 0.04) and before delivery (p = 0.03). Higher triglyceride concentrations in the first trimester (p = 0.02) and before delivery (p = 0.008) were associated with LGA. Higher glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in mid-pregnancy and before delivery were associated with LGA. The associations between maternal lipids and LGA were independent of maternal body mass index at onset of the study, gestational weight gain and HbA1c concentrations.ConclusionsDecreased HDL and increased triglycerides during pregnancy might contribute to the development of LGA in women with type 1 diabetes.

Genome- and epigenome-wide association study of hypertriglyceridemic waist in Mexican American families.

BackgroundThere is growing interest in the hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTGW) phenotype, defined as high waist circumference (≥95 cm in males and ≥80 cm in females) combined with high serum triglyceride concentration (≥2.0 mmol/L in males and ≥1.5 mmol/L in females) as a marker of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease. However, the prevalence of this phenotype in high-risk populations, its association with T2D, and the genetic or epigenetic influences on HTGW are not well explored. Using data from large, extended families of Mexican Americans (a high-risk minority population in the USA) we aimed to: (1) estimate the prevalence of this phenotype, (2) test its association with T2D and related traits, and (3) dissect out the genetic and epigenetic associations with this phenotype using genome-wide and epigenome-wide studies, respectively.ResultsData for this study was from 850 Mexican American participants (representing 39 families) recruited under the ongoing San Antonio Family Heart Study, 26 % of these individuals had HTGW. This phenotype was significantly heritable (h2r = 0.52, p = 1.1 × 10−5) and independently associated with T2D as well as fasting glucose levels and insulin resistance. We conducted genome-wide association analyses using 759,809 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and epigenome-wide association analyses using 457,331 CpG sites. There was no evidence of any SNP associated with HTGW at the genome-wide level but two CpG sites (cg00574958 and cg17058475) in CPT1A and one CpG site (cg06500161) in ABCG1 were significantly associated with HTGW and remained significant after adjusting for the closely related components of metabolic syndrome. CPT1A holds a cardinal position in the metabolism of long-chain fatty acids while ABCG1 plays a role in triglyceride metabolism.ConclusionsOur results reemphasize the value of HTGW as a marker of T2D. This phenotype shows association with DNA methylation within CPT1A and ABCG1, genes involved in fatty acid and triglyceride metabolism. Our results underscore the importance of epigenetics in a clinically informative phenotype.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-016-0173-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Investigation into the physical stability of a eugenol nanoemulsion in the presence of a high content of triglyceride

Schematic stability mechanism of a eugenol emulsion in the presence of a high triglyceride content.

Neuron-Glia Crosstalk in the Autonomic Nervous System and Its Possible Role in the Progression of Metabolic Syndrome: A New Hypothesis.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is characterized by the following physiological alterations: increase in abdominal fat, insulin resistance, high concentration of triglycerides, low levels of HDL, high blood pressure, and a generalized inflammatory state. One of the pathophysiological hallmarks of this syndrome is the presence of neurohumoral activation, which involve autonomic imbalance associated to hyperactivation of the sympathetic nervous system. Indeed, enhanced sympathetic drive has been linked to the development of endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, stroke, myocardial infarct, and obstructive sleep apnea. Glial cells, the most abundant cells in the central nervous system, control synaptic transmission, and regulate neuronal function by releasing bioactive molecules called gliotransmitters. Recently, a new family of plasma membrane channels called hemichannels has been described to allow the release of gliotransmitters and modulate neuronal firing rate. Moreover, a growing amount of evidence indicates that uncontrolled hemichannel opening could impair glial cell functions, affecting synaptic transmission and neuronal survival. Given that glial cell functions are disturbed in various metabolic diseases, we hypothesize that progression of MS may relies on hemichannel-dependent impairment of glial-to-neuron communication by a mechanism related to dysfunction of inflammatory response and mitochondrial metabolism of glial cells. In this manuscript, we discuss how glial cells may contribute to the enhanced sympathetic drive observed in MS, and shed light about the possible role of hemichannels in this process.

Pengaruh Kandungan Komponen Minor dari Minyak Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan pada Proses Pemurnian Karotenoid

Crude palm oil (CPO) contains some minor component which has antioxidant activity such as carotenoid and vitamin E. However, heat and chemical exposure in extraction processing can decrease the antioxidant activity of that compound. This research was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the palm oil extract from each stages process. CPO wereextracted with non polar solvent (hexane), then processed through transesterification, solvolytic miscellization and saponification. Concentration of carotene extract was determined using UV-Visible spectrophotometry at λ 446 nm, the composition of α- and β-carotene and total vitamin E using high performance liquid chromatograpy, ester and triglyceride contents by gas chromatography. Carotene antioxidant activity of extracts were tested using 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl (DPPH) with incubation time 30 min and 60 min. Carotene concentrations increased according to the stage of the extraction process, where the concentration of extract control reached 514 mcg/ml, rised to 599 mcg/ml in extract I, increased to 7,346 mcg/ml in extract II and rised extremely into 229,968 mcg/ml in extract III. All of extracts has content of β-carotene (64.60-68.56%) was higher than α-carotene (31.44-35.40%). The antioxidant activity (IC 50 ) of carotene extracts in extract Iwith incubation time at t-60 was 5.610 mcg/ml, more powerful than control extract, extract II and extract III. However, all of carotene extracts showed very high antioxidant activity which is lower than 50 mcg/ml.