Higher Total Protein Research Articles

Total Protein Value Of Stray Cats And Domestic Pet Cats In Surabaya City

The purpose of this research was to identify the protein value of stray cats and domestic pet cats in Surabaya. In this study blood samples were collected from 28 stray cats and 28 domestic pet cats. Total protein value was determined by Pacar Laboratory Surabaya. The result showed that 11 samples of stray cats (39%) had abnormal protein value, where 7 samples had low protein level (4,5-4,7g/dL) and 4 samples had high protein level (9,1-10,1 g/dL). Total protein value from domestic pet cats showed that 7 samples (25%) were abnormal in which 4 samples had low protein level (5,3-5,8 g/dL) and 3 samples had high protein level (8,9-9,4 g/dL). The data was analysed using independent sample t-test with SPSS, and showed that the data was not significantly different between stray cats and domestic pet cats. It can be concluded that both stray cats and domestic pet cats had risk of low and high total protein value as indicators of any disease.

Formulation and Physical Stability of High Total Solids Lentil Protein-Stabilised Emulsions for Use in Plant Protein-Based Young Child Formulae.

The demand for high-quality plant protein products is increasing and the aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of increasing the total solids content on the formation and stability of lentil protein stabilised oil-in-water emulsions. A series of emulsions were formulated using different proportions of total solids: 23, 26, 29, 32, and 35% (w/v). The emulsions were formulated using three ingredients-lentil protein, sunflower oil, and maltodextrin-which made up 15.85, 27.43, and 56.72% (w/w) of the total solids, respectively. The changes in apparent viscosity, particle size distribution, and colour during thermal processing were evaluated, with the physical stability investigated using an analytical centrifuge. The apparent viscosity of the solutions increased with total solids content (25.6 to 130 mPa.s-1), as did redness colour intensity (a* value increased from 5.82 ± 0.12 to 7.70 ± 0.09). Thermal processing resulted in greater destabilisation for higher total solids samples, as evidenced by greater changes in particle size, along with decreased redness colour. These results bring a better understanding of high total solids plant protein emulsions and factors affecting their stability, which could be used for the development of cost-effective and sustainable processing solutions in the production of plant protein young child formulae.

Effect of Different Levels of Chlorogenic Acid on Growth Performance, Immunological Responses, Antioxidant Defense, and Disease Resistance of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Juveniles.

The current study is designed to assay the efficacy of chlorogenic acid (ChA) in the diet on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, serum immunological, biochemical, and antioxidant variables, and mucosal immune response as well as disease resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles. Rainbow trout juveniles received diets supplemented with different inclusion levels of ChA (0 (ctrl), 200 (CA1), 400 (CA2), 600 (CA3), and 800 (CA4) mg kg-1 diet) for 60 days. According to the findings, fish from CA3 and CA4 groups demonstrated the best results considering the final weight (FW) and weight gain (WG) (P < 0.05). Also, the group that received 600 mg kg-1 ChA-supplemented diet showed the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) and the highest specific growth rate (SGR) compared to other groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, the minimum survival rate (SR) was only detected in the CA4 treatment (P < 0.05). Regression analysis exhibited that rainbow trout growth indices were polynomially linked to dietary chlorogenic acid concentrations. In this regard, the optimal levels of chlorogenic acid according to growth parameters (FCR and SGR) were 0.71 and 0.62 gr kg-1 diet, respectively. The results exhibited superior performance of protease and amylase activities in CA2, CA3, and CA4 groups with the maximum amount in the group receiving 600 mg kg-1 ChA-enriched diet (P < 0.05). Serum lysozyme (LYZ), immunoglobulin (Ig), and components 3 and 4 (C3 and C4) values of CA2, CA3, and CA4 groups were significantly higher than others with the highest amount in the CA3 group (P <0.05). Additionally, serum nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) value in the CA3 and CA4 groups and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the CA3 group were notably more than others (P < 0.05). Moreover, the lowest aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the highest total protein (TP) and globulin (GLO) values were observed in CA3 treatment (P < 0.05). CA2 and CA3 groups demonstrated increased serum catalase (CAT) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) values compared to the control while the highest CAT and lowest MDA values were observed in CA3 treatment (P < 0.05). Considering mucus immunity, the significantly maximum LYZ and protease values were demonstrated in CA2 and CA3 groups, and the highest ALP, Ig, and esterase values were demonstrated in the CA3 group. In comparison with the control, the mortality rates of the groups that received the ChA diets were remarkably (P < 0.05) lower postchallenge with Y. ruckeri, and the highest survival and relative percentage of survival (RPS) (P < 0.05) belonged to the CA3 group. Results obtained from the current study suggested ChA as a functional dietary additive to raise growth parameters, immune indices, antioxidant capacity, and resistance to disease in rainbow trout.

Potential protective effects of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil on growth, hematology, immune responses, and antioxidant status of Oncorhynchus mykiss exposed to malathion

Abstract As an abundant source of antioxidants and diet flavor enhancers, the plant essential oils can have positive effects on fish growth, and resistance against environmental stressors. In this study, garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil (TEO) was used in the diet of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, to evaluate its protective effect against malathion pesticide exposure. Tested fish (19.99±0.01 g) were divided into six groups (three replicates), namely: T1: control diet; T2: control diet + 0.025 mg L−1 malathion; T3: control diet + 0.075 mg L−1 malathion; T4: control diet + 1% TEO; T5: control diet + 0.025 mg L−1 malathion + 1% TEO and T6: control diet + 0.075 mg L−1 malathion + 1% TEO. After 21 days, T4 fish had the highest final body weight (FW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) among experimental treatments (P&lt;0.05). The blood parameters including the red blood cells (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC), hematocrit (Hct), and hemoglobin (Hb) values were the highest in T4 treatment, displaying a significant difference with T1 treatment (P&lt;0.05). Fish in the T4 groups had the highest total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB), while fish of T3 showed the lowest levels of these parameters (P&lt;0.05) and also had the highest level of triglycerides (TRG), cholesterol (CHOL), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and urea (Ur). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes recorded the lowest levels in T4 treatment, which showed a significant difference with T1 group. The catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) showed the highest activities in T4 treatment, while the lowest SOD and the highest malondialdehyde (MDA) levels occurred in T3 group (P&lt;0.05). Total immunoglobulin (total Ig) level, alternative complement (ACH50) and lysozyme in the serum and skin mucus of T4 treatment of rainbow trout showed the highest activities with a significant difference from groups (P&lt;0.05). From the results of the present study, it can be concluded that 1% of T. vulgaris as a supplement to the diet of rainbow trout can stimulate and improve the immune system of the fish. TEO can have a protective effect against unfavorable effects of malathion and improves the growth of the fish.

Performance of dairy cows offered high or low digestibility grass silages at a high or low total diet crude protein content

Performance of dairy cows offered high or low digestibility grass silages at a high or low total diet crude protein content

Study of the growth and biochemical composition of 20 species of cyanobacteria cultured in cylindrical photobioreactors

BackgroundCyanobacteria are prokaryotic organisms with wide morphological and metabolic diversity. By means of photosynthesis, they convert inorganic compounds into biomolecules, which may have commercial interest. In this work, we evaluated 20 cyanobacterial strains regarding their physiological aspects such as growth, photosynthesis and biochemical composition, some of which are revealed here for the first time. The organisms were cultivated in cylindrical photobioreactors (CPBR) for 144 h and the biomass was obtained. The light inside cultures was constant throughout experimental time and maintained at the saturation irradiance (Ik) of each species. Culture pH was maintained within 7.8 and 8.4 by automatic CO2 bubbling. Growth rate, dry biomass, chlorophyll a, carotenoids, phycocyanin, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) and antioxidant activity were determined.ResultsThe proportionality of the biochemical composition varied among species, as well as the growth rates. Leptolyngbya sp. and Nostoc sp. (CCIBt3249) showed growth rates in the range of 0.7–0.8 d−1, followed by Rhabdorderma sp. (~ 0.6 d−1), and Phormidium sp. (~ 0.5 d−1). High carotenoid content was obtained in Rhabdoderma sp. (4.0 μg mL−1) and phycocyanin in Leptolyngbya sp. (60 μg mL−1). Higher total proteins were found in the genus Geitlerinema (75% DW), carbohydrates in Microcystis navacekii (30% DW) and lipids in Phormidium sp. (15% DW). Furthermore, Aphanocapsa holsatica showed the highest antioxidant activity (65%) and Sphaerocavum brasiliense, Microcystis aeruginosa, Nostoc sp. (CCIBt3249) and A. holsatica higher levels of PHA (~ 2% DW).ConclusionsThis study reports on the biochemical composition of cyanobacteria that can impact the biotechnology of their production, highlighting potential strains with high productivity of specific biomolecules.

Sequential ultrasound assisted deep eutectic solvent-based protein extraction from Sacha inchi meal biomass: towards circular bioeconomy.

The need for high-quality dietary proteins has risen over the years with improvements in the quality of life. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been regarded as potential green alternatives to conventional organic solvents for protein extraction from press cake biomass, meeting the needs of sustainable development goals. Sacha inchi seed meal (SIM) is generated as a by-product of the seed oil extraction industries containing high protein content. The current study presents a novel ultrasound assisted DES method for the extraction of SIM protein in a sequential manner. Four different DESs were screened, out of which choline chloride (ChCl)/glycerol (1:2) gave promising results in protein recovery and was further selected. The sequential ultrasound-ChCl/glycerol could effectively extract high total crude protein content (77.43%) from SIM biomass compared to alone ultrasound (29.21%) or ChCl/glycerol (58.32%) treatment strategies. The SIM protein extracted from ultrasound-ChCl/glycerol exhibited high solubility (94.39%) at alkaline pH and highest in vitro digestibility (71.16%) by digestive enzymes (pepsin and trypsin). The protein characterization by SDS-PAGE and FTIR elucidated the structural properties and presence of different functional groups of SIM protein. Overall, the sequential ultrasound-ChCl/glycerol revealed its significant potential for one-step biorefining of the waste Sacha inchi meal biomass for circular bioeconomy.

Effects of dietary costmary (Tanacetum balsamita) essential oil on growth performance, digestive enzymes' activity, immune responses and subjected to ambient ammonia of common carp Cyprinus carpio

The present study aimed at investigating the effects of dietary costmary, Tanacetum balsamita, essential oil (CEO) on growth performance, digestive enzymes' activity, and physiological responses to ammonia exposure in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Common carp (∼17 g) were randomly distributed in 15 tanks as five treatments receiving diets containing 0 (CTL), 100 (100E), 200 (200E), 300 (300E), and 400 (400E) mg/kg CEO for eight weeks and then exposed to 0.5 mg/l unionized ammonia nitrogen for 3 h. The results showed that dietary CEO significantly increased growth performance and feed efficiency and the best values were observed in 100E and 200E treatments. Intestinal amylase, lipase, and protease activities significantly increased in 100E, 200E, and 300E treatments, compared to CTL, and the highest amylase activity was related to 100E, and highest lipase and protease was related 100E and 200E treatments. Dietary CEO significantly decreased serum cortisol, glucose, catalase, malondialdehyde, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, triglyceride, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein, but increased serum superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, lysozyme, complement, total immunoglobulin, high density lipoprotein, total protein, and albumin before and/or after ammonia stress, depending on CEO concentrations. Based on the present results, dietary CEO supplementation can improve digestive enzymes and growth performance of common carp. Moreover, CEO exhibits anti-stress, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and immunostimulant effects in common carp under ammonia toxicity. Based on the results, 100–200 mg/kg CEO is recommended for common carp feed supplementation.

Analysis of the Nutritional Value of Diets and Food Choices in Polish Female Ulcerative Colitis Individuals Compared with a Pair-Matched Control Sample.

Ulcerative colitis patients often attribute their symptoms to specific dietary products. Therefore, even though there are no specific dietary recommendations, these patients commonly have dietary restrictions, often with no consultation from their physician or dietitian, as they believe that they may be beneficial for them. The aim of the study was to analyze the nutritional value of diets and food choices in Polish female ulcerative colitis individuals, in comparison with a pair-matched control sample. The study was conducted on a group of 44 Polish female ulcerative colitis individuals being in remission and 44 individuals within a pair-matched control sample, matched by their age and concurrent diseases, excluding those resulting from ulcerative colitis. The analysis of the diet was based on the self-reported data, including 3-day dietary records (to assess the intake of nutrients and food products), as well as the simple open-ended question about food products excluded from their diet. It was stated that Polish female ulcerative colitis individuals were characterized by a lower energy value of diet (p = 0.0043), accompanied by the higher proportion of total protein (p = 0.0128) than the pair-matched control sample. As a result of a lower energy value for ulcerative colitis individuals, the intake of numerous nutrients was also lower (p < 0.05); however, after recalculation per 1000 kcal, ulcerative colitis individuals were characterized by higher total protein (p = 0.0121), starch (p = 0.0009), and vitamin B6 intake (p = 0.0319), as well as lower alcohol intake (p = 0.0464). Similarly, as a result of a lower energy value for ulcerative colitis individuals, the intake of numerous foods was also lower (p < 0.05); however, after recalculation per 1000 kcal, ulcerative colitis individuals were characterized by higher meat (p = 0.0058) and potatoes intake (p = 0.0052), as well as lower legumes (p = 0.0301), chocolate sweets (p = 0.0165), and alcoholic beverages intake (p = 0.0062). For chocolate sweets (p = 0.0134) and alcoholic beverages (p = 0.0091), ulcerative colitis individuals were characterized by a higher frequency of declaration of dietary exclusion. At the same time, ulcerative colitis individuals were characterized by a lower frequency of meeting the recommended intake for magnesium (p = 0.0005), iron (p = 0.0189), vitamin E (p = 0.0389), and vitamin B1 (p = 0.0032). It was concluded that even in remission, there is a risk of inadequate consumption, not meeting the recommended intake, and nutritional deficiencies in the population of female ulcerative colitis patients.

Time of Day Influences Concentrations of Total Protein and Albumin in Cerebrospinal Fluid in HIV.

The accumulation of soluble proteins and metabolites during wakefulness and their clearance during sleep via the glymphatic system occurs in healthy adults and is disturbed in some neurological conditions. Such diurnal variations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins produced outside the central nervous system and entering via the blood-brain barrier (BBB) have not been evaluated in people with HIV (PWH). CSF and blood were collected in 165 PWH at six US centers between 2003 and 2007. The time of collection was compared to CSF albumin, globulin, and total protein concentrations using bivariate and multivariate regression. Participants all took antiretroviral therapy (ART) and were mostly middle-aged (median age 44.0 years) men (78.8%), with AIDS (77.0%), plasma HIV RNA ≤ 200 copies/mL (75.8%), and immune recovery (median CD4+ T-cell count 414/µL). CSF was collected at median 1:10 p.m. (range 9:00 a.m. to 5:20 p.m.) and within a median of 15 min of blood collection. A later time of CSF collection was associated with higher total protein (p = 0.0077) and albumin (p = 0.057) in CSF but not in serum, and was additionally associated with higher CSF globulin (p = 0.013). The glymphatic clearance of albumin, globulin, and total protein is preserved in PWH. The analyses of soluble biomarkers in CSF should account for the time of collection.

Effects of UV Stress in Promoting Antioxidant Activities in Fungal Species Тrametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd and Flammulina velutipes (Curtis) Singer

Trametes versicolor and Flammulina velutipes, after submerged cultivation, with intermittent exposure to ultraviolet light (UV), were studied for Total Phenolic content (TP) and Total Proteins (TPR) contents and antioxidant properties against free radicals. The TP and TPR were determined by a spectrophotometric method and Lowry's assay, respectively. Liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to quantify polyphenols. Different in vitro assays determined the antioxidant activities of the extracts. Mycelia extract from F. velutipes after 14 days and filtrate from T. versicolor after 21 days of incubation gave the highest TP 59.60 ± 0.14 and 50.03 ± 0.66 mg GAE/g d.w., respectively. Mycelia extract from T. versicolor after 28 days of incubation had the highest TPR (183.53 ± 2.84 mg BSAE/g d.w.). The LC-MS/MS analysis indicated that p-hydroxybenzoic and protocatechuic acids are the most abundant. Trametes versicolor filtrate after 14 days and F. velutipes filtrate after 21 days (71.29 ± 0.54% and 73.5 ± 1.81, respectively) had the highest scavenging activity in SOA. Correlation analysis indicated that all extracts' antioxidant (AO) potential strongly correlated with TP (R2 = 0.83-1.0). The data confirmed that stress factors such as UV exposure could stimulate the production of secondary metabolites and natural AOs, especially phenolic acids in test fungi.

Phytochemical Compositions, Nutritional Contents, Cytotoxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Different Extracts from Spirogyra neglecta (Hassall) Kützing

Spirogyra neglecta (Hassall) Kützing is an edible freshwater macroalga. It is available and consumed as local food in Thailand, especially in the northern and northeastern parts. To ascertain its good benefit for health and safe for consumption, this study was, therefore carried out to determine the phytochemical compositions, nutritional contents, cytotoxicity, and anti-inflammatory activity of the different extracts from S. neglecta. The extracts were prepared by using different solvents, such as propylene glycol, methanol, and ethanol solutions. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 30, 39 and 36 phytochemical compounds in propylene glycol, methanol, and ethanol extracts, respectively. Phytol, which has been reported to have anti-inflammatory activity, was one of the predominant compositions in the extracts. The extracts contained high nutritional contents of protein, lipid, fiber, ash, moisture, and carbohydrate up to 21.68 ± 4.52, 3.53 ± 0.23, 14.77 ± 0.89, 10.73 ± 0.47, 9.79 ± 0.11 and 47.36 ± 3.89 %, respectively. The highest total protein was found in propylene glycol extract. The highest total lipid was in ethanol extract. Meanwhile, the highest fiber, ash and total carbohydrate were in methanol extract. In addition, all the extracts possess relatively low cytotoxicity, with IC50 values greater than 1,000 µg/mL. The extracts 1,000 µg/mL exhibited anti-inflammatory activity via inhibition Nitric oxide (NO) production by 29.87 ± 1.56 to 55.17 ± 1.91 %. The propylene glycol extracts from S. neglecta showed the highest inhibitory activity on NO production compared to others. The overall results indicating the propylene glycol is the solvent that produces the best extraction performance. The extracts from S. neglecta exhibit anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting NO production. The phytochemical compositions are partly responsible for anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts. The high nutritional contents complement relatively low toxic. Thus, S. neglecta can be used as benefit natural sources for food products, supplements, and medicinal plants. HIGHLIGHTS Using GC-MS analysis, there are 30, 39 and 36 phytochemical compounds in propylene glycol, methanol and ethanol extracts from Spirogyra neglecta, respectively The extracts from neglecta possess high nutritional contents of protein, lipid, fiber, ash, moisture, and carbohydrate The extracts from neglecta show relatively low toxic to the RAW 246.7 cells with LC50 &gt;1,000 µg/mL, by MTT assay The extracts from neglecta exhibit anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of NO production. The propylene glycol extract displays the highest activity compared to others The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts is partially from Phytol GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

In Vitro Digestibility, Biological Activity, and Physicochemical Characterization of Proteins Extracted from Conventionally and Organically Cultivated Hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.).

The proteins from two conventionally (CC1 and CC2) and one organically cultivated (OC) hempseed samples were extracted (by alkaline solubilization followed by isoelectric precipitation) and compared in terms of their physicochemical, digestibility and in vitro bioactivity properties. The OC hempseed had higher total protein and lower nonprotein nitrogen content. Protein extracts showed bimodal particle size distributions, with OC showing the smallest and CC1 the largest mean particle diameter (d(0.5)), i.e., 89.0 and 120.0 µm, respectively. Chromatographic analysis showed similar protein profiles for all three protein extracts. The protein extracts were subjected to in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGID). Degree of hydrolysis (DH) measurement showed that the highest extent of digestion upon SGID was associated with CC1 (11.0 ± 1.5%), which also had the lowest in vitro antioxidant activity. Only the OC and OC digested samples had lipase inhibitory activity. The results indicate that the cultivation method impacted the composition, physicochemical, digestibility, and biofunctional properties of hempseed proteins.

Association of globulin concentrations with prognosis in horses with lymphoma.

Lymphoma is the most common hemopoietic neoplasia in horses. Common clinicopathologic abnormalities in equine lymphoma include hyperglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperfibrinogenemia, anemia, thrombocytopenia and lymphocytosis. Hypoglobulinemia has been reported in other species with lymphoma, however it has not been well-described in horses. The objectives of this study were to examine the prevalence of hypoglobulinemia in equine lymphoma, and to identify prognosis and clinicopathological abnormalities associated with serum globulin concentrations. Ninety-six horses with lymphoma were investigated in this retrospective study. Patients were allocated into groups based on serum globulin concentration. Survival analysis was performed to determine risk factors associated with globulin concentration and outcome. Nineteen horses were hypoglobulinemic (≤2.1 g/dL), 63/98 were normoglobulinemic (2.2-4.3 g/dL), and 16/98 were hyperglobulinemic (≥4.4 g/dL). Hyperglobulinemia was associated with a higher anion gap (P = 0.0005), lower bicarbonate (P = 0.006), sodium (P = 0.03) and chloride concentrations (P = 0.002), and higher total protein than hypoglobulinemic horses (P < 0.0001). For location, 37% of horses with mucocutaneous lymphoma were hypoglobulinemic, compared to none in the hyperglobulinemic group (P = 0.02). Survival times were significantly different between low, normal and high globulin groups (P = 0.0002, median [range] survival times: 333 [1-3792], 43 [1-4,001] and 4 [1-129] days, respectively). Significant risk factors for shortened time to death were hyperglobulinemia (HR 2.4, P = 0.02), T cell lymphoma (HR 3.5, P < 0.0001), and multicentric (HR 3.1, P = 0.0008) and mediastinal (HR 6.4, P = 0.006) forms of lymphoma. Lack of chemotherapy was associated with shortened survival time (HR 4.5, P < 0.0001). B cell lymphomas (P < 0.0001) and mucocutaneous lymphoma location (P < 0.0001) were associated with longer survival times. Serum globulin concentrations are associated with location of lymphoma, clinicopathologic abnormalities, and survival times in equine lymphoma.

Study of the Effect of the Smoking on Blood Proteins in Diyala Province

After the widespread phenomenon of smoking in all societies, cultures and age groups, smoking hookah, a social phenomenon common among different members of society, has recently spread. The purpose of this study was to find out how smoking affects blood proteins. Place of collection of Diyala University sample the level of full blood protein was determined by the serums of 20 smokers and all age groups and compared to the serum of 20-25 from male non-smokers and according to the results of the tests conducted showed a clear rise and "means" in the level of blood protein in people who smoke at a rate (1.500+ 6.180) compared to non-smokers who had a protein level (1.00+4.160) at (0.01) >P level of albumin as measured and recorded. Smokers had (1,400+ 3.50) fewer album levels than non-smokers compared to (3,400 + 0.600) for non-smokers, which may be due to the role of albumin as an extracellular antioxidant. The results also revealed that smokers have a higher level of Globulins (1.408+3.53) than non-smokers (1.345 = 1.700), indicating that the high total protein in smokers is due to the high rate of Globulins , which shows that smoking has a negative effect on blood proteins, causing imbalances in body function and eventually leading to chronic diseases and death if smoking continues for a long time.

Comparison between laparoscopic pylorus-preserving gastrectomy and laparoscopic distal gastrectomy for overweight patients with early gastric cancer.

Laparoscopic pylorus-preserving gastrectomy (LPPG) has a nutritional advantage over laparoscopic distal gastrectomy (LDG), however, may be less beneficial in overweight patients in terms of weight loss. The purpose of this study was to compare LPPG and LDG in overweight patients with early gastric cancer. Clinicopathologic data of overweight patients (body mass index [BMI], ≥25 kg/m2) who underwent LPPG (n = 63) or LDG (n = 183) in 2016-2018 were retrospectively reviewed. In the LDG group, patients with Billroth-II anastomosis were separately grouped (LDG B-II, n = 66). Changes in BMI, hemoglobin, albumin, and total protein were compared among groups. Changes in BMI were not significant different among groups. The LPPG group had significantly higher albumin than the LDG group at postoperative 6 months and 1 year. The LPPG group had higher total protein than the LDG group at postoperative 2 years. The LPPG group had a higher complication rate of Clavien-Dindo classification III or higher (20.6%) than the LDG group (8.2%, P = 0.007). However, after excluding pyloric stenosis, there was no significant difference among groups (LPPG vs. LDG, P = 0.290; LPPG vs. LDG B-II, P = 0.921). LPPG and LDG groups showed similar weight loss. However, the LPPG group had higher albumin and protein levels than the LDG group of overweight patients. Thus, it is not necessary to select LDG only for weight loss. LPPG may be selected as one option due to its potential nutritional benefit when pyloric stenosis is properly managed.

Nutrition management by a multidisciplinary team for prevention of nutritional deficits and morbidity following esophagectomy

This study evaluated the effects of perioperative nutrition management by a multidisciplinary team on nutrition and postoperative complications of patients with esophageal cancer. A total of 239 patients with esophageal cancer who underwent esophagectomy and gastric conduit reconstruction for esophageal or esophagogastric junction cancer between February 2019 and February 2020 were included in the study. They were divided into the experimental group (120 patients) and the control group (119 patients) using the random number table method. Control group patients received routine diet management and experimental group patients received perioperative nutrition management by a multidisciplinary team. The differences of nutriture and postoperative complications between the two groups were compared. At 3 and 7 days after surgery, the experimental group patients had higher total protein and albumin levels (P<0.05), shorter postoperative anal exhaust time (P<0.05), lower incidence of postoperative gastrointestinal adverse reactions, pneumonia, anastomotic fistula, hypoproteinemia (P<0.05), and lower hospitalization costs (P<0.05) than the control group. Nutrition management by a multidisciplinary team effectively improved the nutriture of patients, promoted the rapid recovery of postoperative gastrointestinal function, reduced postoperative complications, and reduced hospitalization costs.

Proximate Analysis, Mineral Contents, and Antioxidant Activities of Wild Edible Mushrooms from India

Eight common wild edible mushrooms from Champhai District located in the eastern part of Mizoram State, India, were selected for their proximate composition, mineral contents, and antioxidant activities using standard protocols. The nutritional values were evaluated on a dry weight basis, and the mushrooms showed high total protein (19.53 &amp;#177; 0.20 - 64.01 &amp;#177; 0.10 g/100 g) and total carbohydrate (6.17 &amp;#177; 0.22 - 53.53 &amp;#177; 0.15 g/100 g) contents, but low fat contents (2.24 &amp;#177; 0.14 - 5.83 &amp;#177; 0.15 g/100 g). The most abundant mineral in all the wild edible mushrooms was potassium, which ranges from 2411.59 &amp;#177; 3.70 - 1033.29 &amp;#177; 9.57 mg/100 g. In the principal component analysis between multivariate data information (nutrients and minerals), 95.8&amp;#37; of the variance was retained by the first four principal components. The first and second principal components were related to most of the nutrient and mineral contents. The methanolic extracts on selected mushrooms revealed that they all have good antioxidant capacity with DPPH (IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; &amp;#61; 31 &amp;#177; 0.29 - 144 &amp;#177; 0.25 &amp;#181;g/ml) and ABTS (IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; &amp;#61; 42.2 &amp;#177; 0.36 - 86.55 &amp;#177; 0.30 &amp;#181;g/ml). Strong DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity were observed in mushroom extracts containing more phenols than flavonoid, which suggested that phenolic compounds might be the main antioxidant components present in mushroom extracts, which contributed to their high antioxidant activity. The current study revealed that wild edible mushrooms could be a good source of nutritional and antioxidant components. The results of this study can therefore be used to promote local consumption of mushrooms as functional foods and for commercial purposes while also promoting their habitat preservation. It is worth noting that this was the first study on the proximate composition, mineral content, and antioxidant properties of Mizoram's wild edible mushrooms.

A Multi-Year, Multi-Cultivar Approach to Differential Expression Analysis of High- and Low-Protein Soybean (Glycine max)

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is among the most valuable crops based on its nutritious seed protein and oil. Protein quality, evaluated as the ratio of glycinin (11S) to β-conglycinin (7S), can play a role in food and feed quality. To help uncover the underlying differences between high and low protein soybean varieties, we performed differential expression analysis on high and low total protein soybean varieties and high and low 11S soybean varieties grown in four locations across Eastern and Western Canada over three years (2018-2020). Simultaneously, ten individual differential expression datasets for high vs. low total protein soybeans and ten individual differential expression datasets for high vs. low 11S soybeans were assessed, for a total of 20 datasets. The top 15 most upregulated and the 15 most downregulated genes were extracted from each differential expression dataset and cross-examination was conducted to create shortlists of the most consistently differentially expressed genes. Shortlisted genes were assessed for gene ontology to gain a global appreciation of the commonly differentially expressed genes. Genes with roles in the lipid metabolic pathway and carbohydrate metabolic pathway were differentially expressed in high total protein and high 11S soybeans in comparison to their low total protein and low 11S counterparts. Expression differences were consistent between East and West locations with the exception of one, Glyma.03G054100. These data are important for uncovering the genes and biological pathways responsible for the difference in seed protein between high and low total protein or 11S cultivars.

Impact of ileal indigestible protein on fecal nitrogen excretion and fecal microbiota may be greater compared with total protein concentration of diets in growing pigs.

In the current study, we hypothesized that an increase in dietary ileal indigestible protein concentration induces an increase in hindgut nitrogen utilization and nitrogen excretion and a shift in fecal microbiota in growing pigs, when compared to pigs given a high total protein diet. Three diets were prepared: 1) standard protein diet based on corn and soybean meal, 2) high-indigestible protein diet in which autoclaved, low-digestible soybean meal replaced soybean meal in the first diet, and 3) high protein diet where the inclusion rate of soybean meal was greater than that of the other diets. The 3 diets were fed to 18 barrows that were fitted with T-cannula at the ileo-cecal junction (initial body weight = 63.4 ± 8.0 kg) in a randomized complete block design with body weight as a blocking factor. Pigs were individually housed in pens and the experiment lasted for 23 d. On days 7 and 21, fecal samples were collected by rectal massage for microbiota analysis. Grab samples of feces were collected on days 20 and 21, and ileal digesta were collected on days 22 and 23 for the determination of energy and nitrogen utilization. Lower apparent ileal digestibility of nitrogen in the high-indigestible protein diet containing autoclaved soybean meal resulted in greater ileal indigestible nitrogen concentration (P < 0.05). Apparent total tract digestibility of nitrogen was lower (P < 0.05), and correspondingly nitrogen concentration and daily fecal nitrogen output were greater (P < 0.05) in the high-indigestible protein diet compared with the other diets. Apparent post-ileal digestibility and hindgut disappearance of nitrogen and gross energy were the greatest (P < 0.05) in the high protein diet, whereas a statistical difference was not observed in those variables between the standard protein diet and the high-indigestible protein diet. Beta diversity metrics of feces in the high-indigestible protein diet on day 21 were different (q < 0.05) from those in the other two diets, which indicates a shift in microbial communities. According to the results of the DESeq2, the direction of microbiota shift induced by the high-indigestible protein diet may have reduced fiber utilization in the hindgut. In conclusion, an increase in dietary ileal indigestible protein concentration increased fecal nitrogen excretion and shifted fecal microbial communities but did not increase nitrogen utilization in the hindgut.