High Stability Research Articles

Dimensional engineering of interlayer for efficient large-area perovskite solar cells with high stability under ISOS-L-3 aging test

The utilization of low-dimensional perovskites (LDPs) as interlayers on three-dimensional (3D) perovskites has been regarded as an efficient strategy to enhance the performance of perovskite solar cells. Yet, the formation mechanism of LDPs and their impacts on the device performance remain elusive. Herein, we use dimensional engineering to facilitate the controllable growth of 1D and 2D structures on 3D perovskites. The differences of isomeric ligands in electrostatic potential distribution and steric effects for intermolecular forces contribute to different LDPs. The 1D structure facilitates charge transfer with favored channel orientation and energy level alignment. This approach enables perovskite solar modules (PSMs) using 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis[ N , N -di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifluorene to achieve an efficiency of 20.20% over 10 by 10 square centimeters (cm 2 ) and 22.05% over 6 by 6 cm 2 . In particular, a PSM (6 by 6 cm 2 ) using poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] maintains an initial efficiency of ~95% after 1000 hours under the rigorous ISOS-L-3 accelerated aging tests, marking a record for the highest stability of n-i-p structure modules.

High-yield factors in the new soybean cultivar ‘Soramizuki’ derived from a US parent cultivar

ABSTRACT A new soybean cultivar, ‘Soramizuki,’ was developed by crossing ‘Fukuyutaka A1 gou’ with ‘UA4805’ to integrate the high-yield characteristics of a US cultivar into a Japanese cultivar. While the high yield and yield stability of ‘Soramizuki’ have been confirmed, the specific high-yielding factors were previously unknown. This study compared the yield and yield components of ‘Soramizuki,’ ‘UA4805,’ and ‘Sachiyutaka A1 gou’ in experimental fields during 2021 and 2023. In these two-year experiments, ‘Soramizuki’ demonstrated a significantly higher yield than ‘Sachiyutaka A1 gou.’ Despite a significant yield decrease in ‘UA4805’ in 2023 due to stink bug damage, it showed the highest yield among the three cultivars in 2021. Both ‘Soramizuki’ and ‘UA4805’ exhibited more total nodes, pods per node, and seeds per pod compared to ‘Sachiyutaka A1 gou.’ These differences were attributed to a higher node increase rate, a larger number of blooms per node, and a higher ratio of pods with three seed cavities. Additionally, ‘Soramizuki’ and ‘UA4805’ had greater dry matter weight per plant than ‘Sachiyutaka A1 gou,’ though there were no variations in the harvest index. The light interception ratio per leaf area in the upper canopy was lower in both ‘Soramizuki’ and ‘UA4805.’ These results suggest that the high-yielding traits of ‘Soramizuki’ are derived from the US cultivar ‘UA4805.’

Multi-Color Channel Gamma Correction in Fringe Projection Profilometry

Three-dimensional shape measurement plays an important role in various fields. As a way of three-dimensional measurement, fringe projection profilometry (FPP) is widely used because of its non-contact, simple structure, and high stability. One of the key challenges affecting measurement accuracy is the gamma effect. With the development of FPP technology, multi-color channels are gradually applied to the measurement, and the response of different colors in the projector-camera system (pro-cam system) is not exactly the same. Therefore, more accurate gamma correction for different color channels is required. To solve this problem, a model of joint gamma correction for different color channels is proposed. In this model, the light is subdivided into three channels: red; green; and blue (RGB). In the pro-cam system, the different responses of different colors and the influence of background light intensity on gamma correction are comprehensively considered, and some error compensation is made for color crosstalk. Compared with the traditional gamma correction methods, the gamma correction method proposed in this paper is more accurate and has a larger effective working range after correction. This method is particularly beneficial in scenarios where multiple color channels are used for measurement, as it more accurately reflects the true measurement results for each channel. The effectiveness and accuracy of the method are validated through experiments.

Возрастные особенности динамики альфа-ритма: краткий обзор

<p>In this mini-review, the age-related features of alpha rhythm dynamics, its generation sources, and its connection to cognitive functions are discussed. The review focuses on a brief systematization of data regarding the alpha rhythm of human brain bioelectrical activity and its informativeness in determining the biological age of the human brain. The alpha rhythm is characterized by high individual stability and exhibits pronounced age-related dynamics in its U-shape. The peak frequency of the alpha rhythm increases from infancy to young adulthood and then decreases during brain aging. Discussions about the sources of alpha rhythm generation are still ongoing. Current data show a lack of a clear connection between the peak frequency of alpha rhythm and human cognitive abilities and intelligence. Parameters of the alpha rhythm, such as individual stability, genetic predisposition, and age-related characteristics, make it a promising marker for both normative development and brain aging in determining cognitive and biological age.</p>

CdSe/ZnS quantum dots-doped polymer optical fiber microprobe for pH sensing

pH is an important physiological parameter within organisms, playing a crucial role in functional activities in cells and tissues. Among various pH sensing methods, optical fiber pH sensors have gained a wide attention due to their unique advantages. However, current silica optical fiber-based pH sensors face some challenges such as weak biocompatibility, low biological safety, complex or unstable surface modification. Herein, we develop what we believe to be a novel pH sensor based on a CdSe/ZnS quantum dots-doped polymer optical fiber microprobe (POF MP) grown at the end of the silica optical fiber using the free radical photopolymerization process, which has the advantages of significant compactness, high flexibility, good biocompatibility, easy functionalization, high structural stability and safety. Moreover, the size of the POF MP are controllable, which is highly significant for applications requiring specific probe sizes or those used in special terrains. The proposed sensor is demonstrated to have a sensitivity of 0.18097/pH in a wide pH range from 4.5 to 9.0, while it exhibits a highly linear correlation between fluorescence intensity and pH value (R2 = 0.99448) and good reversibility and reusability. This proposed pH sensor offers a promising solution for pH monitoring in biological environments, contributing to advancements in biosensing, microenvironment monitoring, and potential therapeutic applications.

Haplotype Analysis and Gene Pyramiding for Pre-Harvest Sprouting Resistance in White-Grain Wheat

The Huanghuai winter wheat region, China’s primary wheat-producing area, predominantly cultivates white-grained wheat. Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) significantly impacts yield and quality, making the breeding of PHS-resistant varieties crucial for ensuring China’s wheat production security. This study evaluated the PHS rate of 344 white-grained wheat varieties over two consecutive growing seasons (2022/2023 and 2023/2024). Furthermore, it analyzed the effects of allelic variations and their combinations in six genes (Tamyb10, TaDFR, TaMKK3-A, TaGASR34, Tasdr, and TaMFT) on PHS resistance. Results revealed average PHS rates of 66.1% and 64.4% for the two growing seasons, with coefficients of variation of 39.1% and 40.2%, respectively, and a narrow-sense heritability of 0.72. These findings indicate substantial genetic variation and relatively high genetic stability within the tested materials. Among the six molecular markers examined, the superior haplotype GS34-7Bb exhibited the lowest average PHS rate (41.9%) over two growing seasons, demonstrating the strongest PHS resistance. Analysis of different haplotype combinations identified two advantageous genotypes for PHS resistance in white-grained wheat: TaMKK3-Ab + GS34-7Bb + Tasdr-2Aa + TaMFT-A1b (average PHS rate: 20.8%) and TaMKK3-Ab + GS34-7Bb + Tasdr-2Ab + TaMFT-A1b (average PHS rate: 34.2%). Notably, the distribution frequency of superior haplotypes of PHS-related genes and these two advantageous haplotype combinations showed varying degrees of decline over time.

Quadruple N‐Methylation of Ethylenediamine with CO2 and H2 over Supported Sulfurized Re Catalysts

Sulfurized Re clusters supported on carbon black were demonstrated to exhibit high catalytic activity and stability in the quadruple N‐methylation of ethylenediamine (EDA) using CO2 and H2 as a C1 source and reductant, respectively. EDA underwent the step‐by‐step N‐functionalization consisting of N‐formylation and N‐methylation to be the target product N,N,N’,N’‐tetramethylethylenediamine (TetraM‐EDA), whose maximum yield reached 84% under the optimum conditions. In this reaction, N,N’‐dimethylethylenediamine and its N‐formylated compounds were found as the important intermediates. The ReSx species in the clusters consisting of both metallic and sulfurized Re were assumed from various characterizations and control experiments to exhibit the better activity for the hydrogenation of N‐formylated compounds than the clusters composed of metallic and oxidized Re species, enabling the high‐yielding production of TetraM‐EDA. Another plausible role of sulfurized Re species was assumed to offer high resistance against highly basic N‐methylated EDAs in this reaction. The synergy between metallic and sulfurized Re species is the key to the high activity for the quadruple N‐methylation of EDA.

Efficient photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A on 2D-3D spherically hierarchical structure Zn5In2S8

Bisphenol A (BPA) poses a significant environmental threat due to its widespread use as an industrial chemical and its classification as an environmental endocrine disruptor. The urgent need for effective BPA removal has driven research toward innovative solutions. In this study, we present the synthesis and application of a novel 2D-3D spherically hierarchical Zn5In2S8 (ZIS) photocatalyst for the photocatalytic degradation of BPA under visible light for the first time. Compared to the conventional g-C3N4 photocatalyst, ZIS exhibits enhanced optical and electrical properties, leading to remarkable photocatalytic performance, with an apparent reaction rate constant of 2.36 h⁻1, 6.56 times greater than that of g-C3N4. This efficacy allows for the degradation of 99.9% of BPA in just 2 h. The photocatalytic mechanism of ZIS was elucidated through various material characterizations and photoelectrochemical assessments, demonstrating improved light absorption and efficient charge separation as key factors facilitating BPA degradation. Notably, ZIS maintains high photocatalytic activity and stability over multiple cycles, indicating its potential as a sustainable photocatalyst. These findings not only contribute to the development of efficient photocatalysts for environmental remediation but also underscore the significant role of Zn5In2S8 in photocatalysis and solar energy conversion.

The Role of Ionic Liquids in Textile Processes: A Comprehensive Review

Thanks to their unique physicochemical properties, ionic liquids (ILs) have moved from niche academic interest to critical components in various industrial applications. The textile industry, facing significant environmental and economic pressures, has begun to explore ILs as sustainable alternatives to traditional solvents and chemicals. This review summarizes research on the use of ILs in various textile processes, including dyeing, finishing, and fiber recycling, where their high thermal stability, tunable solubility, and low volatility are exploited to reduce resource consumption and environmental impact. The discussion also extends to the integration of ILs in textile waste recycling, highlighting innovative approaches to fiber dissolution and regeneration aimed at circular economy goals. Despite these advances, challenges such as high production costs and scalability remain barriers to the widespread adoption of ILs in the textile sector. Addressing these barriers through continued research and development is essential to fully realize the potential of ILs for sustainable transformation in textiles.

Low-power high-stability all-optical modulator based on PtSe2 nanosheet integrated micro-nano fibers

All-optical modulators based on two-dimensional (2D) materials hold promising application as key components in the fields of all-optical signal processing and fiber optic communications. In this study, we present an all-optical modulator based on PtSe2 nanosheets integrated with micro-nano fibers (PtSe2-MF) with low power and high stability. PtSe2 nanosheets were deposited on the surface of micro-nano fibers with a diameter of approximately 6 µm using an optical deposition method. A tunable laser with a wavelength of 1550 nm was used as the signal light for modulation, and the 980 nm pump light was coupled with the 1550 nm signal light into the micro-nano fibers (MFs). And the all-optical intensity modulation effect at mW level power was achieved by varying the optical power of the pump light and taking advantage of the absorption of light by PtSe2, to produce light matter interaction. The modulation depth of PtSe2-MF for signal light was measured to be 11.8 dB, the modulation efficiency was 0.295 dB/mW, and the rise and fall response times of the modulation were 22.5 ms and 24.2 ms, respectively. The modulation efficiency of the device only changed by 4.4% after being exposed to the environment for three months, indicating that it still has long-term stability for more than three months. Research has shown that PtSe2-MF has advantages of low power, fast response, high modulation efficiency, and high stability. It has broad application prospects in the field of all-optical modulation.

Electrolyte Chemistry Towards Ultra‐High Voltage (4.7 V) And Ultra‐Wide Temperature (−30 to 70 °C) LiCoO2 Batteries

AbstractLiCoO2 batteries for 3 C electronics demand high charging voltage and wide operating temperature range, which are virtually impossible for existing electrolytes due to aggravated interfacial parasitic reactions and sluggish kinetics. Herein, we report an electrolyte design strategy based on a partially fluorinated ester solvent (i.e., DFEA) that achieves a balance between weak Li+‐solvent interactions, sufficient salt dissociation, high interfacial stability, and superior thermal stability to address the aforementioned challenges. The resulting high‐voltage wide‐temperature electrolyte (HWE) not only possesses low desolvation energy, fast Li+ transport, high oxidation stability, excellent thermal‐abuse tolerance and non‐flammability, but also enables the formation of both inorganic‐rich cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Owing to the above merits, this HWE endows the highly stable operation of LiCoO2 cathodes under an ultra‐high voltage of 4.7 V and Graphite || LiCoO2 batteries in an ultra‐wide temperature range of −30 to 70 °C. Meanwhile, a 1.7 Ah‐level 4.6 V Graphite || LiCoO2 pouch cell with a high energy density of 240 Wh kg−1 also delivers excellent cycling stability, representing a significant advancement in the design of electrolytes towards ultra‐high voltage and ultra‐wide temperature batteries.

Enhancing Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution by Regulating H and OH Binding Strength through Strong Metal-Support Interactions.

Establishing optimized metal-support interaction (MSI) between active sites and the substrate is essential for modulating the adsorption properties of key reaction intermediates during catalysis, thereby enhancing the catalytic performance. In this study, catalyst composites with varying degrees of MSI are constructed using ruthenium (Ru) and different carbon nanotubes, and their performance for alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is systematically investigated. Detailed kinetic assessments reveal that catalysts with a strong MSI exhibit superior HER activity. For instance, Ru-O-CNT catalyst composite demonstrates an encouragingly low overpotential of 11 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and excellent stability. Electrochemical voltammetry analysis indicates that an effective MSI optimizes the binding strength of both *H and *OH, accelerating the HER process. Furthermore, we showcase that an industrial-level electrolyzer, assembled using Ru-O-CNT as the cathodic catalyst, achieves impressive performance with a low cell voltage of 1.72 V and high stability at a current density of 1 A cm-2.

All-Optical Single-Channel Plasmonic Logic Gates.

Optical computing, renowned for its light-speed processing and low power consumption, typically relies on the coherent control of two light sources. However, there are challenges in stabilizing and maintaining high optical spatiotemporal coherence, especially for large-scale computing systems. The coherence requires rigorous feedback circuits and numerous phase shifters, introducing system instability and complexity. Here we propose an innovative logic gate using a single light source, with frequency and polarization serving as two virtual inputs. Our design leverages frequency-polarization multiplexed metasurfaces to achieve all basic logic operations by selectively routing surface plasmon polaritons. This single-channel logic gate maintains inherent coherence between frequency and polarization, thereby considerably eliminating stringent light-source specifications and numerous rigid phase controls and resulting in higher stability. Our device showcases unique application potentials in on-chip readout of encryption information by using random sequences as a one-time pad, unlocking fresh prospects for information protection and optical computing with other simple light sources.

Favorable Contact with Low Interfacial Resistance for n-Type TiCoSb-Based Thermoelectric Devices.

In the past decade, significant efforts have been made to develop efficient half-Heusler (HH) based thermoelectric (TE) materials. However, their practical applications remain limited due to various challenges occurring during the fabrication of TE devices, particularly the development of stable contacts with low interfacial resistance. In this study, we have made an effort to explore a stable contact material with low interfacial resistance for an n-type TiCoSb-based TE material, specifically Ti0.85Nb0.15CoSb0.96Bi0.04 as a proof of concept, using a straightforward facile synthesis route of spark plasma sintering. We tested many metals with compatible coefficients of thermal expansion to TiCoSb, like Fe and Co. Still, we failed to form proper atomic bonds with the TE material. In contrast, Ti metal bonded correctly but showed very high electrical contact resistance (∼300 mΩ at one side), reducing performance due to Ti diffusion and a high potential barrier at the interface. This issue was addressed by highly doped semiconductor (HDS) contact Ti0.7Nb0.3CoSb, which matched the TE material in terms of atomic bonding, crystal structure, and stability. The leg with the HDS contact demonstrated superior electronic transport performance and low interface resistance (∼15 mΩ at one side), achieving a maximum output power of 30.7 mW at ΔT = 451 K due to the sharp interface with a low barrier height. These findings suggest that using HDS material as a contact with the same HH TE material would be an effective way to develop a TE device with low interface resistance and high thermal stability.

Gas-Diffusion Composite Electrode Containing Zeolite and Carbon in the Gas-Diffusion Layer

Abstract A composite gas-diffusion electrode containing carbon and zeolite, for rechargeable metal-air batteries was developed. To ensure the uniform distribution of the clinoptiolite particles in the carbon matrix, as well as mechanical stability of the gas-diffusion layer high-energy milling (5000 rpm for 1 min) and subsequent pressing of the mixture (300 kg.cm-2 at 280oC) were applied. By partially replacing the teflonized carbon black in the gas-diffusion layer with clinoptiolite the necessary hydrophobicity could be attained while maintaining the high gas permeability of the zeolite material. The teflonized carbon black: zeolite mass ratio was optimized in terms of the mechanical stability of the electrode and its electrochemical performance. The catalytic layer comprised a bimetallic catalyst consisting of Ag and γ-MnO2 in a 1:1 mass ratio. The morphology of the catalytic layer, as well as the pore size in the gas-diffusion layer, were studied using scanning electron microscopy and the Brunnauer-Emmett-Teller method. The determined pore size below 10 nm implies mainly the Knudsen diffusion through the gas-diffusion layer. In the preliminary durability tests high mechanical, chemical, and electrochemical stability (more than 750 cycles) was obtained for the newly developed composite gas-diffusion electrode.

Efficient and Robust Europium(III)‐Based Hybrid Lanthanide Scintillators for Advanced X‐Ray Imaging

AbstractScintillators that convert ionizing radiation into low‐energy photons are essential for medical diagnostics and industrial inspections. Despite advances in X‐ray scintillators, challenges remain in achieving high efficiency, environmental compatibility, stability, and flexibility. Here, we present experimental investigations of a new type of europium(III)‐based hybrid ternary complex scintillators for improved X‐ray detection and imaging. Benefiting from the synergistic interaction between dual organic ligands and lanthanide ions, the Eu(TTA)3Phen complex demonstrates exceptional radioluminescence and light yield under X‐ray excitation, with a detection limit of 19.97 nGy s−1, well below typical radiation doses used in medical diagnostics. Moreover, lanthanide complex Eu(TTA)3Phen exhibited excellent thermal and photostability, showing minimal degradation even after extended X‐ray exposure. By integrating with flexible polymer matrices, a high‐transmission Eu(TTA)3Phen‐PMMA composite film was fabricated for X‐ray radiography, demonstrating high spatial resolution (<10 um) and superior image quality across various target samples. These findings hold substantial promise for next‐generation X‐ray imaging applications, offering high sensitivity, stability, flexibility, and versatility, making them ideally suited for advanced radiographic systems.

Efficient and Robust Europium(III)-Based Hybrid Lanthanide Scintillators for Advanced X-Ray Imaging.

Scintillators that convert ionizing radiation into low-energy photons are essential for medical diagnostics and industrial inspections. Despite advances in X-ray scintillators, challenges remain in achieving high efficiency, environmental compatibility, stability, and flexibility. Here, we present experimental investigations of a new type of europium(III)-based hybrid ternary complex scintillators for improved X-ray detection and imaging. Benefiting from the synergistic interaction between dual organic ligands and lanthanide ions, the Eu(TTA)3Phen complex demonstrates exceptional radioluminescence and light yield under X-ray excitation, with a detection limit of 19.97 nGy s-1, well below typical radiation doses used in medical diagnostics. Moreover, lanthanide complex Eu(TTA)3Phen exhibited excellent thermal and photostability, showing minimal degradation even after extended X-ray exposure. By integrating with flexible polymer matrices, a high-transmission Eu(TTA)3Phen-PMMA composite film was fabricated for X-ray radiography, demonstrating high spatial resolution (<10 um) and superior image quality across various target samples. These findings hold substantial promise for next-generation X-ray imaging applications, offering high sensitivity, stability, flexibility, and versatility, making them ideally suited for advanced radiographic systems.

Synthesis, investigation of the crystal structure, DFT and in silico medicinal potential of nicotinonitrile substituted quinazolindione as potential anticancer scaffold

Cancer is now regarded as one of the leading causes of death for people worldwide. Here, we have reported the synthesis of a new dihydroquinazoline derivative namely, 5-acetyl-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-(((4-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinazolin-2-yl)methyl)thio)nicotinonitrile (4). Its structure was characterised by IR and NMR and confirmed by XRD analysis. In the molecule (4), the dihydroquinazoline moiety is planar. The acetyl and phenyl substituents on the pyridine ring are rotated out of its plane to minimise steric interactions. In the crystal, a layered structure is formed by N—H···O, C—H···O, and C—H···N hydrogen bonds and π-stacking interactions. The large gap between the highest and lowest molecular orbitals indicates high stability. Moreover, the synthesised nicotinonitrile-substituted quinazolinone was screened for medicinal characteristics and drug-likeness estimates. The synthetic ligand was docked with three enzymes, including HER2 (PDB ID: 3WSQ), EGFR (PDB ID: 5WB7), and the extracellular domain of Tdp enzyme (PDB ID: 6N0D), where binding affinities of −8.02, −6.88, and −6.67 Kcal/mol, binding efficiencies of −0.24, −0.21, and −0.20 Kcal/mol and the inhibition constants 1.31, 9.07, and 12.84 µM against the target substrates Tdp1, EGFR, and HER2 protein were found, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulations validated the stability of the docked complexes.

Water Activity as an Indicator for Antibody Storage Stability in Lyophilized Formulations.

Lyophilization remains a key method for preserving sensitive biopharmaceuticals such as monoclonal antibodies. Traditionally, stabilization mechanisms have been explained by vitrification, which minimizes molecular mobility in the lyophilized cake, and water replacement, which restores molecular interactions disrupted by water removal. This study proposes a novel design strategy that combines water activity and glass-transition temperature as the main indicators to predict long-term stability in lyophilized formulations. The water activity, calculated as the product of water activity coefficient and (residual) water content, serves as a mutual indicator of molecular interactions and influence of residual water content in the lyophilizate. By predicting beneficial excipient combinations through activity coefficient calculations using the perturbed-chain statistical association fluid theory model and calculating Tg using the Gordon-Taylor equation, the study identifies favorable excipient systems, such as sucrose/ectoine mixtures, providing formulation windows that offer broad stability ranges. The approach was validated with stability studies, confirming that formulations within a water activity range of 0.025-0.25 exhibit high (long-term) stability. This work advances formulation development by integrating water-excipient interactions and residual moisture content into a predictive model, moving beyond traditional empirical methods and offering a robust pathway to the design of stable biopharmaceutical formulations. This makes it possible to achieve high/favorable water activities despite low residual moisture (thus, high glass-transition temperatures) with plausible excipient concentrations and combinations.

Aminobenzoic Acid Covalently Modified Polyoxotungstates Based on {XW6} Clusters with Proton Conductivity Property.

Three cases of aminobenzoic acid hybrid polyoxotungstates, Na3(H3O)2[(HPW6O21) (O2CC6H4NH2)3]·7H2O (1), K2(H3O)4[(AsW6O21)(O2CC6H4NH2)3]·4H2O (2), and [(H2N(CH3)2]3Na2(H3O)[(SbW6O21) (O2CC6H4NH2)3]·7H2O (3), were successfully synthesized. This is the first report of the successful assembly of the hexanuclear {XW6} (X = HPIII, AsIII, or SbIII) clusters and organic carboxylic acid (para aminobenzoic acid) ligands. All three hybrids feature a common {XW6} unit composed of a six-membered {WO6} octahedral ring capped by one {XO3} trigonal pyramid. Furthermore, these hybrids possess an extensive three-dimensional network of hydrogen bonds, which not only provide high thermal stability but also contribute to excellent proton conductive performances. Simultaneously, based on the Hirshfeld partition analysis, combined with the interaction between POMs and water molecules, the proton transport mechanisms of three hybrids were highlighted.